Application No-10

Study of Internetworking Devices

1.Introduction: -
Internetworking is combined of 2 words, inter and networking which implies an association
between totally different nodes or segments. This connection area unit is established through
intercessor devices akin to routers or gateway. The first term for associate degree internetwork
was catenet. This interconnection is often among or between public, private, commercial,
industrial, or governmental networks. Thus, associate degree internetwork could be an
assortment of individual networks, connected by intermediate networking devices, that
function as one giant network. Internetworking refers to the trade, products, and procedures
that meet the challenge of making and administering internet works.
To enable communication, every individual network node or phase is designed with a similar
protocol or communication logic, that is Transfer Control Protocol (TCP) or Internet Protocol
(IP). Once a network communicates with another network having constant communication
procedures, it is called Internetworking. Internetworking was designed to resolve the matter of
delivering a packet of information through many links.
There is a minute difference between extending the network and Internetworking. Merely
exploitation of either a switch or a hub to attach 2 local area networks is an extension of LAN
whereas connecting them via the router is an associate degree example of
Internetworking. Internetworking is enforced in Layer three (Network Layer) of the OSIISO
model. The foremost notable example of internetworking is the Internet.[1.]

Figure 10.1 Internetworking Devices

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2.History: -

Table10.1 History of Internetworking Devices[2.]

Year Event

In this year, Leonard Kleinrock proposed the earliest computer

1965
networks, which was the idea of ARPANET.
On 29 August 1969, the first IMP and network switch were sent to
1969
UCLA. On ARPANET, the first data transmission was sent by using it.
NCP, stands for NetWare Core Protocol, released by Steve Crocker and
1970
a team at UCLA for use with NetWare.
In this year, the use of first router was began, but they were not
1974
considered true IP routers.
For using TCP/IP, ARPANET finished the transition. The first DNS
1983
implement by Jon Postel and Paul Mockapetris in 1983.
The first network switch was developed and introduced by a U.S.
1990
network hardware company named Kalpana in 1990.
In 2004, as a replacement for WPA, the WPA2 encryption protocol was
2004
introduced. By 2006, WPA2 certification was compulsory for all.
The 802.11n standard can operate on the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz
2009
bandwidths and offers higher transfer speeds over 802.11a.

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3.Available Technologies in the Field: -

Internet technology comes in many forms, such as the connection and communication options.
The use of the Internet requires a desktop computer, laptop computer, a web enabled device,
or a smartphone or other wireless device. Today, it is almost a basic need for every individual
to use internet technology, to perform his daily activities. In this article, we list some of the
basic internet technologies which have grown popular in emerging economies.

1. DSL -: One type of Internet connection that is common for many households is DSL.
DSL is provided by your phone company and uses the existing phone line to your
home. Speeds are offered at different prices to meet any type of need. A special
modem is needed to connect your computer to the Internet. A wireless connection can
be created in your home by adding a wireless router to the modem.

2. Cable -: A second type of Internet connection for households in large cities is cable
Broadband. This connection uses a cable connection to your home for the Internet.
Cable connections are shared by other connected to the same cable line. This means
that speeds will vary depending on the time of day. A special modem is also required
to connect your computer to the Internet.

3. Satellite -: A third type of connection for homes in rural areas is satellite. A dish needs
to be installed on your roof to receive a signal for an Internet connection. The speed is
like A DSL connection and will be the best option if no other connection options are
available.

4. Wi-Fi -: This is a type of wireless connection that is available at many locations, such
as restaurants. The use of a Wi-Fi connection requires a laptop computer or web-
enabled wireless device. WIFI is a free option for anyone to use to connect to the
Internet. Users without an Internet connection at their home should find a local WiFi
hotspot.

Dial-Up -: Homes that only have a standard phone line may still use a dial-up connection.
This connection needs a modem that is installed in a desktop or laptop computer. A dial-
up connection uses the phone line and is the slowest type of Internet connection for a
home. One downside is the inability to make a call when a connection is made to the
Internet.[3.]

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4.Working and Basic Concepts: -
In real world scenario, networks under same administration are generally scattered
geographically. There may exist requirement of connecting two different networks of same
kind as well as of different kinds. Routing between two networks is called internetworking.

Networks can be considered different based on various parameters such as, Protocol,
topology, Layer-2 network and addressing scheme.

