물리학 실험 2 (036)

김태훈 조교님
2021-12309 김서현 기계공학부
작성일자 26.10.22
 Electromagnetic Induction
Experiment 2. Investigation of Faraday’s law of Electromagnetic Induction, as well as Lenz’s
law and the difference between AC and DC terminals.

1. Introduction
Conversion of AC to DC
1.1 Experimental Purpose
The experiment aims to firstly investigate
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction,
and thus investigate how a change in magnetic
flux leads to a change in induced emf, and
secondly outline and understand the reason for
the difference between the sinusoidal pattern
of induced emf for AC and DC terminals.

1.2 Background Information

Induction of AC electromotive force (emf):
The equation for magnetic flux of area A
(m^2), magnetic field B, angle θ between a
perpendicular vector to the area and the
magnetic field is given by:

Φ= ABcosθ
Figure.1 Principle of a commutator in AC motor.
If the coil is rotated at an angular velocity of
ω (rad/s), the equation for magnetic flux
becomes:
Φ= ABcos ω t

Using Lenz’s law, induced emf (V) is given

by the equation:
(a) (b)
∂Φ
ε =−N Figure 2. hypothesized shape of graph of induced emf
∂t against time for (a) AC and (b) DC.
where N is the number of turns in coil and t
is time in seconds. The commutator in Figure 1. allows current
flow in only one direction. Hence, once
Hence, every half-turn, the direction of current is
reversed. Because of this, the hypothesized
ε =NAB ω sin ω t (Eq.1) shape of the graph of induced emf against
time for AC and DC respectively is shown
Therefore, it is predicted that the value of in Figure 2.
NAB is a constant when a graph of induced
emf against time is plotted and the gradient
of the graph is divided by the angular
velocity.
2. Data & Result
Small rectangle
Comparison between AC and DC

Figure 3. Observation of the experiments using

Hantek software. Figure 5. Emf against time for AC and DC circuit
Figure 3. demonstrates a simple observation using a small rectangular magnet.
of the experiment observed. Data were
Circle
obtained using the same software and
Comparison between AC and DC
reproduced in excel to produce the graphs in
this section.

2.1 Change in the size and shape of the

magnet

Large rectangle
Comparison between AC and DC

Figure 6. Emf against time for AC and DC circuit

using a circular magnet.

Figure 4.5.6. portrays the shape of the graph

of induced emf plotted against time using
the three magnetic surfaces: large rectangle,
small rectangle, and circle respectively.

Figure 4. will be mainly used to compare the

difference of the shape of the graph, and
thus the scientific explanation of such
difference as it is most clear and simple.
Both the graph of AC (blue label) and DC
(red label) indicate a cosine graph.
Approximately, it is possible to observe that
the absolute value of the AC graph results in
the DC graph (half amplitude). Such
relationship is clear in Figure 5. where the
Figure 4. Emf against time for AC and DC circuit using a large
rectangular magnet. graphs are plotted together.
Scientific explanation 3. Discussion
The commutator reverses the flow of current
to convert the AC into DC, allowing current Evaluation of possible errors in verifying
to flow in only one direction. When the shaft Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
completes a half-turn, current supplies and comparing AC and DC.
through the circuit in the reverse direction to 1. Fluctuating voltage: The voltage
the previous direction. Hence, the induced measurement for 7V and 8V during
emf in the reverse direction is reflected on the experiment was observed to
the x-axis. fluctuate. In particular, at times the
voltage increased from 7V to 7.2V.
This error is however insignificant as
2.2 Quantitative approach to Faraday’s law the average data values were used
and such fluctuation seldom
Circui NAB
occurred.
t type 7V 8V Error
2. Fluctuating magnetic flux density:
(%)
AC 0.0124 0.0108 0.08 Lenz’s law, and the Faraday’s law
DC 0.00398 0.00402 0.002 applies for constant magnetic flux
density of the magnetic field with a
Table 1. NAB of both AC and DC experiment for the coil. In reality, this is only an
large rectangle magnet.
assumption, and the actual value
*Percentage error calculation: (difference in diverges with the theoretical value
the two data results)/2, rounded to one for a large permanent magnet.
significant figure Inaccuracy in such result leads to
inaccuracy in the induced emf
Using Equation (1), dividing the amplitude calculated using Equation 1. Hence,
of the induced EMF by the angular velocity this is a rather important error which
results in NAB. This value should be equal should be considered in justifying the
regardless of the voltage provided by the conclusion of the experiment.
power supply.
4. Conclusion
Analysis of results In conclusion, the experiment can be split
The percentage error of the NAB of AC is into two sections: 1. investigating the
0.08% and of DC is 0.002%. As these values difference between induced emf produced
are incredibly small, they are considered by AC and DC (and hence the role of a
insignificant. Hence, it is possible to commutator), and 2. Quantitatively verifying
conclude that NAB remains constant for Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
both 7V and 8V. However, these data are (Eq.1).
not enough and extrapolating two data point
is unreliable. Therefore, it is difficult to For section 1, the experimental observation
conclude that NAB remains constant for all is proved to satisfy the hypothesized graph
voltages. in Figure 2. In particular, Figure 5.
demonstrates that the induced emf created
by a DC is equivalent to the absolute value
(portion of graph on one side of the x-axis is
reflected so that all the sinusoidal waves are
on the same portion of the graph).
For section 2, it is proved to a relatively high
precision (percentage error 0.08% and
0.002%) that NBA remains constant for
varying voltages. Moreover, the errors
discussed in section 4. is considered
insignificant in affecting the conclusion.

5. References

[1] 서울대학교 물리천문학부, 『실험 6.

전자기유도』, 2021