FPPS 11

Exercise No. 1
Wood Structure and Identification
1st Sem 2022-2023
VCDaracan, RCMendoza, ASCabatbat, LCUrriza, and
AGCantalejo
 Outline of the Presentation
I. Objectives of the Lesson
II. EXERCISE 1: Fabaceae
III. Summary of Distinct Features
IV. References/Copyright
Objectives of the Lesson
At the end of this lesson, the students are expected to:

1) Determine the different features of species belonging to Exercise 1;

2) Differentiate the similar species covered in this exercise;
3) Identify these species based on their distinct features; and
4) Understand the uses of these species according to their features.
 Exercise 1: FABACEAE

Akle Banuyo Batete Golden shower Kakauate

Logwood Manggis Narra Supa

General features of species
belonging to Fabaceae
❑ Mostly diffuse porous
❑ Thick paratracheal parenchyma
❑ Presence of tyloses and deposits
❑ Narrow wood rays
 Akle
Albizia acle (Blanco) Merr.
The Wood
Color Dark brown

Classification Premium

Uses The wood is used for ship building

and general construction, cabinet
work and furniture, telegraph
poles, tool handles, ties and
pilings
IDENTIFYING FEATURES
Topography Diffuse porous

Pore Solitary, radial multiples of 2-3

arrangement

Pore size/ Moderately small to moderate

Pore number large/ Moderately few

Pore Tyloses, brownish and light

occlusion blackish deposits

Parenchyma Thick aliform and aliform

confluent

Others Blackish wood rays

Different cross sections of Akle captured from Dino-Lite digital microscope (RIGHT) at 32X and WIDK-24X01 mobile clip lens (LEFT) at 24X
magnification.
 Banuyo
Wallaceodendron celebicum Koord.

The Wood
Color Light golden brown

Classification Premium

Uses For high-grade interior work,

cabinet making, gunstocks,
pattern making, carving and
sculpture
IDENTIFYING FEATURES
Topography Diffuse porous

Pore Solitary, radial multiples of 2-3,

arrangement echelon

Pore size/ Moderately large/ Moderately

Pore number numerous

Pore Tyloses
occlusion

Parenchyma Diffuse, aliform, aliform

confluent, mostly vasicentric
Different cross sections of Banuyo captured from Dino-Lite digital microscope (RIGHT) at 29X and WIDK-24X01 mobile clip lens (LEFT) at 24X
magnification.
 Batete
Kingiodendron alternifolium
(Elm.) Merr. and Rolfe

The Wood
Color Reddish brown to dark brown

Classification Construction and Furniture

Uses For furniture and cabinet work,

beams, joists, rafters, flooring,
doors, sheathing and other
interior finish, form lumber and
mine timber.
IDENTIFYING FEATURES
Topography Diffuse porous

Pore Solitary, radial multiples of 2-3

arrangement

Pore size/ Moderately large/ Moderately

Pore number numerous

Pore Whitish and yellowish deposits

occlusion

Parenchyma All parenchyma types are

present

Others Diffuse oil ducts

Different cross sections of Batete captured from Dino-Lite digital microscope (RIGHT) at 30.6X and WIDK-24X01 mobile clip lens (LEFT) at
24X magnification.
 Golden shower
Cassia fistula L.
The Wood
Color Reddish brown to brick red

Classification Lesser-used

Uses For cabinetwork, furniture, ties,

general construction
IDENTIFYING FEATURES
Topography Diffuse porous

Pore Solitary, radial multiples of 2-3,

arrangement

Pore size/ Moderately large/ Moderately

Pore number numerous

Pore Reddish deposits, tyloses

occlusion

Parenchyma Aliform, aliform confluent,

mostly banded confluent
Different cross sections of Golden shower captured from Dino-Lite digital microscope (RIGHT) at 32.9X and WIDK-24X01 mobile clip lens
(LEFT) at 24X magnification.
 Kakauate
Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex
Walp.

