• Sampling Distribution of a Sample Means

• Central Limit Theorem

• Mean and Variance of Sampling Distribution of a Sample Means

Prepared by:
Ms. Mary Guia Villaspin, LPT
 Learning Objectives:

Illustrates random sampling.

Distinguishes between parameter and
statistic.
Construct sampling distribution of
sample means.
Finds the mean and variance of the
sampling distribution of the sample
mean
illustrates the Central Limit Theorem
Random Sampling

• Parameter and Statistic

• Sampling Techniques
Parameter and Statistic

random sampling
sample
population

"
𝒙
𝝁
statistic
parameter
𝝈 𝒔
Sampling Techniques

Sampling Techniques

Random Sampling Non-random Sampling

convenience
simple stratified

cluster purposive
systematic

quota
Slovin’s Formula
To determine the sample size (n) to be taken from the population, use the formula:

where: 𝑛 → 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒

𝑵
𝒏= 𝑁 → 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝟏 + 𝑵𝒆𝟐 𝑒 → 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟

 Example
Suppose that your school has a population of 1200 students and you want to
know the average age of the students, it would be impractical to interview all the
students just to find out their age. Consider that the margin of error in this situation is
5%. Find the sample size.
 Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means

Sampling distribution of sample means is a

probability distribution consisting of all

possible samples means of a given

sample size selected from the

population, and the probability of

occurrence with each sample mean.

https://creativemaths.net/blog/sampling-distribution/
 Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means

Population probability distribution

• Finite population – fixed number of observations

• Infinite population – infinite number of observations

Combination – grouping of all or part of several things without reference to the arrangement

𝑵 𝑵!
𝑪 𝑵, 𝒏 =𝑵 𝑪𝒏 = ,𝟎 ≤ 𝒏 ≤ 𝑵
𝒏 𝑵 − 𝒏 ! 𝒏!
 Take note!
𝑁 population 𝑋# sample mean

𝑛 sample 𝑠 sample standard deviation

𝜇 population mean 𝜇#̅ mean of a sample distribution

!
𝜎 ! population variance 𝜎 #̅ variance of a sample
distribution

𝜎 population standard
deviation
𝜎#̅ standard deviation of a
sample distribution
 Steps is Constructing the Sampling Distribution
of the Sample Means

Draw all possible samples that

can be drawn from the
population using the formula:
List all possible samples and Construct the sampling
compute the mean of each distribution of the sample
𝑵! sample. means (HISTOGRAM).
NCn= 𝑵$𝒏 !𝒏!
Example: Age of SHS students

Suppose that a population of a SHS students ages are

16, 17, 18, 19, and 20. Consider samples of size 3 that can
be drawn from this population.

𝑵!
Solution: Step 1: Determine the possible samples of size 3 - NCn= 𝑵0𝒏 !𝒏!
𝟓!
5C3 = 𝟓0𝟑 !𝟑!
= 𝟏𝟎 random samples of size 3
 Suppose that a population of a SHS students ages are 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20. Consider
samples of size 3 that can be drawn from this population.
Step 2: List all possible samples and compute Step 3: Construct the sampling distribution of
their corresponding means. the sample means
Random Samples Sample Mean
Sample Mean Frequency Probability
16, 17, 18 17
17 1 0.10
16, 17, 19 17.33
17.33 1 0.10
16, 17, 20 17.67
17.67 2 0.20
16, 18, 19 17.67
16, 18, 20 18 18 2 0.20
16, 19, 20 18.33 From
lowest to 18.33 2 0.20
highest
17, 18, 19 18 value 18.67 1 0.10
17, 18, 20 18.33
19 1 0.10
17, 19, 20 18.67
Total 𝟏𝟎 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎
18, 19, 20 19
Histogram of the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means

Probability P(𝑥)̅

Sample Mean (𝑥)̅

 Steps in Constructing a Sample Distribution

Draw all possible sample

Determine the Calculate the population size from a finite
population mean 𝜇 . variance 𝜎 ! . population size. List all possible
samples and their
∑𝒙 ∑ 𝒙−𝝁 𝟐 𝑵! corresponding
𝝁= 𝝈𝟐 = NCn= 𝑵$𝒏 !𝒏! means
𝑵 𝑵

