CONTINUITY

EXERCISE - 01 CHECK YOUR GRASP

2. Hint : lim f(x)  0 & lim f(x)  1  1 + a – b = 0 ... (i)

x 0 x 0
a b
and + = 1 ... (ii)
7. lim 1  cos
2
4x
= 8 2 6
x 0 
x
solving (i) and (ii) we get
lim x
x 0 
= 8  f(0) = 8 5 3
16  x  4 a= ,b =
2 2
so f(x) is continuous at x = 0 when a = 8
14. (x – 3 ) f(x) = – x2 + 2x – 2 3 + 3
a 2  ax  x 2  a 2  ax  x 2
11. lim f(x) = lim
x 0 x 0
ax  ax  x 2  2x  2 3  3
f(x) =
on rationalizing both Nr. & Dr. we get x 3

lim f(x) = – a so f(0) = – a (x  3 )(2  3  x)

x 0 = =2– 3 –x
x 3
  x2 x 4 x 6    x3 x 5 x7 
x 1  a 1    ...   b  x    ...
  2! 4! 6!    3! 5! 7!  f( 3 ) = 2 – 2 3
13. f(x)= lim x3
x 0 17. (A) LHL = –1 & RHL = 0
 a b  (B) LHL = 1 & RHL = 2/3
(1  a  b)  x 2    ...
lim
= x 0  2 ! 3 !  (C) LHL = –1 & RHL = 2/3
x2 (D) LHL = –2log23 & RHL = 2log 32

EXERCISE - 02 BRAIN TEASERS

x  = lim (0–h)2 cos (e–) = 0
3. (i) tan f(x) = tan   1 x  [0, ] h 0
2 
11. lim f(x) = lim  b([x]2 + [x]) + 1
x  x 1  x 1
0  x   – 1  –1 –1
2 2
= lim b([– 1 + h]2 + [– 1 + h]) + 1
By graph we say tan(f(x)) is continuous in [0, ] h 0

1 = b((– 1)2 – 1) + 1 = 1
2
(ii) = is not defined at x = 2  [0, ] bR
f(x ) x  2

x 2 lim f(x) = xlim sin ( (x + a ))

x 1  1 
(iii) y =
2
= lim sin ((– 1 – h + a)) = – sin a
 f 1(x) = 2x + 2 is continuous in R.
– h 0

sin a = – 1
lim (x + 1) e–[2/x] = lim x 1 1
7. x 0  2/x =  = 0 3 3
x 0
e e a = 2n +  a = 2n +
2 2
lim (x + 1) e    x  x 
1 1 Also option (C) is subset of option (A)
x 0 
=1
12. LHL = lim (0 – h) [0 – h]2 log (1  0  h ) 2
h 0
Hence continuous for x  I – {0}
h( 1)2  n 2
  1  2x 3  3   = lim = n 2
9. RHL= xlim  
3  cot   h 0  n(1  h)
0
   x 2   2
 n(e (0  h )  2 {0  h})
=3–[cot–1 (– )] = 3 – 3 = 0 RHL = lim
h 0
tan (0  h)
  1   2 2

LHL = lim {(0 – h) 2} cos  e  0  h    n(e h  2 h )  n(e h  2 h )

h 0   = lim = lim
  h 0 tan h h 0 h
    2 h  RHL  LHL
2 h
  n 1  h2  . h 2  13. f(0+) = lim a(sin2 (0 + h))n = 0
 e

= lim h 2    e  1 2 h 0

h 0  f(0) = 0
 2 h  h
 eh
2
 f(0–) = lim b(cos2 (0 – h))m – 1 = – 1
  h 0

EXERCISE - 03 MISCELLANEOUS TYPE QUESTIONS

Tr ue & False : (C) function should have same rule for Q & Q'
 1   1  1
8. f   = f  =1 and f(x) is continuous in x=1–xx=
 2
 2   2 
(D) f(x) = x + {– x} + [x]
 1  x is continuous at x  R
[0, 1]. Hence f   will also be 1.
 2 Check at x = I (where I is integer),
Match the Column : +
f(I ) = 2I + 1
–
1. (A) lim sin {1 – h} = cos 1 + a f(I ) = 2I – 1
h 0
So f(x) is discontinuous at every integer
 lim
h 0
sin (1 – h) – cos 1 = a i.e., 1,0,–1
 a = sin 1 – cos 1 Comprehension # 2 : y
sin 1  cos1  x 1 0  x  2
Now |k| = = 1 3
 1 1  f(x) = 
2  sin 1.  cos1.  x  3 2  x  3 2
 
