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1. Introduction DVD technology was developed to provide an optical disc format with a much larger capacity than the CD, for a wide range of applications. Pre-recorded DVD discs provide capacities from 4.7 GB to 17.1 GB. They are capable of supporting a wide range of applications, including DVD-Video, for full-length movies, DVD-Audio, the very high quality multi-channel audio format and other applications for which no application specification has been defined. There are two definitions of DVD-ROM: 1. DVD-ROM is the name given to the physical and logical format of pre- recorded DVD discs and is used to differentiate these from recordable or write-once discs. Using this definition both DVD-Video and DVD-Audio formats are also DVD-ROM discs to differentiate them from recordable and re-writable discs containing the same video or audio data. 2. DVD-ROM is also used to refer to the other applications of pre-recorded DVDs that have not been defined. DVD-ROM discs can be used for games and multimedia applications where a large capacity is needed. In addition DVD-Video and DVD-Audio discs often include a DVD-ROM section with data that runs on a PC, giving additional features such as Internet access. This document concerns the second use of the term DVD-ROM and describes the requirements defined by the computer industry, the differences between it and CD-ROM, plus applications, compatibility issues and hardware.
1.1 DVD-ROM Requirements
The Technical Working Group, representing the computer industry, listed the following requirements for a DVD-ROM specification for multimedia, games and other computer applications. • Single format for computer and TV-based applications. • Backward read compatibility with existing CD-ROMs. • Forward compatibility with recordable and re-writable discs. • A single file system for all content and disc media types. • Low cost drives and discs. • No mandatory container. • Reliable data storage and retrieval. • High on-line capacity. • High performance for sequential and non-sequential data. DVD-ROM drives and PCs with DVD capability are now widespread in the USA, Europe and Japan. Generally these also include MPEG-2 decoders either in hardware or software. They are then capable of playing DVD-Video discs as well as DVD-ROM applications.
2. DVD-ROM Specification DVD-ROMs are like large CD-ROMs, capable of holding more data for a wide range of applications. Some applications include MPEG-2 video, as used on DVD-Video discs, to give added realism to games and richer content for multimedia applications.
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The DVD-ROM specification comprises the physical specification and UDF file system for all DVD read-only discs. Like CD-ROM the DVD-ROM specification does not define how the user data is to be formatted and used. That is left to the application. In contrast the DVD-Video and DVD-Audio specifications define precisely how the data is formatted. A DVD-ROM disc can be any of the physical pre-recorded DVD formats DVD-5, DVD-9, DVD-10 etc.
2.1 DVD-ROM vs CD-ROM
CD-ROM discs are specified in the Yellow Book and are based on the original Red Book Audio CD. A DVD-ROM provides at least 7 times the capacity so can store much more data for complex multimedia applications and games. Table 1 gives a comparison of the major differences between a CD-ROM disc and DVD- ROM. Note that 1 GB = 1 billion bytes. Table 1 DVD-ROM vs CD-ROM Capacities
DVD-5 DVD-9 DVD-10 CD-ROM
Capacity (GB) 4.7 8.5 9.4 0.7 File Structure used UDF & ISO 9660 ISO 9660
Unlike CDs, all DVD-ROM discs not only have identical physical formats but also use the same logical format and file system. All application data on the disc, whether video, audio, text, graphics or program data, are contained in files.
2.2 DVD-ROM Disc Layout
Dual layer (DVD-9) DVD-ROM discs will normally be organised as Parallel Track Path discs (see below), with the file system located on layer 0. The two layers therefore represent a single volume (see Figure 1). For both single and dual layer discs the data will start at the inner diameter.
Single layer disc
Lead In ▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪► Data Area ▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪► Lead Out
Dual layer disc – parallel track path
Lead In ▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪► Data Area (Layer 1) ▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪► Lead Out Lead In ▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪► Data Area (Layer 0) ▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪► Lead Out Figure 1 Disc Layout for Single and Dual Layer Discs
For DVD-10, DVD-14 and DVD-18 discs the two sides represent two separate volumes.
2.3 Directory & File Structure
Figure 2 shows the directory and file structure for a typical DVD disc with specified directories (VIDEO_TS and AUDIO_TS) for DVD-Video and DVD- Audio files (if present) and other directories (whose names are not specified in the DVD specifications) containing files for use on computers or games consoles. Hybrid titles, with data for more than one application (eg DVD-Video plus a PC game) will include data in two or more of these directories.
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Figure 2 Directory & File Structure
• The Universal Disc Format (UDF) file system was developed to support re- writable as well as read-only media. It is the file system chosen for all DVD formats. • ISO 9660 was included to provide backward compatibility with Windows 95. MacOS 8.1 and above on DVD-enabled Macintosh computers also supports UDF. DVD-Video and DVD-Audio players only read UDF, not ISO 9660.
3. DVD-ROM Applications DVD-ROM applications can take advantage of the increased capacity of DVD discs and, optionally, make use of DVD-Video's high quality MPEG-2 video and multi-channel audio encoding.
