Q1: A mechanically coupled supercharger is run by a four-stroke four-cylinder square diesel

engine with a bore of 100 mm as per the arrangements shown in figure below.
Air enters the compressor at 27 ◦C and the compressor pressure ratio is 1.97. The air leaves the
cooler at 67 ◦C. Some air from the compressor is bled after the cooler to supercharge the engine.
The volumetric efficiency is 85% based on intake manifold pressure and temperature. The other
details about the engine are: bp is 50 kW, speed is 3000 rpm and mechanical efficiency ηm is
85%. Determine
(i) imep of the engine
(ii) air consumption rate of the engine
(iii) the air handling capacity of the compressor in kg/min. Maximum power input to the
compressor is 42.62 kW. Take isentropic efficiency the compressor to be 85%. From the
compressor the air is passed on to a cooler where 1200 kJ/min of heat is rejected.

Cooler

Comp

Engine

Solution:
bp 50
Indicated power, (ip) = = = 58.82 kW
ηm 0.85
58.82
ip per cylinder = = 14.7 kW
4
ip
Indicated mean effective pressure, (imep) =
(LAn)/𝑛𝑟
(Note: The variation in formulae due to calculation for single cylinder not the whole engine)
 14.7 ∗1000
= π 3000 * 10-5
0.1 ∗ 4 ∗ 0.12 ∗ 60×2

= 7.49 bar ⇐ Ans

π π
Swept volume, 𝑉𝑠 = D2L = * 0.12 * 0.1
4 4
= 7.85 * 10-4 m3

Total volume of air swept per minute

N
= KV̇s
2
3000
= * 4 * 7.85 * 10-4
2
= 4.71 m3/ min

Actual volume of air inducted,

V̇a = ηv * V̇s = 0.85 * 4.71
= 4 m3/min ⇐ Ans

Actual mass flow rate of air

1.97 ∗ 105
= ρV̇a = × 4.0
287 ∗ 340
= 8.07 kg/min
(Note: Recall that air density should be calculated at inlet conditions (not atmospheric) otherwise
we tends to over-estimate the volumetric efficiency. This is especially important for
supercharged/turbocharged engines that leads to inlet pressure conditions higher than atm.)

(iii) Actual compressor work required comes from the engine output. Let’s assume maximum
power input to the compressor to calculate compressor capacity. Then:
ΔT
Compressor work, Wc = ṁa Cp η
c

where, η c isentropic efficiency the compressor

 (T2 − 300)
42.62 = ṁc * 1.005 *
0.85
42.62 ∗ 0.85
ṁc = kg/s (1)
1.005 ∗ (T2 − 300)
compressor outlet temperature can be calculated from isentropic relation:
𝑃2 0.4
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 × ( )1.4
𝑃1
0.4
𝑇2 = 300 × (1.97)1.4
𝑇2 = 364.13 𝐾
From eq. (1), ṁc
ṁc =0.562 kg/s (2)
= 0.562 * 60
= 33.72 kg/min ⇐ Ans

Alternatively,
Heat balance in the cooler gives
Heat rejected in the cooler/ min
ṁc (T’2 - 340) =
60 ∗ Cp

1200
ṁc = (3)
60 ∗ 1.005 ∗ (T′2 − 340)
Again, compressor outlet temperature can be calculated from isentropic relation:
T2 − 𝑇1
= 0.85
T′2 − 𝑇1
T′2 = 375.6
= 0.5622 * 60
= 33.732 kg/min ⇐ Ans
(Note: This is the maximum capacity of the compressor)
Question 2: A 4-stroke high-performance Diesel Engine being used in Neander Bike, operating at
2400 rpm, demonstrates the following characteristics:

: 30º bTDC (before Top

Intake valve open (IVO)
dead center)

Inlet Valve Open Duration : 245 º

: 32º bBDC (before

Exhaust valve open (EVO)
bottom dead center)

: 20º aTDC (after Top

Exhaust valve close (EVC)
dead center)

: 8º bTDC (before Top

Fuel injection starts (FIS)
dead center)

Fuel injection duration : 30º

(a) What is the duration (degrees of crank angle) for which the Exhaust valve remains open?
(b) How late (in seconds) the fuel injection is completed after the piston reaches TDC?
(c) What is the point at which Inlet valve closes?
(d) How much is the valve overlap?
Sol.
In case of diesel engines, spark-timing is replaced with injection timing, other concepts remain
same.
(a) IVO: 30֯ bTDC
Inlet Valve Open Duration: 245°
EVO: 32֯ bBDC
EVC: 20֯ aTDC
FIS: 8֯ bTDC

θ FI = 30֯

θ IV = 245֯

N=2400 rpm
∆ θ EV =?

∆ θ EV = 32֯ +180֯ + 20֯ = 232֯

 (b)
θ FI = 30֯

Fuel injection duration after TDC = 30֯ - 8֯ (bTDC)= 22֯

N= 2400 rpm (40 rps)
1 rev =360֯
40 rps = 14400֯ /sec
𝟐𝟐֯
t= 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟎֯ /𝐬𝐞𝐜 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄

(c)
θ IV = 245֯

IVC = 245֯ - 30֯ (bTDC) -180֯ = 35֯ aBDC

(d)
Valve overlap = This is the duration for which both inlet and exhaust valve remain open at the same
time.
= Angle between IVO & EVC
= 30֯ bTDC ↔20֯ aTDC
Valve overlap = 50֯
Note: This overlap, of course, must not be excessive enough to allow the burned gases to be sucked
into the intake manifold, or the fresh charge to escape through the exhaust valve.

TDC: Top dead centre

BDC: Bottom dead centre
IVO: Inlet valve open
IVC: Inlet valve close
EVO: Exhaust valve open
EVC: Exhaust Valve close
FIS: Fuel injection starts
FIE: Fuel injection end
FID: Fuel injection duration