Phy 123

Physics
Eleventh Edition
Cutnell & Johnson
Chapter 12
Temperature and Heat
12.1 Common Temperature Scales (1 of 3)
Temperatures are reported in
degrees Celsius or degrees
Fahrenheit.
Temperature changes, on the
other hand, are reported in
Celsius degrees or Fahrenheit
degrees:
Copyright ©2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2

Example 1 Converting from a Fahrenheit to a Celsius Temperature
A healthy person has an oral temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit.
What would this reading be on the Celsius scale?

Example 2 Converting from a Celsius to a Fahrenheit
Temperature
A time and temperature sign on a bank indicates that the outdoor
temperature is −20.0 degrees Celsius. Find the corresponding
temperature on the Fahrenheit scale.

12.2 The Kelvin Temperature Scale (1 of 3)

A constant-volume gas
thermometer.

absolute zero point = − 273.15

degrees Celsius

12.3 Thermometers
Thermometers make use of the change in some physical
property with temperature. A property that changes with
temperature is called a thermometric property.

12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion (1 of 16)
Normal Solids


Linear Thermal Expansion of a Solid
The length of an object changes when its temperature changes:
Common Unit for the Coefficient of Linear Expansion:

Table 12.1 Coefficients of Thermal Expansion for Solids and Liquidsa
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Substance Linear (α) Volume (β)
Solids Blank Blank
Aluminum 23 times 10 to the power negative 6 69 times 10 to the power negative 6
Brass 19 times 10 to the power negative 6 57 times 10 to the power negative 6
Concrete 12 times 10 to the power negative 6 36 times 10 to the power negative 6
Copper 17 times 10 to the power negative 6 51 times 10 to the power negative 6
Glass (common) 8.5 times 10 to the power negative 6 26 times 10 to the power negative 6
Glass (Pyrex) 3.3 times 10 to the power negative 6 9.9 times 10 to the power negative 6


Gold 14 times 10 to the power negative 6 42 times 10 to the power negative 6
Iron or steel 12 times 10 to the power negative 6 36 times 10 to the power negative 6
Lead 29 times 10 to the power negative 6 87 times 10 to the power negative 6
Nickel 13 times 10 to the power negative 6 39 times 10 to the power negative 6
Quartz (fused) 0.50 times 10 to the power negative 6 1.5 times 10 to the power negative 6
Silver 19 times 10 to the power negative 6 57 times 10 to the power negative 6


Liquidsb Blank Blank
Benzene − 1240 times 10 to the power negative 6
Carbon tetrachloride − 1240 times 10 to the power negative 6
Ethyl alcohol − 1120 times 10 to the power negative 6
Gasoline − 950 times 10 to the power negative 6
Mercury − 182 times 10 to the power negative 6
Methyl alcohol − 1200 times 10 to the power negative 6


Water − 207 times 10 to the power negative 6
a
The values for α and β pertain to a temperature near 20 degrees Celsius.
b
Since liquids do not have fixed shapes, the coefficient of linear expansion is not defined
for them.

Example 3 The Buckling of a
Sidewalk
A concrete sidewalk is constructed
between two buildings on a day
when the temperature is 25 degrees
Celsius. As the temperature rises to
38 degrees Celsius, the slabs
expand, but no space is provided
for thermal expansion. Determine
the distance y in part (b) of the
drawing.


Example 4 The Physics of
Thermal Stress
The beam is mounted between
two concrete supports when
the temperature is 23 degrees
Celsius. What compressional
stress must the concrete
supports apply to each end of
the beam, if they are to keep
the beam from expanding
when the temperature rises to
42 degrees Celsius?

The Bimetallic Strip


The Expansion of Holes
Conceptual Example 5 Do Holes Expand or Contract When the
Temperature Increases?
The figure shows eight square tiles that are arranged to form a
square pattern with a hold in the center. If the tiled are heated,
what happens to the size of the hole?

A hole in a piece of solid material expands when heated and
contracts when cooled, just as if it were filled with the material that
surrounds it.

