Chapter 2: Primitive Data

Data types
• type: A category or set of data values.
– Constrains the operations that can be performed on data
– Many languages ask the programmer to specify types

– Examples: integer, real number, string

• Internally, computers store everything as 1s and 0s

104 → 01101000
"hi" → 01101000110101

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 Java's primitive types
• primitive types: 8 simple types for numbers, text, etc.
– Java also has object types, which we'll talk about later

Name Description Examples

– int integers (up to 231 - 1) 42, -3, 0, 926394
– double real numbers (up to 10308) 3.1, -0.25, 9.4e3
– char single text characters 'a', 'X', '?', '\n'
– boolean logical values true, false

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 Expressions
• expression: A value or operation that computes a value.
• Examples: 1 + 4 * 5
(7 + 2) * 6 / 3
42

– The simplest expression is a literal value.

– A complex expression can use operators and parentheses.

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 Arithmetic operators
• operator: Combines multiple values or expressions.
–+ addition
–- subtraction (or negation)
–* multiplication
–/ division
–% modulus (a.k.a. remainder)

• As a program runs, its expressions are evaluated.

– 1 + 1 evaluates to 2
– System.out.println(3 * 4); prints 12

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 Integer division with /
• When we divide integers, the quotient is also an integer.
– 14 / 4 is 3, not 3.5

3 4 52
4 ) 14 10 ) 45 27 ) 1425
12 40 135
2 5 75
54
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• More examples:
– 32 / 5 is 6
– 84 / 10 is 8
– 156 / 100 is 1

– Dividing by 0 causes an error when your program runs.

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 Integer remainder with %
• The % operator computes the remainder from integer division.
– 14 % 4 is 2
– 218 % 5 is 3 What is the result?
45 % 6
3 43
4 ) 14 5 ) 218 2 % 2
12 20 8 % 20
2 18 11 % 0
15
3

• Applications of % operator:
– Obtain last digit of a number: 230857 % 10 is 7
– Obtain last 4 digits: 658236489 % 10000 is 6489
– See whether a number is odd: 7 % 2 is 1, 42 % 2 is 0
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 Precedence
• precedence: Order in which operators are evaluated.
– Generally operators evaluate left-to-right.
1 - 2 - 3 is (1 - 2) - 3 which is -4

– But * / % have a higher level of precedence than + -

1 + 3 * 4 is 13
6 + 8 / 2 * 3
6 + 4 * 3
6 + 12 is 18

– Parentheses can force a certain order of evaluation:

(1 + 3) * 4 is 16

– Spacing does not affect order of evaluation

1+3 * 4-2 is 11 8
 Real numbers (type double)
• Examples: 6.022 , -42.0 , 2.143e17
– Placing .0 or . after an integer makes it a double.

• The operators + - * / % () all still work with double.

– / produces an exact answer: 15.0 / 2.0 is 7.5

– Precedence is the same: () before * / % before + -

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 Mixing types
• When int and double are mixed, the result is a double.
– 4.2 * 3 is 12.6

• The conversion is per-operator, affecting only its operands.

– 7 / 3 * 1.2 + 3 / 2 • 2.0 + 10 / 3 * 2.5 - 6 / 4
– \_/ • \___/
|
| 2.0 + 3 * 2.5 - 6 / 4
2 * 1.2 + 3 / 2 • \_____/
– \___/ |
| 2.0 + 7.5 - 6 / 4
2.4 + 3 / 2 • \_/
– \_/ |
| 2.0 + 7.5 - 1
2.4 + 1 • \_________/
|
– \________/ 9.5 - 1
| • \______________/
3.4 |
8.5
– 3 / 2 is 1 above, not 1.5. 10
 String concatenation
• string concatenation: Using + between a string and another
value to make a longer string.
"hello" + 42 is "hello42"
1 + "abc" + 2 is "1abc2"
"abc" + 1 + 2 is "abc12"
1 + 2 + "abc" is "3abc"
"abc" + 9 * 3 is "abc27"
"1" + 1 is "11"
4 - 1 + "abc" is "3abc"

• Use + to print a string and an expression's value together.

– System.out.println("Grade: " + (95.1 + 71.9) / 2);

• Output: Grade: 83.5

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Variables

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 Receipt example
What's bad about the following code?
public class Receipt {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Calculate total owed, assuming 8% tax / 15% tip
System.out.println("Subtotal:");
System.out.println(38 + 40 + 30);
System.out.println("Tax:");
System.out.println((38 + 40 + 30) * .08);
System.out.println("Tip:");
System.out.println((38 + 40 + 30) * .15);
System.out.println("Total:");
System.out.println(38 + 40 + 30 +
(38 + 40 + 30) * .08 +
(38 + 40 + 30) * .15);
}
}

– The subtotal expression (38 + 40 + 30) is repeated

– So many println statements
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 Variables
• variable: A piece of the computer's memory that is given a
name and type, and can store a value.