2 2 1
1. f(x) is discontinuous
k = ± 1 x
at x = 2 0 1 2 3
 sin x 
2 sin 2 
 2 
2
 sin x   x 2 0  x 1
(B) f(0) = lim  
x 0
 sin x 
2
 2  2. fof(x) =   x  2 1  x  2
x2   x  4 2  x  3
 2  
1 fof(x) is discontinuous at x = 1, 2
 f(0) =
2 3. f(19) = f(3 × 6 + 1) = f(1) = 2

EXERCISE - 04 [A] CONCEPTUAL SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE

lim sin(a  1)x  sin x

3. =a + 2 1  2 cos 2x  2A cos x  B
x 0 
x = lim
x 0 x4
x  bx 2  x 1
and xlim
0 
= as b  0
3/2
bx ( x  bx  x ) 2 2 2 4 2 4
1  1  2  1  (2x)  (2x)  ...  2A  1  x  x  ...  B 
= lim
x 0

x4 
 2! 4!   2! 4 !  

according to question
1 1 3 1 4 A 
c= &a+2= a= = lim 2 4 
2 2 2 4 (3 + 2A + B +x (–4–A)+x  3 12  +...)
x 0 x
 2 1 / h  1 
4. f(0–) = lim
h 0 
 = 1  2A + B + 3 = 0 and – 4 – A = 0
 2 1 / h  1 
 A = – 4, B = 5
 21 / h  1 
= h 0   1 / h
f(0+)lim  = – 1 and f(0) = 1
 2 1 
 LHL  RHL  Non removable-finite discontinuity 8. (b) Given lim f(1 + h) = lim f(1 – h) = f(1)  0
h 0 h 0
sin 3 x  A sin 2x  B sin x Let x = a  R – {0}
7. f(x) = lim
x 0 x5 f(a . 1) = f(a) f(1)  f(1) = 1
2
sin x  3  4 sin x  2A cos x  B 
lim
= x 0  
x x4
   h  Similarly f(a – h) = f(a)
lim f(a + h) = lim f  a  1 
h 0 h 0
  a  
Hence f(x) is continuous at x = R – {0}
 h
= lim f(a)f  1  [ f(x.y) = f(x).f(y)]
h 0  a 

EXERCISE - 04 [B] BRAIN STORMING SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE

 x   x x 
n
sin  r  n sin  r 1  r  (  sin 1 (1  {h}2 )).sin 1 (1  {h})
2  2 2 
1. f(x) = 
 x   x 
= 
r 1  x  x  6. lim f(x) = lim 2
x 0 h 0
r 1
co s  r  cos  r 1  co s  r  cos  r 1  2 ({h} {h}3 )
2  2  2  2 
n 
(  sin 1 (1  h 2 )) sin 1 (1  h)
=   tan  x   x 
 tan  r   = lim
2
r 1   2 r 1   2  h 0
2 (h  h 3 )
x x x  x cos 1 (1  h 2 ) sin 1 (1  h )
= tan x – tan + tan – tan + ... – tan  n   
2 2 4 2 = lim =
h 0 2 (1  h 2 ) h 2
 x 
f(x) = tan x – tan  n 
2 (  sin 1 (1  (1  h)2 ) sin 1 (1  (1  h))
lim f(x)= lim 2
x 0  h 0
 n tan x  (tan x) n [sin(tan 2x )] 2 ((1  h)  (1  h) 3 )
Now g(x) = nlim
 1  (tan x) n  1
sin h 
= lim 2 =
  n(tan x) when x  
2 (1  h)(2  h)h 4 2
4 h 0
g(x) =  x 
  sin(tan 2 )  when x  4
so f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0
 
g   h  = lim n (tan (  – h)) = n 1 = 0  
; x 0
 4  h 0 4  2
No w g(x) = 
 2 2  ; x0
 K = 0 and g(x) is continuous in (0, )  4 2
2
1  a h  ( h)a h  n(a) ah  1  h  n a 
5. g(0 – )= lim = lim  2 ; x  0
h 0 a h ( h)2 h 0 h2 g(x) = 
 ; x  0
h2  2
1  h na  ( na)2  ...  1  h na
2! ( na)2
= lim = so g(x) is continuous at x = 0
h 0
h2 2
9. Since g is onto continuous function so by reference
2 a  h n 2  h n a  1
h h
of intermediate value theorem we get required
g(0+) = lim
h 0 h2 result.
h2  1 
1  hn(2a)  (n2a)2  ...  hna 1  (1  x 2 ) n  1
2! ( n2a)2
= lim 2 = 10. yn(x) = x2
h 0 h 2! 1
1
Now g(x) is continuous so 1  x2
(na) 2 = (n2a) 2  1 
= (1 + x2)  1  when x  0, n  N
 (na)2 = (n 2)2 + (n a)2 + 2n 2n a  (1  x 2 ) n 