Conceptual Example 7 Expanding
Cylinders
Each cylinder is made from a different
material. All three have the same
temperature and they barely fit inside
each other.
As the cylinders are heated to the same,
but higher, temperature, cylinder C falls
off, while cylinder A becomes tightly
wedged to cylinder B.
Which cylinder is made from which
material?
12.5 Volume Thermal Expansion (1 of 4)
Volume Thermal Expansion
The volume of an object changes when its temperature changes:
Common Unit for the Coefficient of Volume

Expansion:

Example 8 An Automobile Radiator
A small plastic container, called the
coolant reservoir, catches the radiator
fluid that overflows when an
automobile engine becomes hot. The
radiator is made of copper and the
coolant has an expansion coefficient of
If the radiator is filled
to its 15-quart capacity when the engine is
cold (6 degrees Celsius), how much
overflow will spill into the reservoir when
the coolant reaches its operating
temperature (92 degrees Celsius)?

Expansion of water.

12.6 Heat and Internal Energy (1 of 2)
Definition of Heat
Heat is energy that flows from a
higher-temperature object to a
lower-temperature object because
of a difference in temperatures.
SI Unit of Heat: joule (J)

12.6 Heat and Internal Energy (2 of 2)
The heat that flows from hot to cold
originates in the internal energy of
the hot substance.
It is not correct to say that a
substance contains heat.

12.7 Heat and Temperature Change:
Specific Heat Capacity (1 of 8)
Solids and Liquids
Heat Supplied or Removed in Changing the Temperature
of a Substance
The heat that must be supplied or removed to change the
temperature of a substance is
Common Unit for Specific Heat Capacity:

Table 12.2 Specific Heat Capacitiesa of Some Solids and Liquids
Specific Heat Capacity, c
Substance J per k g degree Celsius
Solids Blank
Aluminum 9.00 times 10 squared
Copper 387
Glass 840
Human body
(37 degrees Celsius, average) 3500
Ice (−15 degrees Celsius) 2.00 times 10 cubed
Iron or steel 452

Specific Heat Capacity, c
Substance J per k g degree Celsius
Lead 128
Silver 235
Liquids Blank
Benzene 1740
Ethyl alcohol 2450
Glycerin 2410
Mercury 139
Water (15 degrees Celsius) 4186
a
Except as noted, the values are for 25 degrees Celsius and 1 atm of pressure.

Example 9 A Hot Jogger
In a half-hour, a 65-kg jogger can
generate
of heat. This heat is removed from the body by a variety of
means, including the body’s own temperature-regulating
mechanisms. If the heat were not removed, how much would
the body temperature increase?

Gases
The value of the specific heat of a gas depends on whether
the pressure or volume is held constant.
This distinction is not important for solids.
Other Units
1 kcal = 4186 joules
1 cal = 4.186 joules

Calorimetry
If there is no heat loss to the surroundings, the heat lost by
the hotter object equals the heat gained by the cooler ones.

Example 12 Measuring the Specific Heat
Capacity
The calorimeter is made of 0.15 kg of aluminum
and contains 0.20 kg of water. Initially, the water
and cup have the same temperature of 18.0 degree
Celsius. A 0.040 kg mass of unknown material is
heated to a temperature of 97.0 degree Celsius
and then added to the water.
After thermal equilibrium is reached, the
temperature of the water, the cup, and the material
is 22.0 degree Celsius. Ignoring the small amount
of heat gained by the thermometer, find the
specific heat capacity of the unknown material.

12.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent
Heat (1 of 8)
The Phases of Matter

Heat (2 of 8)
During a phase change, the temperature of the mixture
does not change (provided the system is in thermal
equilibrium).

Heat (3 of 8)
Conceptual Example 13 Saving Energy
Suppose you are cooking spaghetti for dinner, and the
instructions say “boil pasta in water for 10 minutes.” To
cook spaghetti in an open pot using the least amount of
energy, should you turn up the burner to its fullest so the
water vigorously boils, or should you turn down the
burner so the water barely boils?