– Steps for using a variable:

• Declare it - state its name and type
• Initialize it - store a value into it
• Use it - print it or use it as part of an expression

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 Declaration
• variable declaration: Sets aside memory for storing a value.
– Variables must be declared before they can be used.

• Syntax:
type name;

• The name is an identifier.

x
– int x;

– double myGPA; myGPA

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 Assignment
• assignment: Stores a value into a variable.
– The value can be an expression; the variable stores its result.

• Syntax:
name = expression;

x 3
– int x;
x = 3;

– double myGPA; myGPA 3.25

myGPA = 1.0 + 2.25;
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 Using variables
• Once given a value, a variable can be used in expressions:
int x;
x = 3;
System.out.println("x is " + x); // x is 3
System.out.println(5 * x - 1); // 5 * 3 - 1

• You can assign a value more than once:

int x; x 11
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x = 3;
System.out.println(x + " here"); // 3 here

x = 4 + 7;
System.out.println("now x is " + x); // now x is 11

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 Declaration/initialization
• A variable can be declared/initialized in one statement.

• Syntax:
type name = value;

myGPA 3.95
– double myGPA = 3.95;

– int x = (11 % 3) + 12; x 14

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 Assignment and algebra
• Assignment uses = , but it is not an algebraic equation.

= means, "store the value at right in variable at left"

• The right side expression is evaluated first,

and then its result is stored in the variable at left.

• What happens here?

int x = 3; x 3
5
x = x + 2; // ???

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 Assignment and types
• A variable can only store a value of its own type.
– int x = 2.5; // ERROR: incompatible types

• An int value can be stored in a double variable.

– The value is converted into the equivalent real number.

– double myGPA = 4; myGPA 4.0

– double avg = 11 / 2; avg 5.0

• Why does avg store 5.0

and not 5.5 ?

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 Compiler errors
• A variable can't be used until it is assigned a value.
– int x;
System.out.println(x); // ERROR: x has no value

• You may not declare the same variable twice.

– int x;
int x; // ERROR: x already exists

– int x = 3;
int x = 5; // ERROR: x already exists

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 Printing a variable's value
• Use + to print a string and a variable's value on one line.
– double grade = (95.1 + 71.9 + 82.6) / 3.0;
System.out.println("Your grade was " + grade);

int students = 11 + 17 + 4 + 19 + 14;

System.out.println("There are " + students +
" students in the course.");

• Output:
Your grade was 83.2
There are 65 students in the course.

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 Receipt question
Improve the receipt program using variables.
public class Receipt {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Calculate total owed, assuming 8% tax / 15% tip
System.out.println("Subtotal:");
System.out.println(38 + 40 + 30);
System.out.println("Tax:");
System.out.println((38 + 40 + 30) * .08);
System.out.println("Tip:");
System.out.println((38 + 40 + 30) * .15);
System.out.println("Total:");
System.out.println(38 + 40 + 30 +
(38 + 40 + 30) * .15 +
(38 + 40 + 30) * .08);
}
}

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 Receipt answer
public class Receipt {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Calculate total owed, assuming 8% tax / 15% tip
int subtotal = 38 + 40 + 30;
double tax = subtotal * .08;
double tip = subtotal * .15;
double total = subtotal + tax + tip;

System.out.println("Subtotal: " + subtotal);

System.out.println("Tax: " + tax);
System.out.println("Tip: " + tip);
System.out.println("Total: " + total);
}
}

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Text Processing

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 Type char
• char : A primitive type representing single characters.
– A String is stored internally as an array of char

String s = "Ali G."; index 0 1 2 3 4 5

value 'A' 'l' 'i' ' ' 'G' '.'

– It is legal to have variables, parameters, returns of type char

• surrounded with apostrophes: 'a' or '4' or '\n' or '\''
char letter = 'P';
System.out.println(letter); // P
System.out.println(letter + " Diddy"); // P Diddy

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 The charAt method
• The chars in a String can be accessed using the charAt method.
– accepts an int index parameter and returns the char at that index

String food = "cookie";

char firstLetter = food.charAt(0); // 'c'
System.out.println(firstLetter + " is for " + food);

• You can use a for loop to print or examine each character.