3.1 Standalone DVD-ROM Applications
There is a wide range of standalone applications for DVD-ROM including: • Bigger and better games allowing current multi-disc CD-ROM games to be distributed on one DVD-ROM disc. DVD allows the content of six or more CD-ROM discs to be stored on a single disc. • More extensive multimedia applications, such as encyclopaedias, with additional content including higher quality MPEG-2 video and surround sound audio. • Very large databases and clip-art libraries. • Hybrid DVD/online titles where the bulk of the data needed (such as video) is stored on the disc and updates are downloaded from the Internet. The Internet can also be used to pay for and unlock software contained on a DVD-ROM disc. Application specifications are available for DVD-Video and DVD-Audio only. Other applications must include suitable application software for PC and/or Macintosh to allow the content to be read and processed.
3.2 DVD-Video and DVD-Audio Extensions
Both DVD-Video and DVD-Audio discs can include DVD-ROM content allowing additional functionality on PCs. Applications can include: • Games and other interactive applications relevant to the movie contained on a DVD-Video disc. • Weblinks and additional interactivity that can be available on a website.
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• DVD-Audio discs can include similar interactivity and web links, but the DVD Forum has also approved the addition of AAC encoded audio to the DVD- ROM zone of a DVD-Audio disc.
4. DVD-ROM Hardware DVD-ROM titles are designed to play on a specific platform eg PC or Macintosh. These platforms, with appropriate hardware/software, will also play DVD-Video and DVD-Audio discs. • All PCs now include a DVD-ROM drive and older PCs can be upgraded by adding a DVD-ROM drive and hardware or, for faster processors, software MPEG-2 decoder in order to play DVD discs. • The latest Apple Macintosh computers provide DVD playback or can be upgraded with the external Apple DVD-Video kit. • New Games consoles such as Sony's Playstation2 and Microsoft’s X-box, which incorporate DVD drives and are capable of playing DVD-Video discs. • Enhanced DVD-Video players can provide more interactive possibilities such as Internet access.
4.1 DVD-ROM Drives
DVD-ROM drives, like CD-ROM drives, are being developed with ever-increasing speeds. Early drives offered 2x speeds, while the latest drives now offer 16x speeds. These faster drives are not necessary for DVD-Video titles (which read data at 1x), but allow faster data transfer for multimedia and games applications. Single speed DVD-ROM drives have a data transfer rate of 11.08 Mb/s, which is equivalent to a 9x CD-ROM drive. Table 2 below gives the main specification parameters for a typical 16x drive.
Table 2 Specification for a Typical DVD-ROM Drive
DVD-5 DVD-9 CD-ROM Capacity (GB) 4.7 8.5 0.7 Drive speed (typical) 16x 48x Max Data transfer rate (Mb/s) 177 57.6 Linear velocity (m/s) up to 55.8 up to 61.4 up to 62
The linear velocity is lower for a DVD than for a CD at the same data rate. The highest speed DVD-ROM and CD-ROM drives are not CLV (constant linear velocity) but CAV (constant angular velocity) where the data rate increases from the inside to the outside. Such drives achieve their maximum speed only at the outside diameter.
DVD-ROM drives include a cache of typically 256 or 512 kB, which will store 128 or 256 sectors respectively. The bigger the cache the faster it can supply data to the computer.
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4.2 MPEG-2 Decoders
An MPEG-2 decoder is needed to play DVD-Video titles plus any MPEG video contained on a DVD-ROM disc. Both hardware and software decoders are available. • Hardware decoders allow a slow processor to be used. Many decoders include a video output, which allows your favourite movies to be watched on a TV instead of the computer monitor • Software decoders require a faster processor (which all new PCs have) and a suitable graphics card, but offer a lower cost solution for new PCs. DVD add-on kits usually comprise a DVD-ROM drive and MPEG-2 decoder board. Software to play DVD-Video discs is also included in the package. Normally this includes an on-screen controller to simulate the remote control of a DVD-Video player.
Microsoft Windows & DirectShow
Microsoft has included DVD capability in Windows 98/ME/2000/XP including the following features: • Reading data sectors from DVD-ROM drives and providing support for the DVD-ROM command set • UDF file system support • Support for streaming data such as MPEG-2 video and Dolby Digital audio • DirectShow (formerly ActiveMovie), which improves compatibility by replacing the old MCI (Media Control Interface) with a new standard interface to play Video Object (VOB) files. VOB files contain the audio, video, subpictures, menus and navigation commands defined in the DVD-Video specification. DirectShow allows applications to control the playback of VOB files (including interpreting program instructions and user interactivity) and supports interlaced video and multi-channel audio • DirectDraw, which supports the transfer of decoded video streams from an MPEG-2 decoder to the display card via dedicated buses • Copy protection and region coding support for both software and hardware decoders to enable authentication between the decoder and the DVD-ROM drive for playing DVD-Video discs.
QuickTime QuickTime on both Macintosh and Windows platforms is capable of playing back MPEG-2 video including VOB files, using an existing MPEG-2 decoder.
