The document discusses Lewis structures, which represent the bonding between atoms using dots to represent valence electrons. It explains how to draw Lewis structures for monoatomic elements, binary ionic compounds, and polyatomic ions by considering the octet rule and transferring or sharing of electrons between atoms. Examples are provided for different types of compounds.
The document discusses Lewis structures, which represent the bonding between atoms using dots to represent valence electrons. It explains how to draw Lewis structures for monoatomic elements, binary ionic compounds, and polyatomic ions by considering the octet rule and transferring or sharing of electrons between atoms. Examples are provided for different types of compounds.
The document discusses Lewis structures, which represent the bonding between atoms using dots to represent valence electrons. It explains how to draw Lewis structures for monoatomic elements, binary ionic compounds, and polyatomic ions by considering the octet rule and transferring or sharing of electrons between atoms. Examples are provided for different types of compounds.
The document discusses Lewis structures, which represent the bonding between atoms using dots to represent valence electrons. It explains how to draw Lewis structures for monoatomic elements, binary ionic compounds, and polyatomic ions by considering the octet rule and transferring or sharing of electrons between atoms. Examples are provided for different types of compounds.
MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS for General Chemistry 1/ Grade 12 Quarter 2 / Week 3
1 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week3_v2
NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week3_v2 FOREWORD
The self-learning kit (SLK) is designed to help STEM
students understand that things are made up of atoms. These atoms interact and bond together to form different types of compounds. Students should realize that bonding is an interaction of electrons in their outermost orbital to form either ionic, covalent, or metallic bonds. In this module, the students are thought how to draw Lewis’s structure of an element or a compound which is part of the valence bond theory.
2 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week3_v2 OBJECTIVES At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: K : describe the concept of the octet rule. S : draw the Lewis structure of simple compounds. A : recognized the significance of Lewis structure in reactions and formation of a chemical bond.
LEARNING COMPETENCIES - Draw the Lewis structure of ions (STEM_GC11ESIId-g70)
I. WHAT HAPPENED PRE-ACTIVITY/PRE-TEST
I. Using the periodic table, complete the table below by providing
the following a.) total number of electrons b.) the number of energy level (n) c.) the number of valence electrons.
Total Electron Number of Number of valence
Element if neutral energy level (n) electrons C
Cl
Mg
Ca
Li
3 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week3_v2 II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW DISCUSSION:
The Lewis Structure
Electrons are located further outside of the nucleus of an atom (see atoms of Na and F below). When atoms combine to form compounds, the first sub-atomic particles in the atom to interact are the electrons. The result of these electron interactions is called chemical bonds. These chemical bonds are called ionic and covalent bonds. The ionic bond result from a transfer of electrons from one species (usually a metal) to another (usually a nonmetal or polyatomic ion). On the other hand, covalent bonds result from a sharing of electrons by two or more atoms (usually nonmetals). This idea was the basis for the formation of the Lewis structure proposed by Gilbert Newton Lewis. Na F
The Bohr diagram of Sodium and Fluorine. The blue dot is the neutron, yellow is the proton, and the red dot are the electrons.
Lewis structure or the electron-dot structure utilizes the
valence electron and is represented by a dot. Take note that the valence electrons are located in the outermost energy level (n) and these are the ones that will interact first during a chemical reaction. As discussed, elements tend to give off or accept an electron to be stable or to be a noble-gas configuration statement is commonly known as the octet rule. 4 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week3_v2 Lewis structure for monoatomic element: Monatomic or monoatomic elements are elements that are stable as single atoms. Mon- or Mono- means one. In order for an element to be stable by itself, it needs to have a stable octet of valence electrons. Example 1. The Lewis structure of the following monoatomic atom are: a. Magnesium (Mg):
Mg - 2 dots, since Mg belong to group 2, its valence electron is 2.
b. Fluorine (F):
F - 7 dots, since F belongs to group 17, its valence electron is 7.
The table below makes it easier to identify the number of
valence electrons corresponding to a group. In addition, based on the valence electron, we can also predict the charge or the oxidation number/state of the elements. It’s worth noting that metals tend to give off electrons to be stable and once it gives off, it becomes a positive charge. In contrast, non-metals tend to accept electrons to be stable and become a negative charge. Take note that the valence electron of transition metals varies and will not be included here. This is due to the overlapping of atomic orbitals.
Group No. Valence Electron/s Number of Dots Oxidation No.
5 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week3_v2 You might be wondering why the oxidation number of group 18 or noble gases is equal to zero. This is due to stability; the energy level of each noble gas is already fully filled by electrons. That is why noble gases are highly unreactive and do not want to give off or accept electrons in forming a chemical bond. In addition, noble gases usually exist in nature as monoatomic.
Lewis structure for Binary ionic compound:
Binary ionic compounds are compounds containing two distinct atoms and forming a bond. Since it is an ionic compound, it contains a metal that lose/s its electron/s and a non-metal that accept/s an electron/s. Example 2. For a binary ionic compound, the following are corresponding Lewis structures. a. Sodium fluoride (NaF): - The Lewis structure of NaF, notice that as it become an ionic compound, the Na gives 1 electron and F accepts 1 electron. These makes + and – charges on Na and F respectively.
b. Calcium chloride (CaCl2):
- The Lewis structure of CaCl2, notice Ca has 2 valence electrons and Cl has 7. Ca must give all of its electron to be stable and Cl needs 1. To accommodate, another Cl is need. That is why the chemical formula is CaCl2.