String major = "CSE";
for (int i = 0; i < major.length(); i++) { // output:
char c = major.charAt(i); // C
System.out.println(c); // S
} // E

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 Comparing char values
• You can compare chars with ==, !=, and other operators:
String word = console.next();
char last = word.charAt(word.length() - 1);
if (last == 's') {
System.out.println(word + " is plural.");
}

// prints the alphabet

for (char c = 'a'; c <= 'z'; c++) {
System.out.print(c);
}

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 char vs. int
• Each char is mapped to an integer value internally
– Called an ASCII value

'A' is 65 'B' is 66 ' ' is 32

'a' is 97 'b' is 98 '*' is 42

– Mixing char and int causes automatic conversion to int.

'a' + 10 is 107, 'A' + 'A' is 130

– To convert an int into the equivalent char, type-cast it.

(char) ('a' + 2) is 'c'

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 char vs. String
• "h" is a String, but 'h' is a char (they are different)

• A String is an object; it contains methods.

String s = "h";
s = s.toUpperCase(); // "H"
int len = s.length(); // 1
char first = s.charAt(0); // 'H'

• A char is primitive; you can't call methods on it.

char c = 'h';
c = c.toUpperCase(); // ERROR
s = s.charAt(0).toUpperCase(); // ERROR

– What is s + 1 ? What is c + 1 ?
– What is s + s ? What is c + c ?
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 Formatting text with printf
System.out.printf("format string", parameters);

• A format string can contain placeholders to insert parameters:

– %d integer
– %f real number
– %s string
• these placeholders are used instead of + concatenation

– Example:
int x = 3;
int y = -17;
System.out.printf("x is %d and y is %d!\n", x, y);
// x is 3 and y is -17!
•printf does not drop to the next line unless you write \n 31
 printf width
– %Wd integer, W characters wide, right-aligned
– %-Wd integer, W characters wide, left-aligned
– %Wf real number, W characters wide, right-aligned
– ...

for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {

for (int j = 1; j <= 10; j++) {
System.out.printf("%4d", (i * j));
}
System.out.println(); // to end the line
}

Output:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
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 printf precision
– %.Df real number, rounded to D digits after decimal
– %W.Df real number, W chars wide, D digits after decimal
– %-W.Df real number, W wide (left-align), D after decimal

double gpa = 3.253764;

System.out.printf("your GPA is %.1f\n", gpa);
System.out.printf("more precisely: %8.3f\n", gpa);

Output:
3
your GPA is 3.3
more precisely: 3.254

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 printf question
• Modify our Receipt program to better format its output.
– Display results in the format below, with $ and 2 digits after .

• Example log of execution:

How many people ate? 4
Person #1: How much did your dinner cost? 20.00
Person #2: How much did your dinner cost? 15
Person #3: How much did your dinner cost? 25.0
Person #4: How much did your dinner cost? 10.00

Subtotal: $70.00
Tax: $5.60
Tip: $10.50
Total: $86.10

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 printf answer (partial)
...
// Calculates total owed, assuming 8% tax and 15% tip
public static void results(double subtotal) {
double tax = subtotal * .08;
double tip = subtotal * .15;
double total = subtotal + tax + tip;
// System.out.println("Subtotal: $" + subtotal);
// System.out.println("Tax: $" + tax);
// System.out.println("Tip: $" + tip);
// System.out.println("Total: $" + total);
System.out.printf("Subtotal: $%.2f\n", subtotal);
System.out.printf("Tax: $%.2f\n", tax);
System.out.printf("Tip: $%.2f\n", tip);
System.out.printf("Total: $%.2f\n", total);
}
}

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 Comparing strings
• Relational operators such as < and == fail on objects.
Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("What is your name? ");
String name = console.next();
if (name == "Barney") {
System.out.println("I love you, you love me,");
System.out.println("We're a happy family!");
}

– This code will compile, but it will not print the song.

– == compares objects by references (seen later), so it often gives

false even when two Strings have the same letters.

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 The equals method
• Objects are compared using a method named equals.
Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("What is your name? ");
String name = console.next();
if (name.equals("Barney")) {
System.out.println("I love you, you love me,");
System.out.println("We're a happy family!");
}

– Technically this is a method that returns a value of type boolean,

the type used in logical tests.

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 String test methods
Method Description
equals(str) whether two strings contain the same characters
equalsIgnoreCase(str) whether two strings contain the same characters,
ignoring upper vs. lower case
startsWith(str) whether one contains other's characters at start
endsWith(str) whether one contains other's characters at end
contains(str) whether the given string is found within this one

String name = console.next();

if (name.startsWith("Prof")) {
System.out.println("When are your office hours?");
} else if (name.equalsIgnoreCase("STUART")) {
System.out.println("Let's talk about meta!");
}

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