1 1 = 0 when x = 0, n  N
 n a = n 2  a =
2 2 1  x 2 x 0
2 lim
y(x) = n  yn(x) = 
  1   0 x 0
 log  
  2  1
g(0) = = (n 2)2 so y(x) is discontinuous at x = 0
2 8
EXERCISE - 05 [A] JEE-[MAIN] : PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

  1  1  1  tanh  1  tanh

 |x| x   x, x  0 = lim
2. f(x) =  xe ,x 0  |x| =  h 0 (1  tanh)  4h
 0 , x 0   x, x  0

2  tanh  1
 xe 2 / x , x  0 = lim   = –
 h 0 4  h  2
so f(x) =  x , x  0
 0 , x 0   1 
 lim f   h  = – = f 
(I) continuous at x = 0 h 0 4  2 4 
lim f(0 + h) = lim f(0 – h) = f(0)  1
h 0 h 0 f  = –
4
  2
lim f(0 + h) = lim h × e–2/h = 0
h 0 h 0
1 2
lim f(0 – h) = lim = 0 f(0) = 0 4. f(x) = – 2x can be continuous at x = 0
h 0 h 0 x e 1
f(x) is continuous at x = 0 or f(x) is continuous for so lim f(0 + h) = lim f(0 – h) = f(0)
h 0 h 0
all x
1 2
(II) differentiability at x = 0 lim f(0 + h) = – 2x
h 0 x e 1
f(0  h)  f(0) h  0
L.H.D. = Lf'(0) = lim = = 1 1 2
h 0 h h lim – 2h
f(0  h)  f(0) h 0 h e 1
R.H.D. Rf'(0) = lim
h 0 h
2 / h (e 2h  1)  2h 0
he 0 lim 2h
= form
 = e–2/h = 0 h 0 h  (e  1) 0
h
2h 0
Lf'(0) Rf'(0 e  2 0 2
lim = form
f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0 h 0 h e 2h
2 e 2h
1 0
so that f(x) is cont at x = 0 but not differentiable at
2  2e 2h 4
x = 0 lim 2h 2h 2h
= = 1
h 0 2e h e 2 2 e 2 4
1  tan x f(0) = 1
3. f(x) = x  /4 x [0, /2]
4x 
f(x) is continuous at x  [0, /2] sin(p  1)x sin x
5. LHL = lim 
so at x = /4 x 0 x x

     = (p + 1) + 1 = p + 2
lim f   h  = lim f   h  = f  
h 0  4  h 0  4  4  LHL = f(0)  p  2  q ...(1)
  
so lim f   h  = f   x2 1
h 0  4  4  RHL = lim 
x 0
x 3/2 2
( x  x  x) 2
  1  tan x
lim f   h  =
h 0  4  4x  1 3
1
p + 2 = q =  q = , p =
  2 2 2
1  tan   h 
lim 4  6. ƒ1(x) = x ; x  R is continuous.
= h 0  
4  h   1 
4  sin   ; x  0
ƒ2(x) =   x 
    0 ; x 0

 tan 4  tanh 
1  
 1  tan  tanh  1 
lim sin   does not exist
= lim
 4  x 0 x
h 0   4h    ƒ2(x) is discontinuous on R.
  ƒ (x).ƒ 2 (x ) ; x  0 7. f(x) = |x – 2| + |x – 5| ; x  R
Now, ƒ(x) =  1
 0 ; x 0 f(x) is continuous in [2, 5] and differentiable is (2, 5)
and f(2) = f(5) = 3.
 1
 lim ƒ1(x).ƒ2(x) = lim x.sin  
x 0 x 0  x By Rolle's theorem f'(x) = 0 for at least one x (2,5).

1 
sin   x 2 x5
x 0 f '(x)  
= lim = ƒ(0) x 2 x5
x 0  1 
x f'(4) = 0 but f'(x) = 0  x  (2, 5)
 
 ƒ(x) is continuous on R
 Statement–1 is true, statement–2 is false.

EXERCISE - 05 [B] JEE-[ADVANCED] : PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

2. For ƒ to be continuous :
ƒ(2n–) = ƒ(2n+).
 b n + cos2n = a n + sin2n
 bn + 1 = an
 an – b n = 1
( B is correct)

 b n  cos x (2n  1, 2n)


a n  sin x [2n, 2n  1]
Also ƒ(x)  
 b n 1  cos x (2n  1, 2n  2)

a n  sin x [2n  2, 2n  3]
Again ƒ ((2n + 1) –) = ƒ ((2n + 1) + )
 a n = b n+1 – 1
 a n – b n+1 = –1
 a n–1 – b n = –1 ( D is correct)