Calculate the sample variance 𝜎 ! #̅ . Solve for the mean of the sampling
distribution of the sample means 𝜇#̅ .
Construct the sampling
" A 𝑿
"−𝝁 distribution of the sample
𝝈𝟐 𝒙& = > 𝑷 𝑿 𝟐
" A𝑷 𝑿
𝝁𝒙& = ∑ 𝑿 " means.
Example: Age of SHS students

Suppose that a population of a SHS students ages are 16,

17, 18, 19, and 20. Consider samples of size 3 that can be
drawn from this population. Compute for the mean and
variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means.
 Suppose that a population of a SHS students ages are 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20. If 3
samples drawn from this population, describe the sampling distribution of the
sample means.

∑𝒙
Step 1: solve for the population mean - 𝝁 = , where 𝑵 = 𝟓 and 𝒏 = 𝟑
𝑵

!"#!$#!%#!&#'( &( Therefore, the mean age of the population

𝜇= = = 𝟏𝟖 is 18 years old.
) )
∑ 𝒙*𝝁 𝟐
Step 2: Calculate the population variance - 𝝈𝟐 =
𝑵
𝑿 (𝑿 − 𝝁) (𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐
16 16 − 18 = −2 −2 (
=4
∑ 𝒙−𝝁 𝟐
17 − 18 = −1 −1 ( =1 𝟐 𝟏𝟎
17 𝝈 = = = 𝟐
0 (
= 0
𝑵 𝟓
18 18 − 18 = 0
1 ( = 1
19 19 − 18 = 1 Hence, the population variance is 2.
(
20 20 − 18 = 2 2 = 4
!(𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐
𝟏𝟎
 𝑵!
Step 3: Determine the possible samples of size 3 - NCn=
𝑵*𝒏 !𝒏!
𝟓!
5C3 = 𝟓0𝟑 !𝟑!
= 𝟏𝟎 random samples of size 3

Step 4: List all possible samples and compute Step 5: Construct the sampling distribution of
their corresponding means. the sample means
Random Samples Sample Mean
Sample Mean Frequency Probability
16, 17, 18 17
17 1 0.10
16, 17, 19 17.33
17.33 1 0.10
16, 17, 20 17.67
17.67 2 0.20
16, 18, 19 17.67
16, 18, 20 18 18 2 0.20
16, 19, 20 18.33 From
lowest to 18.33 2 0.20
highest
17, 18, 19 18 value 18.67 1 0.10
17, 18, 20 18.33
19 1 0.10
17, 19, 20 18.67
Total 𝟏𝟎 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎
18, 19, 20 19
Step 6: Solve the mean of sampling distribution of the sample means

& (𝑷 𝑿
𝝁𝒙A = ∑ 𝑿 &

*)
𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏𝒔 (𝑿 *)
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑷(𝑿 " A𝑷 𝑿
𝑿 "

17 0.10 1.70
17.33 0.10 1.73
17.67 0.20 3.53
18 0.20 3.60
18.33 0.20 3.67
18.67 0.10 1.87
19 0.10 1.90

"A𝑷 𝑿
𝝁𝒙& = > 𝑿 " 𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟎
Step 7: Solve the variance of sampling distribution of the sample means

& ( 𝑿
𝝈𝟐 𝒙A = - 𝑷 𝑿 &−𝝁 𝟐

*
𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏𝒔 (𝑿) *
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑷(𝑿) " A𝑷 𝑿
𝑿 " "−𝝁
𝑿 " A 𝑿
"−𝝁 𝟐
"−𝝁
𝑿 ( 𝑷 𝑿