There are ions that contain covalent bonds, covalent bond
contains a shared electron and is represented by a line. This is in order for the atoms to satisfy their octet. One line (─) also known as single bonds shares 2 electrons, 2 lines (═) or double bonds share 4 electrons, and triple bonds (≡) share 6 electrons.
6 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week3_v2 Lewis structure for polyatomic ions: Polyatomic ions are covalent compounds that contain a charge, also known as formal charges. The bonding within the atom is covalent thus electrons are being shared between them. Example 3. For polyatomic ions, the following are the steps in determining the Lewis structure. 1. Determine the total valence electron (VET). Using the formula, VET = ∑ 𝑉𝐸 + 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 where VE = valence electrons CO32- 2 is added since the total charge is negative 2. Negative charge means, VET = (1 x 4) + (3 x 6) + 2 = 24 electron is being added. Consequently, if the charge of the polyatomic ion is positive, it should be deducted. Positive For C For O means electrons are being remove.
2. Determine the number of bonded electron (BE), assuming all are
single bonds. Since there are 3 possible single bonds, each can BE = 6 accommodate 2 electrons. - In identifying the central atom, one must consider electronegative value, the least value is the central in this case C is least electronegative than O (consult a book for values).
3. Count the number of required electrons (RE) needed to fulfill its
octet. Just copy the line structure in Step 2, C needs 2 electrons (6 electrons are already shared)
Each O needs 6 electrons (2 electrons are already shared)
Therefore, RE = (6 x 3) + (1 x 2) = 20
4. Calculate the available electrons (AE) using the formula;
AE = VET – RE = 24 – 20 = 4
7 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week3_v2 5. Determine the number of bonds or lone pair electrons around the central atom. Using the formula; No. of bonds or lone pair electron - - 2 means in every bond contains 2 electrons or 2 = (BE – AE) electrons in every lone pairs 2 = (BE – AE)/2 = (6 – 4)/2 = 2/2 = 1
- Note: If the value is positive, add bonds. If negative, add 2 electrons as lone pair at the central atom (Example; if -1 add 2 electrons, if -2 add 4 electrons, etc.)
6. Therefore, the Lewis structure.
Partial bracket represents the partial charge of CO3-2. There are also 3 possible structure, but are just resonance, meaning the double bond shift its electrons to another atoms.
III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
EVALUATION/POST TEST:
I. Determine the Lewis structure of:
a. Cl d. F2 g. PO4-3 j. Ca b. NaBr e. O3 h. N2 c. H2O f. CN- i. NH4+
REFERENCES
Ebbing, Darrell, and Steven D. Gammon. General chemistry.
Cengage Learning, 2016. Zumdahl, Steven S. & Zumdahl, Susan A. (2007). Chemistry 7th ed. Houghton Mifflin Company, USA. Pp106-111.
8 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week3_v2 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL
ROSELA R. ABIERA Education Program Supervisor – (LRMDS)
ARNOLD R. JUNGCO PSDS – Division Science Coordinator
MARICEL S. RASID Librarian II (LRMDS)
ELMAR L. CABRERA PDO II (LRMDS)
GERALD T. UBAG Lay-Out Artist
MARIA CRISTINA M. SALASALAN
Writer _________________________________
ALPHA QA TEAM ALLAN Z. ALBERTO EUFRATES G. ANSOK, JR. SEGUNDINO B. DELES JR. MANASSES V. JABALDE AGUSTINA C. OMAGUING VERONICA A. RECTO
BETA QA TEAM ZENAIDA A. ACADEMIA RANJEL D. ESTIMAR ALLAN Z. ALBERTO MARIA SALOME B. GOMEZ EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR. JUSTIN PAUL ASERNIO C. KINAMOT DORIN FAYE D. CADAYDAY ARJIE T. PALUMPA MERCY G. DAGOY LESTER C. PABALINAS ROWENA R. DINOKOT DISCLAIMER
The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide accessible learning modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The contents of this module are carefully researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set learning competencies. The writers and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to information and illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is subject to copyright and may not be reproduced in any form without division. 9 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week3_v2 SYNOPSIS ANSWER KEY
This student learning kit
deals with the Lewis structure of molecular compounds as well as polyatomic ions. A Lewis structure is a very simplified representation of the valence shell electrons in a molecule. Learning about Lewis structure is easy especially that there are different strategies in getting the valence electrons. Join us, as we dive in through the world of Lewis structure of ions.
Pre-activity/pre-test
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
MARIA CRISTINA M. SALASALAN is a graduate of Bachelor of Science in Nursing from Jose Rizal Memorial State University in 2010. Finished Continuing Professional Education (CPE) at Villaflores College in 2015. Finished her Complete Academic Requirement for Master of Arts in Science Teaching at Negros Oriental State University. Evaluation/post-test: Currently working at Department of Education, as teacher II, connected at Crisostomo O. Retes National High School Senior High.