The Wood
Color Grayish brown

Classification Lesser-used

Uses For general construction not

requiring high durability and
strength
IDENTIFYING FEATURES
Topography Diffuse porous

Pore Solitary
arrangement

Pore size/ Moderately large/ Moderately

Pore number numerous

Pore Profuse tyloses (blind pores)

occlusion

Parenchyma Aliform, aliform confluent,

mostly banded confluent
Different cross sections of Kakauate captured from Dino-Lite digital microscope (RIGHT) at 30X and WIDK-24X01 mobile clip lens (LEFT) at
24X magnification.
Similar species?
❖ Both have banded
confluent parenchyma
❖ Golden Shower has red
deposits while Kakauate
has profuse tyloses
❖ Pores of G. Shower are
visible while Kakauate's
are blind

Golden shower and Kakauate

 Logwood
Haematoxylum campechianum L.
The Wood
Color Light brown to black

Classification Lesser-used

Uses For general construction not

requiring high durability and
strength
IDENTIFYING FEATURES
Topography Diffuse porous

Pore Solitary, rm of 2-3

arrangement

Pore size/ Small/ Moderately numerous

Pore number

Pore Tyloses, white deposits

occlusion

Parenchyma Vasicentric, aliform, mostly

aliform confluent
Different cross sections of Logwood captured from Dino-Lite digital microscope (RIGHT) at 32.9X and WIDK-24X01 mobile clip lens (LEFT) at
24X magnification.
 Manggis
Koompassia excelsa (Becc.) Taub.
The Wood
Color Light brown to black

Classification Lesser-used

Uses For general construction not

requiring high durability and
strength
IDENTIFYING FEATURES
Topography Diffuse porous

Pore Solitary, rm of 2-4 or more

arrangement

Pore size/ Moderately large to large/

Pore number Moderately few

Pore Tyloses
occlusion

Parenchyma Vasicentric, mostly concentric

parenchyma
Different cross sections of Manggis captured from Dino-Lite digital microscope (RIGHT) at 30.6X and WIDK-24X01 mobile clip lens (LEFT) at
24X magnification.
 Narra
Pterocarpus indicus Willd. forma indicus
The Wood
Color Pale yellow to dark reddish brown

Classification Premium

Uses Used in all sort of high-grade

furniture and cabinet work;
veneers, plywood, radio cabinets,
and piano cases; interior finish of
ships and vehicles; show cases and
for similar articles requiring a
strong, durable, and beautiful
wood
IDENTIFYING FEATURES
Topography Ring porous (latewood and
earlywood)

Pore Solitary, rm of 2-3 or more

arrangement

Pore size/ Small and moderately large

Pore number /Moderately few

Pore Tyloses
occlusion

Parenchyma Aliform, boundary, mostly long

aliform confluent

Others Ripple marks

 RIPPLE MARKS

- fine striations found

at the tangential
section of hardwoods
where the
arrangement of wood
rays are storied
Cross section of Narra captured from Dino-Lite digital microscope (RIGHT) at 30X and WIDK-24X01 mobile clip lens (LEFT) at 24X
magnification.
Similar species?
Narra and other ring porous
species

❖ Narra has long aliform confluent

parenchyma that is not present
in other ring porous species
covered in the course
 Supa
Sindora supa Merr.
The Wood
Color yellowish red to chestnut brown
with black streaks

Classification Premium

Uses For high-grade furniture and

cabinet work; house
construction; for picture framing,
novelties, radio cabinets and
piano cases.
IDENTIFYING FEATURES
Topography Diffuse porous

Pore Solitary, rm of 2-3

arrangement

Pore size/ Small/Moderately numerous

Pore number

Pore Tyloses, yellow and red deposits

occlusion

Parenchyma Vasicentric, aliform, boundary

parenchyma

Others Concentric oil ducts

Different cross sections of Supa captured from Dino-Lite digital microscope (RIGHT) at 30X and WIDK-24X01 mobile clip lens (LEFT) at 24X
magnification.
Similar species?
❖ Supa has smaller pores and
variable color compared with
Mahogany (Swietenia
macrophylla).
❖ Supa has concentric oil ducts
that is lacking in Mahogany
❖ Considered to be one of the
most beautiful woods in the
Philippines
Supa and Mahogany
Summary of Distinct Features
❑ Akle - Presence of deposits and blackish wood rays especially when wood is dark
colored

❑ Banuyo - Echelon arrangement of pores and vasicentric parenchyma

❑ Batete - Presence of diffuse oil ducts,deposits, and its parenchyma combination

❑ Golden Shower - Presence of deposits and its banded confluent parenchyma;

pores are visible compared with Kakauate’s blind pores
Summary of Distinct Features
❑ Kakauate - Profuse tyloses, “blind” pores, and its banded confluent parenchyma