17 0.10 1.70 𝟏𝟕 − 𝟏𝟖 = −𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐 =𝟏 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎 A 𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏
𝟏𝟕. 𝟑𝟑 − 𝟏𝟖 = −𝟎. 𝟔𝟕 𝟐
17.33 0.10 1.73 −𝟎. 𝟔𝟕 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎 A 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟓
17.67 0.20 3.53 𝟏𝟕. 𝟔𝟕 − 𝟏𝟖 = −𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎 A 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐
18 0.20 3.60 𝟏𝟖 − 𝟏𝟖 =𝟎 𝟎 𝟐 =𝟎 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎 A 𝟎 =𝟎
18.33 0.20 3.67 𝟏𝟖. 𝟑𝟑 − 𝟏𝟖 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 𝟐
𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎 A 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐
18.67 0.10 1.87 𝟏𝟖. 𝟔𝟕 − 𝟏𝟖 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕 𝟐
= 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎 A 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟓
19 0.10 1.90 𝟏𝟗 − 𝟏𝟖 =𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
=𝟏 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎 A 𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏
𝑿 8 𝑷 𝑿*
𝝁𝒙 = 7
18.00 " A 𝑿
𝝈𝟐 𝒙& = > 𝑷 𝑿 "−𝝁 𝟐
𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟒
Therefore, the variance of the sampling distribution of sample means is 0.334.
Summary:
Population Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

Mean 18.00 18.00

Variance 2 0.334
Standard Deviation 1.41 0.58
How do you compare the population mean and the mean of sampling distribution of the sample
means? 𝝁 = 𝝁
A
𝒙
How about the population variance and the variance of sampling distribution of the sample
means? 𝟐 𝟐
𝝈 >𝝈 A
𝒙
How do you compare the population standard deviation and the standard deviation of
sampling distribution of the sample means? 𝝈 > 𝝈
A
𝒙
 Characteristics of Sampling Distribution

• 𝜇M̅ = 𝜇
• The standard error is:
𝝈
𝝈𝒙" = 𝒏
, if the population is infinite

𝝈 𝑵0𝒏
𝝈𝒙" = 𝒏 𝑵0𝟏
, if the population is finite

• If the population is normally distributed, the sampling distribution of sample

mean will be normally distributed.
 The scores of Grade 11 students in Midterm examination in Statistics and Probability are normally
distributed with a mean of 85 and a standard deviation of 10. Suppose that a random sample of size
Example:𝑛 = 25 is taken from this group consists of 135 students, find the mean and the standard deviation of
the sampling distribution of the sample mean.

Given: µ = 85 𝜎 = 10 𝑛 = 25 𝑁 = 135
Solution:
𝝁𝒙" = 𝝁 Since the population mean is equal to 85, then 𝝁𝒙. = 𝟖𝟓

𝝈 𝑵*𝒏
Since the population is finite, we will use the formula 𝝈𝒙. = 𝒏 𝑵*𝟏

𝝈 𝑵0𝒏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟑𝟓0𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟑𝟓0𝟐𝟓

𝝈𝒙" = = = = 𝟐 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝟔𝟎 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟏
𝒏 𝑵0𝟏 𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟑𝟓0𝟏 𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟑𝟓0𝟏

Therefore, the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample mean is 85 and its
standard deviation is 1.81.
Central Limit
Theorem
 Central Limit Theorem
If a random sample of size 𝑛 is drawn from a population with
mean 𝝁 and variance 𝝈𝟐 , the the sampling distribution of the sample
mean 𝑋5 approaches normal distribution with mean 𝝁 and variance
𝝈𝟐
R
as 𝒏 gets larger regardless of the shape of the original population

distribution.
 A population of SHS students in Letran Calamba has a mean of 75 and a
Example 1: standard deviation of 7. If random sample of 20 students is drawn from the
population, how will you describe the sampling distribution of the sample means?