4.3 Copy Protection
Copy protection for DVD-ROM is now available and is based on existing technologies for CD-ROM, but enhanced to include DVD-ROM discs. There are at least two proprietary copy protection technologies available both aimed at applications such as games.
Macrovision SafeDisc Macrovision's SafeDisc version 3 supports DVD-ROM as well as CD-ROM. It is most effective when used for titles that run from DVD rather than installed to hard disk. Key features include: • Unique individual new security system for each title.
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• Improved code masking technology to thwart hackers.
• Improved interface, allowing faster and more effective implementation. • New random degrading CD signature to defeat the latest CD writers. • New security system which prevents normal play of ripped versions. SafeDisc offers the option to allow the content to be installed on the hard disk, but the publisher can specify that the DVD-ROM must be inserted in the drive at certain intervals to check that the user has a valid copy.
Sony SecuROM Sony's SecuROM also supports DVD-ROM discs using the following operating systems: • Windows 98/ME/NT/2000/XP • Macintosh only • Hybrid Windows and Macintosh for up to three executable files (Windows, Mac OS Classic, and Mac OS X). SecuROM™ supports 32 bit executables (including Macromedia Director versions 5 through 8.5 and MX) but does not protect data files.
CSS and region coding
CSS only protects DVD-Video discs and DVD-ROM discs are not region coded, but DVD-ROM drives must comply with the CSS specification and region coding for DVD-Video.
5. Compatibility Issues DVD-ROM titles are, as yet, few in number compared with DVD-Video titles. The reason is partly that while a DVD-Video player is purchased primarily or only to play DVD-Video discs, a DVD-ROM drive in a PC can be used to play DVD- Video and CD-ROM discs as well as DVD-ROMs.
5.1 Reading CD-R Discs
All DVD-ROM drives will read all DVD pre-recorded discs (from 4.7 to 17.1 GB capacities), plus CD audio discs and CD-ROM discs. Some early DVD-ROM drives were not able to read CD-R discs, but most now do so. The dye used for the recording layer in CD-R discs is designed for lasers with wavelengths 775 nm to 795 nm (ie for CD lasers) but offer insufficient reflectivity at 650 nm, the laser wavelength used for DVDs. The only solution is to use a dual laser pickup with both 650 and 780 nm lasers. Such pickup devices are now available from several companies and most DVD-ROM drives now include them.
5.2 MultiRead The Optical Storage Technology Association (OSTA) has defined MultiRead, which is a specification defining drives that are capable of reading CD-DA, CD-ROM, CD-R and CD- RW. MultiRead2 is an extension of MultiRead for drives capable of reading CD-DA, CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-Video, DVD-Audio, DVD-ROM, and DVD-RAM (but only the original 2.6 GB version).
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Future versions may include reading of other recordable and re-writable DVD formats.
5.3 DVD-Multi The DVD Forum has announced DVD-Multi, which "will set hardware specifications to enable disc compatibility for virtually all formats officially created by the DVD Forum, both for consumer electronics and personal computers." DVD-Multi specifications will ensure compatibility of the following products. • DVD-ROM drives will read DVD-Video, DVD-Audio, DVD-ROM, DVD-RAM, DVD-RW and DVD-R discs, but not necessarily decode the contents. • DVD Recorders attached to PCs will read all the above discs and write to DVD-RAM, DVD-RW and DVD-R discs. • DVD-Multi Players will be able to read DVD-RAM, DVD-RW and DVD-R discs, but not necessarily decode the contents. The DVD-Multi specification does not extend to DVD+R or DVD+RW formats which are not supported by the DVD Forum.
6. Producing DVD-ROM Titles
The production process comprises authoring, pre-mastering and manufacture. Multimedia titles for DVD-ROM can be created using similar tools to those used for CD-ROM titles such as Macromedia Director, Visual Basic or Visual C++. Where MPEG-2 video files are to be incorporated, DVD-Video authoring tools will also be required to encode the audio and video, add navigation and create the VOB files.
6.1 Premastering DVD-ROM
The resulting files are then premastered using software that is designed to format the data using the UDF Bridge file system and according to the DVD specification. Where relevant, the DVD-Video, DVD-Audio and/or other files must be contained in the appropriate directories (as described above). The pre-mastering process will result in a disc image, which can either be written to DLT with the appropriate DDP file, for glass mastering, or be used to write a DVD-R for testing purposes. However, DVD-9 format titles cannot be fully tested until a pressed disc is made.
6.2 Manufacturing DVD-ROM Discs
The manufacturing process is identical to that of a DVD-Video or DVD-Audio disc. The disc can be a DVD-5, DVD-10 or DVD-9 depending on the data size and whether a double-sided disc is acceptable. DVD-9 and DVD-10 discs will require two DLTs, one for each side/layer. Alternatively, for DVD-5 and DVD-10 formats, the title can be mastered from DVD-R disc(s). DVD-9 titles cannot be mastered from DVD-R. DVD-RAM and DVD-RW discs are generally not suitable for mastering because, unless the data on the disc has been fully erased, or it is a new disc, the files may not be contiguous.
