Topic 2

Design Concept and

Construction

Assoc. Prof. Ts. Dr. Izni Syahrizal bin Ibrahim

Director
Forensic Engineering Centre

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 Loading Transfer from Precast Slab

Ly
Beam B2

Lx

Beam B1
One-way
precast slab

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 Loading Transfer from Precast Slab

Ly
Beam B2

Lx

Beam B1
One-way
precast slab

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 Loading Transfer from Precast Slab

Loading from slab

Selfweight
Ly

Beam B1
Beam B2

Lx

Selfweight

Beam B1

Beam B2

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Structural Aspects
Types of Structural Systems in Precast Concrete Structures

Wall System Skeletal Frame System

(Load Bearing System)

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Structural Aspects
Frame Type

Unbraced Frame Braced Frame

In unbraced frame, the lateral In braced frame, the lateral forces

forces are resisted by its own are resisted by lateral supports
lateral stability such as cantilever such as bracing, core or shear wall
columns or rigid frames
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Structural Aspects

Example of Precast Unbraced Frame

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Structural Aspects
Braced Frame with Shear Wall

Pin-Jointed Braced Frame

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Consideration

Number of Storey Type of Frame Bracing Elements

2 Unbraced Cantilevered columns
Up to 3 (small roof Unbraced Cantilevered columns
load)
Up to 4 Braced Steel cross bracing
Up to 5 Braced Precast hollow core infill
3 – 10 Braced • Precast solid infill wall
• Solid cantilever wall
15 – 20 Braced In-situ concrete shear core

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 Frame Stability
The design against horizontal actions can be performed as follows:

• Frame Action
• Independent lateral stability mechanism (shear wall, core or bracing)
• Floor diaphragm action

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 Frame Stability
Vertical action

Horizontal
action

• Pin-jointed beam-to-column connections

• Frame is NOT STABLE when subjected to horizontal action 10
 Frame Stability

Unstable Frame
Stable Frame

Methods to stabilize the structure:

• Introduce bracing system
• The system is known as Simple Construction System 11
 Frame Stability Rigid beam-to-
column connection

Unstable Frame

Pinned Base
Rigid Base

Methods to stabilize the structure:

• Introduce rigid beam-to-column connections
• Column-to-base connection can be pinned or rigid 12
 Frame Stability

Pinned Rigid Core

Connections

Unstable Frame

Frame is stabilized by rigid shear wall or RC core 13

Precast Concrete Philosophy

Strength

Load

Deformation

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Unbraced Precast Frame
Pinned connection

CANTILEVER COLUMN SYSTEM:

Unbraced frame with pinned beam-
to-column connections

Rigid connection

Unbraced Frame MOMENT RESISTANCE FRAME:

Unbraced frame with rigid beam-
to-column connections

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 Unbraced Precast Frame
Frame Action – Cantilever Column:
• Low-rise skeleton structures are normally stabilized through the cantilever action
of the columns
• The stability of unbraced frames against horizontal actions can be achieved by
designing the columns as cantilevered

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 Unbraced Precast Frame
Frame Action – Cantilever Column:
Pinned beam-to-column
connections

Continuous
Typical frame model for columns
analysis Fixed bases

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 Unbraced Precast Frame
Frame Action – Cantilever Column: Large sway due to
2nd order

Horizontal actions
Deflected shape

Diaphragm

Moment resisting No moment transfer

base

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 Unbraced Precast Frame
Frame Action – Cantilever Column:

• Limitation:
o The maximum height of an unbraced frame with cantilever action is 10 m (up to
about 3 storeys)
o Cantilever columns are designed using Effective Length Factor = 2.3, hence
larger columns

• Advantages:
o No bracing
o Pinned beam-to-column connections – simple to construct
o Columns are manufactured in a single length, therefore column splices are not
required

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 Unbraced Precast Frame
Frame Action – Moment Resistance Frame:
• In this system, the resistance to horizontal loadings is provided by the bending
resistance of frame members and their connections
• Example of moment resisting frame system:

Example of rigid beam-to-

column connection

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 Unbraced Precast Frame
Frame Action – Moment Resistance Frame:
• Example of moment resisting frame system:

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 Unbraced Precast Frame
Frame Action – Moment Resistance Frame:
Rigid beam-to-column
Criteria for unbraced frames with frame resistance action: connection

• Beam-to-column connections are assumed as rigid

o Restraints provided by the beam-to-column
connections are considered in the analysis and design

• Column-to-base connections are fixed

• No other independent lateral resisting systems such as

shear walls or cores when lateral deflections are not
excessive (in the case of low storey frames)

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 Unbraced Precast Frame
Frame Action – Moment Resistance Frame:

• Limitation:
o Rigid beam-to-column connections, difficult to construct
o Rigid base – foundation should be designed considering the moment

• Advantages:
o No bracing such as shear walls or cores
o Suitable for low rise frames
o Suitable for buildings in seismic regions

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 Precast Frame with Lateral Stability