Heat (4 of 8)
Heat Supplied or Removed in Changing the Phase of a
Substance
The heat that must be supplied or removed to change the
phase of a mass m of a substance is
SI Units of Latent Heat: J/kg

Heat (5 of 8)
Table 12.3 Latent Heatsa of Fusion and Vaporization
Latent Heat of
Latent Heat Vaporization,
Melting Point of Fusion, Lf Boiling Point Lv
Substance (°C) (J/kg) (°C) (J/kg)
Ammonia −77.8 33.2 times 10 to the power 4
−33.4 13.7 times 10 to the power 5
Benzene 5.5 12.6 times 10 to the power 4

80.1 3.94 times 10 to the power 5
Copper 1083 20.7 times 10 to the power 4

2566 47.3 times 10 to the power 5
Ethyl alcohol −114.4 10.8 times 10 to the power 4

Gold 1063 6.28 times 10 to the power 4

Lead 327.3 2.32 times 10 to the power 4

Mercury −38.9 1.14 times 10 to the power 4


Heat (6 of 8)
Latent Heat of
Latent Heat Vaporization,
Melting Point of Fusion, Lf Boiling Point Lv
Substance (°C) (J/kg) (°C) (J/kg)
Nitrogen −210.0 2.57 times 10 to the power 4
Oxygen −218.8 1.39 times 10 to the power 4

Water 0.0 33.5 times 10 to the power 4

a
The values pertain to 1 atm pressure.

Heat (7 of 8)
Example 14 Ice-cold Lemonade
Ice at 0 degrees Celsius is placed in a Styrofoam cup containing
0.32 kg of lemonade at 27 degrees Celsius. The specific heat
capacity of lemonade is virtually the same as that of water. After
the ice and lemonade reach an equilibrium temperature, some ice
still remains. Find the mass of the melted ice. Assume that mass
of the cup is so small that it absorbs a negligible amount of heat.

Heat (8 of 8)

12.9 Equilibrium Between Phases of
Matter (1 of 5)
The pressure of vapor that coexists in equilibrium with

the liquid is called the equilibrium vapor pressure of
the liquid.
Matter (2 of 5)
Only when the temperature and vapor pressure correspond

to a point on the curved line do the liquid and vapor
phases coexist in equilibrium.
Matter (3 of 5)
Conceptual Example 15 How to Boil
Water That is Cooling Down
Shortly after the flask is removed from the
burner, the boiling stops. A cork is then
placed in the neck of the flask to seal it. To
restart the boiling, should you pour hot or
cold water over the neck of the flask?

Matter (4 of 5)

Matter (5 of 5)
As is the case for liquid/vapor
equilibrium, a solid can be in
equilibrium with its liquid phase
only at specific conditions of
temperature and pressure.

12.10 Humidity (1 of 5)
Air is a mixture of gases.
The total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures of the
component gases.
The partial pressure of water vapor depends on weather conditions.
It can be as low as zero or as high as the vapor pressure of water at
the given temperature.
To provide an indication of how much water vapor is in the air,
weather forecasters usually give the relative humidity:

Example 16 Relative Humidities
One day, the partial pressure of water vapor
is
Using the vaporization curve, determine the relative
humidity if the temperature is 32 degrees Celsius.


The temperature at which the relative humidity is 100% is
called the dew point.


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Physics

Cutnell & Johnson

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absolute zero point = − 273.15

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Common Unit for the Coefficient of Linear Expansion:

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Brass 19 times 10 to the power negative 6 57 times 10 to the power negative 6

Concrete 12 times 10 to the power negative 6 36 times 10 to the power negative 6

Copper 17 times 10 to the power negative 6 51 times 10 to the power negative 6

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Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

Lead 29 times 10 to the power negative 6 87 times 10 to the power negative 6

Nickel 13 times 10 to the power negative 6 39 times 10 to the power negative 6

Silver 19 times 10 to the power negative 6 57 times 10 to the power negative 6

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Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

Carbon tetrachloride − 1240 times 10 to the power negative 6

Ethyl alcohol − 1120 times 10 to the power negative 6

Gasoline − 950 times 10 to the power negative 6

Mercury − 182 times 10 to the power negative 6

Methyl alcohol − 1200 times 10 to the power negative 6

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Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

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Common Unit for the Coefficient of Volume

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Common Unit for Specific Heat Capacity:

Iron or steel 452

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SI Units of Latent Heat: J/kg

Benzene 5.5 12.6 times 10 to the power 4

Copper 1083 20.7 times 10 to the power 4