Solution: Assume that the population is infinite

Step 1: Identify the given. 𝝁 = 𝟕𝟓 𝝈=𝟕 𝒏 = 𝟐𝟎

Step 2: Determine the mean of sampling distribution by using the property 𝝁𝒙& = 𝝁. Thus, 𝝁𝒙. = 𝟕𝟓

𝝈
Step 3: Solve the standard deviation of the sampling distribution by using the property 𝝈𝒙& = . Thus,
𝒏
𝝈 𝟕
𝝈𝒙& =
𝒏
=
𝟐𝟎
= 𝟏. 𝟓𝟕
The sampling distribution has the mean of 75 and a standard deviation of 1.57. Since the
standard deviation is large and far from zero, the sample mean is a poor estimate for the population
mean.
 The scores of the students on their 1st quarter examination are normally
Example 2: distributed with mean of 86 and standard deviation of 3. If 95 samples are drawn
form the population, how will you describe the sampling distribution of the
sample means?
Solution: Assume that the population is infinite

Step 1: Identify the given. 𝝁 = 𝟖𝟔 𝝈=𝟑 𝒏 = 𝟗𝟓

Step 2: Determine the mean of sampling distribution by using the property 𝝁𝒙& = 𝝁. Thus, 𝝁𝒙. = 𝟖𝟔

𝝈
Step 3: Solve the standard deviation of the sampling distribution by using the property 𝝈𝒙& = . Thus,
𝒏
𝝈 𝟑
𝝈𝒙& =
𝒏
=
𝟗𝟓
= 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏
The sampling distribution has the mean of 86 and a standard deviation of 0.31. Since the
standard deviation is small and close to zero, the sample mean is a good estimate for the population
mean.
 Problem Solving involving
Sampling Distribution of the
Sample Mean
Steps in solving word problem involving Sampling Distribution of
the Sample Mean

• Identify the given.

• Identify what is ask.
• Convert the necessary values to z-values using the formulas:

𝑿*𝝁
• 𝒛= 𝝈

. *𝝁
𝑿
• 𝒛= 𝝈 ; where 𝑛 is the sample size (computing for the probability that 𝑿. will take on a value within a
2 𝒏
given range of sampling distribution)

• Use the z-Table to find its corresponding probability.

• Make a conclusion.
 The average milligrams (mg) of cholesterol in a cup of a certain brand of

Example 1: coffee frappe is 201 mg, and the standard deviation of 46 mg. Assume that
the variable is distributed. If a cup of coffee frappe is selected, what is the
probability that the cholesterol content will be more than 216 mg?

Step 1: Identify the given. 𝝁 = 𝟐𝟎𝟏 𝝈 = 𝟒𝟔 𝑿 = 𝟐𝟏𝟔

Step 2: Identify what is ask. 𝑷(𝑿 > 𝟐𝟏𝟔)

𝑋−𝜇 216 − 201
Step 3: Convert the raw score into z-score. 𝑧 = 𝜎
=
46
= 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑

Step 4: Determine 𝑷 𝑿 > 𝟐𝟏𝟔 using the z-Table given the computed z-score.

𝑷 𝑿 > 𝟐𝟏𝟔 = 𝑷(𝒁 > 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑) → 𝟎. 𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟑 → 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟎𝟕 or 𝟑𝟕. 𝟎𝟕%

Therefore, the probability that the cholesterol content will be more than 216 mg is 0.3707 or 37.07%.
 The average milligrams (mg) of cholesterol in a cup of a certain brand of

Example 2: coffee frappe is 201 mg, and the standard deviation of 46 mg. Assume that
the variable is distributed. If a sample of 15 cups of coffee frappe is selected,
what is the probability that the mean of the sample will be larger than 216
mg?

Step 1: Identify the given. 𝝁 = 𝟐𝟎𝟏 𝝈 = 𝟒𝟔 " = 𝟐𝟏𝟔

𝑿 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟓

Step 2: Identify what is ask. 𝑷(𝑿 > 𝟐𝟏𝟔)

"−𝜇
𝑿 216 − 201
Step 3: Convert the raw score into z-score. 𝑧 = 𝜎 = = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟔
46
𝑛 15
" > 𝟐𝟏𝟔 using the z-Table given the computed z-score.
Step 4: Determine 𝑷 𝑿

" > 𝟐𝟏𝟔 = 𝑷(𝒁 > 𝟏. 𝟐𝟔)

𝑷 𝑿 → 𝟎. 𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟔𝟐 → 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟖 or 𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟖%

Therefore, the probability that the mean cholesterol content of 15 randomly selected cups of coffee
frappe will be more than 216 mg is 0.1038 or 10.38%.