In internetworking, routers have knowledge of each other’s address and addresses beyond
them. They can be statically configured go on different network or they can learn by using
internetworking routing protocol. Routing protocols which are used within an organization
or administration are called Interior Gateway Protocols or IGP. RIP, OSPF are examples
of IGP. Routing between different organizations or administrations may have Exterior
Gateway Protocol, and there is only one EGP i.e., Border Gateway Protocol.

Tunneling -: If they are two geographically separate networks, which want to

communicate with each other, they may deploy a dedicated line between or they must pass
their data through intermediate networks.

Tunneling is a mechanism by which two or more same networks communicate with each
other, by passing intermediate networking complexities. Tunneling is configured at both
ends.

When the data enters from one end of Tunnel, it is tagged. This tagged data is then routed
inside the intermediate or transit network to reach the other end of Tunnel. When data
exists the Tunnel, its tag is removed and delivered to the other part of the network. Both
ends seem as if they are directly connected and tagging makes data travel through transit
network without any modifications.

Packet Fragmentation -:

Most Ethernet segments have their maximum transmission unit (MTU) fixed to 1500
bytes. A data packet can have packet length depending upon the application. Devices in
the transit path also have their hardware and software capabilities which tell what amount
of data that device can handle and what size of packet it can process.

If the data packet size is less than or equal to the size of packet the transit network can
handle, it is processed neutrally. If the packet is larger, it is broken into smaller pieces and
then forwarded. This is called packet fragmentation. Each fragment contains the same
destination and source address and routed through transit path easily. At the receiving end
it is assembled again.

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 If a packet with DF (do not fragment) bit set to 1 comes to a router which can not handle
the packet because of its length, the packet is dropped. When a packet is received by a
router has its MF (more fragments) bit set to 1, the router then knows that it is a fragmented
packet and parts of the original packet is on the way. If packet is fragmented too small, the
overhead is increases. If the packet is fragmented too large, intermediate router may not
be able to process it and it might get dropped.[4.]

Figure 10.2 Tunnling

5.Study on various parameters: -

Network Devices: Network devices, also known as networking hardware, are physical
devices that allow hardware on a computer network to communicate and interact with one
another. For example, Repeater, Hub, Bridge, Switch, Routers, Gateway, Brouter, and NIC,
etc.

1. Repeater –: A repeater operates at the physical layer. Its job is to regenerate the signal
over the same network before the signal becomes too weak or corrupted to extend the
length to which the signal can be transmitted over the same network. An important point
to be noted about repeaters is that they do not amplify the signal. When the signal
becomes weak, they copy it bit by bit and regenerate it at its star topology connectors
connecting if original strength. It is a 2-port device.

2. Hub –: A hub is a basically multi-port repeater. A hub connects multiple wires coming
from different branches, for example, the connector in star topology which connects
different stations. Hubs cannot filter data, so data packets are sent to all connected
devices. In other words, the collision domain of all hosts connected through Hub remains
one. Also, they do not have the intelligence to find out the best path for data packets
which leads to inefficiencies and wastage.

Types of Hubs -:

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 • Active Hub -: These are the hubs that have their power supply and can clean, boost,
and relay the signal along with the network. It serves both as a repeater as well as a
wiring centre. These are used to extend the maximum distance between nodes.
• Passive Hub -: These are the hubs that collect wiring from nodes and power supply
from the active hub. These hubs relay signals onto the network without cleaning
and boosting them and cannot be used to extend the distance between nodes.
• Intelligent Hub -: It works like an active hub and includes remote management
capabilities. They also provide flexible data rates to network devices. It also enables
an administrator to monitor the traffic passing through the hub and to configure
each port in the hub.

3. Bridge –: A bridge operates at the data link layer. A bridge is a repeater, with add on the
functionality of filtering content by reading the MAC addresses of the source and
destination. It is also used for interconnecting two LANs working on the same protocol. It
has a single input and single output port, thus making it a 2-port device.

Types of Bridges -:
• Transparent Bridges-: These are the bridge in which the stations are completely
unaware of the bridge’s existence i.e., whether a bridge is added or deleted from
the network, reconfiguration of the stations is unnecessary. These bridges make use
of two processes i.e., bridge forwarding and bridge learning.
• Source Routing Bridges: - In these bridges, routing operation is performed by the
source station and the frame specifies which route to follow. The host can discover
the frame by sending a special frame called the discovery frame, which spreads
through the entire network using all possible paths to the destination.

