Review Innovations CE Review for April 2023 – Geotechnical Engineering 4

Vertical Stress in Soil Vertical Stress in Soil

1. Total Stress (PT) Situation 1.

PT =  h The soil profile consists of 5 m sand underlain by 13 m layer
of clay. The ground water table is at a depth of 2.8 m below
2. Pore Water Pressure or (Pw) the surface. The sand has a unit weight of 19 kN/m3 above
Neutral Stress the ground water table and the saturated unit weight below
Pw =  w hw was 20 kN/m3. The saturated unit weight of the clay is 15.7
kN/m3. At a depth of 11 m, determine the following:
3. Effective Stress (PE) 1. Total stress or pressure
PE = PT − Pw 2. Water pressure
3. Effective stress
4. Height of Capillary Rise (hc)
c Situation 2.
hc = From the soil profile shown, determine the following:
eD10
Sand
Settlement in Soil 4m e = 0.61
Gs = 2.65
Primary Settlement (Sc)

5. Normally Consolidated Clay

CH P + P e = 0.48
Sc = c log o 5m Gs = 2.67
1+ e Po
6. When Po + ΔP < Pc
Cs H P + P 4. Effective stress at the bottom of sand layer
Sc = log o
1+ e Po 5. Effective stress at the bottom of clay layer
7. When Po + ΔP > Pc 6. Depth of water table from the ground so that the
Cs H P CH P + P effective stress at the bottom becomes 104 kPa.
Sc = log c + c log o
1+ e Po 1 + e Pc

8. Swell Index (Cs) Situation 3.

If not given: Cs = Cc/5 A dense silt layer has the following properties:
Void ratio e = 0.30
9. Compression Index (Cc) Effective diameter D10 = 10 μm
Cc = 0.009( LL − 10) Capillary constant C = 0.20 cm2
Free ground water level is 8.0 m below the ground surface.
e1 − e2
Cc = Assume γs = 26.5 KN/m3 and that the soil above the capillary
P
log 2 action rise and below ground surface is partially saturated at
P1 50%.
10. Over Consolidation Ratio (OCR) Determine the following:
Pc 7. Height of the capillary rise in the silt.
OCR =
Po 8. Vertical effective stress in kPa at a depth of 5 m.
9. Vertical effective stress in kPa at a depth of 10 m.
11. Coefficient of compressibility (av)
e1 − e2 Situation 4.
av = The figure shows a granular soil in the tank having a
P2 − P1
downward seepage. The water level in the tank is held
constant by adjusting the supply from the top and outflow at
12. Coefficient of volume compressibility (mv)
the bottom.
av
mv =
1 + eave
1m 0.90m
13. Coefficient of consolidation (Cv)
H dr 2Tv
Cv = Sand
t
6m e = 0.47
Gs = 2.68
14. Hydraulic Conductivity (i)
k = Cv mv  w

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 Review Innovations CE Review for April 2023 – Geotechnical Engineering 4
Determine the following: Situation 8.
10. Total stress at the bottom Consider the upward flow of water through a layer of sand
11. Pore or water pressure at the bottom in a tank as shown in the figure. For the sand, the following
12. Effective stress at the bottom are given:
Void ratio, e = 0.52
Settlement in Soil Specific gravity of solids, Gs = 2.67

Situation 5.
A 2 m clay layer has values of e = 0.92, Gs = 2.72 and liquid
limit of 40%. Above the clay is a 3 m thick layer of sand with
e = 0.50 and Gs = 2.62. The water table is located 1.6m below
the ground. If a 3 m thick backfill is placed on the ground
surface having a unit weight of 17.3 kN/m3, determine the
following:
13. Compression index of clay
14. Effective pressure at the midpoint of clay
15. Primary settlement for normally consolidated clay

Situation 6.
The soil profile shown in the figure consist of a 9 m layer of
sand underlain by 6 m layer of clay. The location of water
table is 3 m from the ground level. The building to be
constructed will cause an additional pressure of 50 kPa on Determine the following:
the ground. What is the primary settlement of the clay layer 22. Effective stress at A. (3.43 kPa)
if: 23. Effective stress at B (6.85 kPa)
16. Clay is normally consolidated? 24. Upward seepage force per unit volume of the soil (7.36
17. Preconsolidation pressure Pc=190kPa? kN/m3)
18. Preconsolidation pressure Pc=170Kpa?
Situation 9.
Given the figure below:

3m γd = 16 kN/m3

γsat = 18.5 kN/m3

6m

γsat = 19 kN/m3
6m e = 0.95
Cc = 0.36

Problems for Practice

Figure: Clay:
Situation 7. A=2m Gs = 2.74
A 20 m thick submerged saturated clay layer has a moisture B=4m e = 0.98
content of 57%. The specific gravity of the solids is 2.84. C=6m Pc = 150 kN/m2
19. Determine the unit weight of clay. ΔP = 85 kN/m2 Cc = 0.396
(16.7 kN/m3) Cs = 0.066
20. Determine the total vertical stress at the bottom of the Sand:
clay layer in kPa. (334 kPa). Gs = 2.66
21. Determine the effective vertical stress at the bottom of e = 0.65
the clay layer in kPa. (138 kPa). 25. What is the initial overburden pressure in the middle of
the clay layer? (96.970 kPa)
26. Estimate the consolidation settlement in the clay layer.
(139 mm)

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