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Intermediate Data

The document describes several languages and their phonological rules for verb conjugation and plural marking. Ufali spoken in Western Sahara applies four rules hierarchically to initiate verbs with bilabial stops and nasalize vowels. Oplima spoken in Ukraine has a negative marker /-id͡ʒ/ that undergoes four variations. Heha, a cowboy dialect from New Mexico, uses the infix /ŋ/ for possession with four allomorphs based on surrounding vowels. Mapu devoices consonants and shifts vowels in past tense verbs if the initial consonant is aspirated. Banu Tamil inserts /ka-/ as a plural prefix with four allomorphic variations depending on the word initial phoneme

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Taif Alothaina
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40 views5 pages

Intermediate Data

The document describes several languages and their phonological rules for verb conjugation and plural marking. Ufali spoken in Western Sahara applies four rules hierarchically to initiate verbs with bilabial stops and nasalize vowels. Oplima spoken in Ukraine has a negative marker /-id͡ʒ/ that undergoes four variations. Heha, a cowboy dialect from New Mexico, uses the infix /ŋ/ for possession with four allomorphs based on surrounding vowels. Mapu devoices consonants and shifts vowels in past tense verbs if the initial consonant is aspirated. Banu Tamil inserts /ka-/ as a plural prefix with four allomorphic variations depending on the word initial phoneme

Uploaded by

Taif Alothaina
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.

Ufali is a language spoken amongst elderly women in the delta niger


region of the Western Sahara desert. There are a couple of
phonological rules that apply hierarchical as an identity marker for this
group. The rules apply as follows on verbs only:

Rule 1: All verbs initiate with bilabial stops in base form

Rule 2: If the penultimate phoneme is [+nasal, -cons], then all [+front,


-tense, -cons] nasalize

Rule 3: Word initial bilabial stops shift to velar stops when adjacent to
the schwa maintaining its original state of the glottis

Rule 4: Devoice all [+nasal, +cons] if Rule 3 applies

All rules apply hierarchically.

a) pəmɪhorɛsẽt→kəm̥ ɪ̃horɛ̃sẽt=
kicking
b) bəd͡ʒɑlin→gəd͡ʒɑlin̥= gargi3ing

c) pəŋɛd͡ʒɪ̃t→kəŋ̥ɛ̃d͡ʒɪ̃t= think

d)pɪmtɛkõd→kɪ̃m̥tɛ̃kõd= punching

e) pərint͡ʃmev→kərin̥t͡ʃm̥ev=write

f) bərɛ̃nt→gərɛn̥t= gain

g) bəɳɪkad→gəɳ̥ɪkad= running

h) pəkɛlɪʃɛ̃s→kəkɛ̃lɪ̃ʃɛ̃s= playing

i) pənɛd͡ʒẽk→kən̥ɛ̃d͡ʒẽk= go
2. Oplima spoken amongst Eastern Ukrainians applies a set of
unique rules that provide variable allomorphs for the negative
marker. The marker for negation is /-id͡ʒ/ which occurs in suffix
form and undergoes the following variations depending on the
phonemic environments and phonological rules below:

R1: id͡ʒ→ɪt͡ʃ= ___[+stop,-voice]#

R2: If the penultimate phoneme in the word stem is [+nasal, -


cons] all front lax vowels shift to front tense vowels

R3: Word initial voiced fricatives enforce the following rule: C̥→C:
___#

R4: If the penultimate phoneme in the word stem is [+nasal, -


cons, +rounded] all front tense vowels shift to front lax vowels

a) vopɪlõp + id͡ʒ→ vopɪlõpɪt͡ʃ (R1) → vopilõpit͡ʃ(R2) →


vopilõpid͡ʒ(R3) → vopɪlõpɪd͡ʒ(R4)

b) ʒipɛkɔ̃t→ ʒɪpɛkɔ̃tɪd͡ʒ= no food

c) zərɪnõt→zərɪnõtɪd͡ʒ= no sleep

d) zopitũt→zopɪtũtɪd͡ʒ= no playing

e) all of the above are correct

f) all of the above are incorrect


3. Heha is a spoken form of cowboy English used by rodeo riders
in the South of New Mexico. The ingma is always inserted
intervocalically in the language as a possessive marker. However,
depending on the surrounding vowel sequences, we have
allomorphic variations of this infix:

R1: ŋ→m= [+rounded, -tense]___[+front, +tense]

R2: ŋ→n= [+front, +tense] ___ [+rounded, -tense]

R3: ŋ→l= [+back, -tense] ___[+back, +tense]

R4: ŋ→ɫ= [+front, -tense]___[+front, +tense]

æɛəɔʊɔ̃ʌd͡ʒðɫɾt͡ʃʒ

a) kɔ̃fʌd͡ʒʊum → kɔ̃fʌd͡ʒʊlum= my horse

b) ʒɛəðɫoɾit͡ʃeʒ → ʒɛŋəðɫoɾit͡ʃeʒ= her coffee

c) zolɛt͡ʃiɪn→zolɛt͡ʃɪɫin= his book

d) midɛlʊibe→midɛlʊmibe= our class

e)

f)

g)x

h)x

i)x
4. Mapu has a complex rule phenomenon where all consonants are
devoiced (unless they are glides which delete) if the word initial
(#Cʰ___) consonant is aspirated. This phonological phenomena is
restricted to past tense verbs only. Additionally, this causes front
vowels that are tense to shift to front vowels that are lax. And back
vowels that are lax to shift to back vowels that are tense. Which data
best represents this:

a) pʰukʊblemɛdɪ→pʰukuplɛm̥ɛtɪ ( l not devoiced)

b) kʰijɔmorsu→kʰɪom̥or̥zu (s→z irrlvt.)

c) tʰiluri→tʰɪl̥ ur̥ʰɪ (additrional aspiration irrlvt.)

d) t͡ʃʰozunʊi→t͡ʃʰosun̥ɪu (final vowel metathesis irrlvt.)

e) kʰjʊrɔlse→kʰur̥ol̥ ɛ (s deletion irrlvt.)

f) tʰʊsnjd͡ʒfi→tʰuzn̥t͡ʃfɪ (s→z irrlvt.)

g) pʰenomous→pʰɛn̥om̥o:us (vowel lengthening irrlvt.)

h) tʰɔmorili→tʰom̥or̥ɪ:l̥ ɪ (vowel lengthening irrlvt.)

i) c, d, and e are incorrect


5. Banu is a spoken form of Tamil. The structure /ka-/ is always
inserted as a prefix in the language as a plural marker. However,
depending the word initial phoneme of the stem of the word, we
have allomorphic variations of this prefix:

R1: /ka-/→/ak-/= #[-con]___ (methasizes)

R2: /ka-/→/ski-/= #CʰC̥ ___

R3: /ka-/→/-ski/= #V:Ṽ ___

R4: /ka-/→∅= #[+lateral] ___

a) u:ɔ̃limasifi→u:ɔ̃limasifiski= cat→cats (R3 applied)

b) ojihmana→akojihmana= dog→dogs (R1 applied)

c) kosili→kakosili= flower→flowers (Base form)

d) mʰtani→skimʰtani= bag→bags (R2 applied)

e) gʰdoga→kagʰdoga= hat→hats (Base form)

f) lama→ lama= croissant→croissants (R4 applied)

g) a & b are correct etc…

h)
i)

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