• Precast skeletal structures with pinned

connections of more than 3 storeys are Bracing
normally braced to achieve stiffer structures system
• In braced structures, pinned beam-to-
column connections may be employed,
hence connection details, design and
construction are greatly simplified

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Precast Braced Frame
Bracing: Precast cross bracing
designed as fixed ended
“struts”

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 Precast Braced Frame: Shear Wall
• Shear walls act as vertical cantilever
beams
• Shear walls transfer horizontal actions
from the super-structure to the
foundation
• In most precast, it is desirable to resist
lateral loads with shear walls of precast
or cast-in-place concrete
• Shear walls can consist of the following:
o Exterior wall system
o Interior walls
o Walls of elevator
o Cores

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 Precast Braced Frame: Shear Wall

Typical example of precast

frame with pinned beam-to-
column connections
stabilized against lateral
forces by shear wall bracing
system

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 Precast Braced Frame: Shear Wall

• Infill walls without beam framing

elements
• The beams are replaced by
dowels (starter bars) between
V = 0.6fy As
upper and lower walls

Wall-to-wall connection

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Precast Braced Frame: Shear Wall
Infill Shear Wall – Smith & Carter Theory:

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Precast Braced Frame: Flooring
The effects of floor slabs in reducing overall lateral deflection:

Without floor slab

With floor slab

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 Precast Braced Frame: Core
• Very effective lateral stability system as it acts as a rigid hollow box
• Can be provided in buildings as lift shafts and stairwells
• Can serve as a fire resisting shell in the case of staircases

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Structural Integrity & Robustness: Ties

• Collision
Accidental
• Explosion (e.g., gas
Load
explosion)
• Slight earth tremor

• Failure of a single
Accidental
member
Failure

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Structural Integrity & Robustness: Ties

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Structural Integrity & Robustness: Ties

• In May 1968, a progressive collapse of

an apartment building occurred at Ronan
Point in London
• Ronan Point was assembled from pre-
fabricated concrete panels
Explosion
• A gas explosion on the 18th floor caused
an exterior panel to be blown out. This
local failure then initiated a progressive
collapse upwards to the roof, and then
down to the ground
• The main reason of the failure is lack of
structural continuity

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Structural Integrity & Robustness: Ties
Failure of a Single Member (i.e.,
Removal of the Member by Accident)

Can Lead to Collapse of Adjoining Member

• Good Alternative • No Alternative Load

Load Path Path
• Good Structural • Lack of Structural
Integrity Integrity

No Further Collapse Progressive Collapse of

to the Structure Major Part of the Structure or
in Certain Cases Collapse of
the Entire Structure
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Structural Integrity & Robustness: Ties

The same ties can be designed for structural integrity and diaphragm
action simultaneously

Ties

Structural Diaphragm
Integrity Action

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Structural Integrity & Robustness: Ties
Diaphragm Action

The floor system must

be designed to act as
horizontal diaphragms
to transmit the lateral
loads to the frames,
bracings or shear walls

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Structural Integrity & Robustness: Ties
Diaphragm Action
Floor Diaphragm in Precast HCUs can be
Achieved by the Following Methods

Steel Ties for Cast in-situ & Steel Wire

Connecting Un-topped Mesh to Produce Monolithic
Slabs Structural Topping

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Structural Integrity & Robustness: Ties
Diaphragm Action
• Diaphragm connections for un-topped hollow core slabs:
o Ties in between the edges of precast slabs.
o Ties in grouted cores

Ties in between slab

edges

Un-topped hollow core Ties in

slabs with ties in grout between slabs
keys can transmit shear
stress of about 0.55 MPa

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Structural Integrity & Robustness: Ties
Diaphragm Action
Some designers proposed tie details in grouted cores for
connecting un-topped hollow core components

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Structural Integrity & Robustness: Ties
Diaphragm Action

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Structural Integrity & Robustness: Ties
Diaphragm Action

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Structural Integrity & Robustness: Ties
Diaphragm Action

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Structural Integrity & Robustness: Ties
Diaphragm Action

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Structural Integrity & Robustness: Ties
Diaphragm Action

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Structural Integrity & Robustness: Ties
Location of Ties

(Kim Elliott, 2006)

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Structural Integrity & Robustness: Ties
Location of Horizonal Floor Ties

(Kim Elliott, 2006)

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 Problems & Solutions
Unrestrained Movement
Free shrinkage etc.

F = R

F = R
R

lb

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 Problems & Solutions
Reduced Bearing Length

Bearing
Flexural pad
rotation

Spalling R
R
Small shift
lb Large shift position to R
position to R

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 Problems & Solutions
Bursting Cracks
Axial Load, N

Axial Load, N

Lateral b
bursting
cracks
Confinement
links
beneath
bearing

b b

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 Problems & Solutions
Accidental Load
Site filled grout
tube
Loss of
bearing

Accidental Steel dowel

load, H or reinforcing
bar

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 Problems & Solutions
Settlement
Local cut-out in
Cast in- supported element
situ infill
Settlement

Possible
failure site
Projecting
loops from
both elements

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THANK YOU

In the Name of God for Mankind

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