❑ Logwood - Presence of deposits and its aliform confluent parenchyma

❑ Manggis - Presence of tyloses and its concentric parenchyma

❑ Narra - Topography and its long aliform confluent parenchyma

❑ Supa - Presence of concentric oil ducts and its boundary parenchyma

Exercise 1 (Fabaceae): Summary of Physical Features
PHYSICAL FEATURES
SPECIES Color Grain Odor/Taste Texture Hardness/ Luster Similar wood
Weight
Akle Dark brown Cross Irritating or peppery Mod. fine to Mod. Lustrous None
odor mod. coarse hard/Heavy
Banuyo Light golden Cross None Mod. fine Hard/Heavy Lustrous None
brown
Batete Reddish brown Cross None Mod. fine to mod. Mod. Quite None
to dark brown coarse hard/Heavy lustrous
Golden shower Reddish brown Cross None Mod. coarse Hard/Heavy Lustrous Kakauate
to brick red
Kakauate Grayish brown Cross None Mod. coarse Hard/Heavy Lustrous Golden Shower
Logwood Light to dark Straight None Fine Hard/Mos. Lustrous None
brown to black Heavy
Manggis Light red to Cross None Mod. coarse to Hard/Heavy Lustrous None
cacao red coarse
Exercise 1 (Fabaceae): Summary of Physical Features (Con't)

PHYSICAL FEATURES
SPECIES Color Grain Odor/Taste Texture Hardness/ Luster Similar wood
Weight
Narra Pale yellow to Cross None Mod. fine and Mod. hard/Mod. Quite Other ring-porous
dark reddish mod. coarse heavy lustrous species
brown
Supa Yellowish red to Cross None Fine to Mod. hard to Lustrous Mahogany
chestnut brown, moderately hard/Mod. heavy
w/ black streaks fine
Exercise 1 (Fabaceae): Summary of Structural Features
STRUCTURAL FEATURES
Other
SPECIES PORES
PARENCHYMA RAYS features
Topography Number Size Tyloses Deposits Type
Akle Diffuse Mod. few Mod. small Present Brown, light to Solitary, Vasicentric, Narrow Blackish
porous to mod. black rm of 2-3 aliform, aliform wood rays
large confluent

Banuyo Diffuse Mod. Mod. small Present Absent Solitary, Diffuse, Narrow
porous numerous rm of 2-3, vasicentric,
echelon aliform, aliform
confluent
Batete Diffuse Mod. Mod. large Absent White, yellow Solitary, Vasicentric, Narrow Diffuse oil
porous numerous rm of 2-3 aliform, aliform ducts
confluent,
boundary
Golden Diffuse Mod. Mod. large Present Red Solitary, Aliform, aliform Narrow
shower porous numerous rm of 2-3 confluent, banded
confluent
Exercise 1 (Fabaceae): Summary of Structural Features (Con't)
STRUCTURAL FEATURES
Other
Species PORES
PARENCHYMA RAYS features
Topography Number Size Tyloses Deposits Type
Kakauate Diffuse porous Mod. Mod. large Profuse Absent Solitary Aliform, aliform Narrow
numerous confluent, banded
confluent
Logwood Diffuse-porous Mod. Small Present White Solitary, rm of 2-3 Vasicentric, aliform, Narrow
numerous aliform confluent

Manggis Diffuse-porous Mod. few Mod. large Present Absent Solitary, Vasicentric, Narrow Ripple
to large rm of 2-4 or more concentric marks

Narra Ring-porous Mod. few Small and Present Absent Solitary, Aliform, long aliform Narrow Ripple
mod. large rm of 2-3 or more confluent, boundary marks

Supa Diffuse-porous Mod. Small Present Yellow, Solitary, rm of 2-3 Vasicentric, aliform, Narrow Conc. oil
numerous red boundary ducts
REFERENCES/COPYRIGHTS:
• DENR Administrative Order 39 (1993). Rates of Forest Charges pursuant to RA
7161 and based on the FOB Market Price of Forest Products.
• Mendoza, RC. & Daracan, VC. (2020). Laboratory Manual in FPPS 11. Department
of Forest Products and Paper Science, CFNR, UPLB.

All the pictures used in this presentation (except when a source is

indicated) are properties of Department of Forest Products and Paper
Science, CFNR, UPLB and should only be used for distance learning of
FPPS 11 for First Semester 2022-2023.