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Module-5 Laser

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97 views3 pages

Module-5 Laser

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Ankush
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CHAPTER LASERS, INTRODUCTION | LASER isthe acronym of Light Amplification by y the Stimulated | esio of Radiation. A laser beam is a highly parallel coherent beam of eivery fensity, Laser action is achieved by creating population aesion vhich can be achieved by different means, such as optical paying, electrical discharge, solar energy «« et. Production of laser light is a particular consequence of smtion of radiation with matter. The interpretation of the interaction Iiose on the basis of ideas related to energy levels" of the concerned ‘tea from which light is derived. : PRINCIPLE & PRODUCTION OF LASERS 4 BASIC PRINCIPLES | Radiation interacts with matter under AE appropriate conditions. The interaction leads i qPPiy abrupt transition of the quantum pit system such as an atom or a molecule from ce energy state to another, If the transition Fig. Pp Te comap a Enorgy vets oer to “anstum Fre econ Theory’ inthe chapter of retical Conductivity in Metals. Lin ‘Scanned with CamScanner 278 ty from a higher state to lowt one, the Ugh sn ie the eanaion ae eA Shecrbs te nedent energy: sing In order to understand the manner in whi can interac with matter, consider two energy stay et ty 2 sytem (ig. 1). (The sytem may be an atom ong ht a. the energy difference between the two energy levels i ree es, AE = (E_~ 5). Max Planck suggested that, if an elect ration whose Frequency V has precisely the value ee" yaSE_B-k B ines ft) is incident on the system which is in the energy st then the system can move to the mae re tothe energy state Ey by absorbing ty cnerpy. On the other hand, if a system in state £, emis a clearomagnetc radiation (a photon*) of frequency v given Fal), thea the energy ofthe system changes to Ey. There are three possible ich i ways through which interaioa Of radiation and matter can take place, Absorption of ras hope means, known as induced absorption. But the emission of Taye engl gsesed by Einstein in 1917, ean occur int soa" tHe spontaneous emission, and che stimulated All he thre are desert som as it ee are described as follows by considering #* 4s the absorption of an incident photo™™* Sitch the system in elevated from slower ts, wherein the difference in energy of 10 Wet the photon, hamid a S atom*. ous Emission ¢ Spontaneous emission isthe emission ofa photo whens ‘ss from a higher energy state to a lower energy state without the aid “sy emal agency. Consider an atom in the excited state [Fig (0). Because sagtiversal tendency for any system to atin the lease top gene*BY state, the atom voluntarily emis a PhO! AE equal wo (E,~ £,). The energy of the sm 0 Trays COAL to E,— AE = £,, and is shown in level 4% ms , thou being aided rang Sine the atom emits the photon without bing # ‘ermal means, itis called spontaneous embsion ‘Scanned with CamScanner 200 4, Mey g— a ied phen comt ,—— A (os (arte SPONTANEOUS EMISSION Fig. 3 ‘The photon may be emitted in any direction, 7 photons which are spontaneously emited by two atomy 9 ental conditions, may not have any phase similarity even they may not come jn same direction. Hence they wt inesherent. This isthe kind of emission that occurs in a glows clectric bulb, or a candle flatite. The process can be denoted stom* ——» atom + photon . 3. Stimulated Emission ‘Stimulated emission is the emission of a photon by a syed under the ifluence of a passing photon of just the right energy, due which the system transits from 3 higher energy state to 2 lower ey sate. The photos thus emitted is called the stimulated photon snd wi fare same pins, energy and direction of movement as that ofthe pus called the ninlating photon. & a ae seage 5 6 eee (oscar mae SUIMULATED EMISSION Fig. 4 bes cae ‘an atom in the excited state (Fig. 42) a . "ing an energy AE precisely equal to (E,~ £)™ iy a sing in its vicinity. Under 5 . en BY Proton and transits tothe Lower ton, duo photons travel in exactly the sine geo i) TM whe same energy. The clecomagnce say plone nl hve esa ss te coher ae css can be Fepresented a, ‘he vt + pio —? tom + (phon pha) ‘isi the Kind of emisslon, whichis responsible fr yer 20 Einstein Coefficients tye tople soe a ia meen i ‘ater bo Relrat vada ale nergy exchanges due to emission and abortion proces Seas nee ne ee ae Serene ai fe ares See rr ean er aa Semicon Se oe cre Bs a anmpin, Ena ods et ee Ee ane eoefficients give the probability anociated with the broxpng ‘at emison processes In order to understand the theory i need 1 Yate Macks law i about, Also iti necessary to know watt mens = peplaon ofan energy level, and about Bolumane foe treater iowein 65 fn We iteracion Pon ofan Energy Level: seve fran 08 Ft seag, ME MO% that there a tof allowed en Ble of simplicy, let us consider the atomic 3° 0 of eno of atoms in which tere 0 neocon action such as bonding result i sting of ‘ae i “Ett Panes is given in he caper ‘Modern PE: ‘Scanned with CamScanner

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