4. Switch –: A switch is a multiport bridge with a buffer and a design that can boost its
efficiency (many ports imply less traffic) and performance. A switch is a data link layer
device. The switch can perform error checking before forwarding data, which makes it very
efficient as it does not forward packets that have errors and forward good packets
selectively to the correct port only. In other words, the switch divides the collision domain
of hosts, but the broadcast domain remains the same.

Routers –: A router is a device like a switch that routes data packets based on their IP
addresses. The router is mainly a Network Layer device. Routers normally connect LANs and
WANs and have a dynamically updating routing table based on which they make decisions on
routing the data packets. The router divides the broadcast domains of hosts connected through
it.[5.]

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6.Market Study: -
Based on region, the global internetworking devices market can be segmented into North
America, South America, Europe, Asia Pacific (APAC), and Middle East & Africa (MEA).
North America is estimated to account for the maximum share of the global internetworking
devices market during the forecast period, followed by Europe. Technological innovation in
networking solutions is expected to offer immense growth opportunities to the internetworking
devices market in Europe in the next few years. Growth of the internetworking devices market
in North America can be attributed to presence of leading players in the U.S. and Canada. On
the other hand, the market in Asia Pacific is estimated to witness growth at the maximum rate
during the forecast period. Asia Pacific is expected to offer lucrative growth opportunities to
key players operating in the global market in the next few years, due to significant growth in
industrialization in the region. Countries such as Japan, South Korea, Thailand, Malaysia,
India, China, and Singapore are contributing to the internetworking devices market in Asia
Pacific. Rise in the number of enterprises in the Middle East and South America is promoting
growth of the internetworking devices market in these regions.

The global internetworking devices market is undergoing a developing stage and companies
are greatly investing in research and development of networking technologies so as to improve
efficiency of their business processes.

The market is in its growing stage and companies are profoundly investing in R&D operations
and developing innovative technologies to cater the customer needs. Key players operating in
the global internetworking devices market include Cisco Systems, Hewlett Packard Enterprise
Development LP, Juniper Networks, Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., and Arista Networks.
Some of the leading players are primarily focusing on coming up with advanced solutions and
product offerings with unique pricing in order to strengthen their position in the global market.
The increasing number of mergers and acquisitions has been identified as one of the most
significant trends in the global internetworking devices market. This can be attributed to
strategic investments made by companies in the technology sector. The intention of mergers
and acquisitions by these companies is to generate new sources of revenue by reaching out to
new customers and creating their presence in untapped markets through innovation in products
and services. These vendors compete primarily in terms of pricing and the method of
addressing expectations of their end-users.

The report offers a comprehensive evaluation of the market. It does so via in-depth qualitative
insights, historical data, and verifiable projections about market size. The projections featured
in the report have been derived using proven research methodologies and assumptions. By
doing so, the research report serves as a repository of analysis and information for every facet
of the market, including but not limited to: Regional markets, technology, types, and
applications. [6.]

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7.Future advancements in the field: -
The latest advanced connectivity building blocks include:

• 5G. -: The fifth generation of cellular wireless technology represents a sweeping

change, far beyond being just another new wireless interface for smartphones. It offers
greater speed, lower latency, and—importantly—the ability to connect massive
numbers of sensors and smart devices within a network. How? By breaking technology
constraints. With 5G, many networking protocols can coexist to meet device and
application specific requirements, and can be managed seamlessly. In connectivity of
tomorrow, billions of connected devices will be communicating directly as machine-
to-machine, and addition or subtraction of connected devices will be possible at
unprecedented scale. In this environment, the ability to manage large volumes of
connected devices and the information being exchanged between them will be critical.
5G acts as a unifying technology, bringing together all the networking capabilities
needed to manage the information flow and density at scale. The protocol also lowers
power requirements for base communication, extending sensor battery life and viability
of many IoT potential use cases.

• Low Earth orbit satellites-: Companies have long used large, high-altitude,
geostationary satellites to connect remote areas to the outside world. These satellites
have served a purpose, but they lag fibre and cable-based internet in terms of reliability
and responsiveness and have potentially high-cost profiles. In what some have
characterized as a “new space race,” SpaceX, One Web, and other organizations are
developing small, low Earth orbit satellites that, deployed in clusters, may be able to
deliver high-performance broadband anywhere on earth. In addition to providing access
to rural or isolated communities, low-orbit satellites could become essential networking
infrastructure tools for industries operating in remote areas such as energy, mining,
transportation, and even finance.

To monitor and manage evolving connectivity options that are increasingly varied, CIOs are
virtualizing parts of the connectivity stack using the following network management
techniques:

• Software-defined networking. SDN is a software layer that sits atop a physical

network composed of networking appliances such as switches and routers. Long
restricted primarily to use within the data centre, the technology is now being extended
for wide area networking (SD-WAN) to connect data centres, branch banks, stores, or
other multilocation applications. These physical appliances still forward data packets,
but SDN software controls where these packets get forwarded. In the SDN model,
software can centrally program and manage a network, potentially boosting flexibility.

• Network function virtualization. NFV replaces network functions such as routing,

switching, encryption, firewalling, WAN acceleration, and load balancing provided by
dedicated physical network appliances with virtualized software. These virtual network
functions appear and behave like their physical counterparts without the need for
dedicated, specialized hardware. NFV deployments typically use commodity servers.
Through virtualization, these network services can scale horizontally or vertically on

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 demand. With NFV, services such as multimedia voice, evolved packet core routing,
and radio access networking can now be operated completely in a cloud environment
using low-cost, general-purpose computing platforms as network infrastructure.

SDN and NFV are complementary. SDN controls network functions centrally; it does not
matter whether the network functions are provided by dedicated hardware appliances or
virtualized network functions.[7.]

8.Conclusion: -
Internetworking is the technique of interconnecting myriad networks together, using
connecting devices like routers and gateways. The different networks are owned by different
entities that widely vary in terms of network technologies. These networks may be public,
private, government, business or academic in nature, whose sizes may vary from small LANs
to large WANs. The resulting network of networks is generally termed as internetwork or
simply internet.
To enable efficient data communication among multiple networks, the connected networks
decide upon a common protocol stack or communication methodology. The two architectural
models that define the protocols used for communication are -:

• Open System Interconnections model (OSI model)

• TCP/IP model or the Internet Protocol Suite.

Examples of internetworking -:

• The most widely used internetwork is the Internet (capitalization implies one
specific internet), that uses the TCP/IP suite for interconnections. Its biggest
service is the World Wide Web. The modern Internet in its present form came
in the early 1990s. Since then, it has been growing and is presently used by a
few billion people all over the world.
• The predecessor of the Internet was ARPANET that was developed in the late
1960s and early 1970s. It was a packet switched network that developed
protocols for internetworking.

9.Indian Contribution: -
India Internet of Things Market Trends -:
The growing utilization of blockchain technology to enhance security, enable the inclusion of
low-value devices, and simplify device management represents one of the key factors driving
the market in India. Moreover, there is a rise in the number of startups in the country due to
consolidation activities, massive funding, technological advancements, and a burgeoning
domestic market. This, along with the expanding ecosystem wherein sensors and devices are
connected to a network, is propelling the growth of the market. In addition, there is an increase
in the usage of affordable devices with cloud computing. This, coupled with the rising trend of
connected homes and buildings, is catalysing the demand for IoT in the country. Besides this,
the growing employment of IoT in the healthcare industry for real-time monitoring of patients,
enhancing connectivity, and altering the doctor-patient relationship is positively influencing

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the market. Additionally, the Government of India is extensively investing in digital
infrastructure to promote flagship programs, such as Make in India and Digital India, which
are offering lucrative growth opportunities to industry investors.

Key Market Segmentation -:

IMARC Group provides an analysis of the key trends in each sub-segment of the India internet
of things market, along with forecasts at the country and regional level from 2022-2027. Our
report has categorized the market based on component, application and vertical.[8.]

10.References: -

[1.] “Introduction part and basics” Available at: https://www.educba.com/ On 20/11/2022.

[2.] “History of Internetworking Devices” Available at: https://www.javatpoint.com/history-
of-computer-networking On 20/11/2022.
[3.] “Available Technologies” Available at:
https://tea.texas.gov/sites/default/files/Internetworking%20Technologies%20II_2017.pdf On
20/11/2022.
[4.] “Working and Basics” Available at:
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/24202/internetworking-device On 20/11/2022.
[5.] “Study on Various Parameters” Available at:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/data_communication_computer_network/internetworking.ht
m On 20/11/2022.
[6.] “Market Study” Available at:
https://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prAP48399821 On 20/11/2022.
[7.] “Future Advancement” Available at: https://online.maryville.edu/blog/future-internet/ On
20/11/2022.
[8.] “Indian Contribution” Available at: https://www.fundoodata.com/learning-center/top-10-
printing-companies-india On 20/11/2022.

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