LESSON 002 SEMESTER II

MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE
MAJOR EVENTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

- requirements rather than

CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE aesthetics
Covers a period spanning from the rise of
ancient Greece to the decline of the Roman
INTERNATIONAL STYLE (1920s – 1940s)
Empire.
Coined by Henry-Russell Hitchcock and
Philip Johnson while writing about the
▪ CATEGORIZATION OF CLASSICAL
International Exhibition of modern Architecture
PERIODS
held in New York City in 1932.
1. Greek (700BC – 323BC)
▪ Characterized the expression of:
2. Hellenistic (323BC – 146BC)
- volume rather than mass,
3. Roman (44BC – 476AD)
- balance rather than preconceived
symmetry
MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLIO - the expulsion of applied
▪ Famous for asserting in his book De ornament.
architectura that a structure must exhibit
the three qualities of: LOUIS HENRY SULLIVAN
FIRMITAS, UTILITAS, VENUSTAS
▪ father of skyscrapers & modernism
Vitruvian virtues/triad ▪ created original form and details
▪ Architecture is an imitation of nature – instead of imitating historic styles.
Vitruvius. ▪ His design generally involves simple
▪ Vitruvian Man – defined by Vitruvius; geometric form decorated with
drawn later by Leonardo Da Vinci ornamentation based on organic
▪ he was loosely referred to as the first symbolism.
architect. (accurate term: 1st Roman
Architect recorded) AUDITORIUM BUILDING, CHICAGO
- The interior embellishment is wholly
MODERNISM (1890 – 1940) Sullivan's, and some of the details,
Movement shaped by the industrialization and because of their continuous curvilinear
urbanization of western societies. foliate motifs, are among the nearest
Focused on the functionality of the design and equivalents to European Art Nouveau
featured little or no decorative adornment. architecture.

WAINWRIGHT BUILDING, ST. LOUIS,

▪ Expressing distaste for:
MISSOURI
- Ornamentation
- The building's windows and horizontals
- Functionalists developing plain
were inset slightly behind columns and
and simple designs
piers, as part of a “vertical aesthetic” to
- reinforcing the idea
create what Sullivan called “a proud
- that the shape of a structure
and soaring thing.”
should
- be formed by its functional
 THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE
WALTER GROPIUS ▪ It was famously countered by Robert
▪ Established Bauhaus, an art and Venturi with his own aphorism “Less
design school. is a Bore”
▪ Bauhaus: focused on producing
design based on firs principles rather SEAGRAM BUILDING, PARK AVENUE,
than historic precedent NEW YORK
▪ Founded THE ARCHITECTS - Helped usher a new era of simple,
COLLABORATIVE (TAC) in straightforward skyscrapers.
December 1945; one of the largest - It is flaunted with glass and metal, and
architectural offices in the world foregoing the heavy stone and brick used
in ornamental facades from the past
FAGUS FACTORY, LOWER SAXONY,
decades.
GERMANY
- While the building itself stands as an icon
- Gropius caked for palace for labor, where
of modernism, the empty space in front
workers are provided with light, fresh air
of the building was also innovative. An
and hygienic conditions which results to
open, urban plaza set the building back
the overall motivation of the workforce
from Park Avenue and created a gracious
and increased efficiency in the factory.
pedestrian space.
- Convinced the owner that the project
should be planned as a comprehensive FARNSWORTH HOUSE, PLANO,
artistic project.
ILLINOIS
- one of the most significant work of Mies.
BAUHAUS BUILDING, GROPIUSALLEE,
- The simplicity of the design, precision
DESSAU
in detailing, and careful choice of
- Gropius outlined the strict rejection of
materials made this and others of Mies's
symmetry and hierarchy as well as the
buildings stand out from the mass of mid-
equitable treatment of each façade.
century Modernism
- There is no chance of finding a
representative façade or entrance to the
LE CORBUSIER
Bauhaus building.
▪ Real name: CHARLES-EDOUARD
JEANNERET-GRIS
LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE
▪ Dedicated his life to finding housing
▪ More commonly known by his
solutions for crowded cities.
surname “Mies”
▪ Became the 3rd director of the
“FIVE POINTS OF NEW ARCHITECTURE”
Bauhaus Dessau on 1930
▪ Left Germany for the USA after the 1. PILOTIS
rise of the Nazi party. 2. OPEN SPACE PLAN
▪ His socialist international style 3. FREE FAÇADE
became the accepted building model 4. RIBBON WINDOWS
for many large American corporations 5. ROOF GARDEN

“LESS IS MORE”
“A HOUSE IS A MACHINE FOR LIVING IN”
▪ His dictum defined minimalism,
extreme simplicity and formal
cleanliness
LESSON 002 SEMESTER II

VILLA SAVOYE, POISSY, FRANCE

ARTS AND CRAFTS
- Modern take on a French country house. MOVEMENT (1860 – 1910)
- Celebrates and reacts to the new ▪ Style that evolved as a reaction to the
machine age. industrialization of the Victorian Era.
- Considered as Le Corbusier’s ▪ believed that the industrial revolution
masterpiece and realization of the 5 distanced humans from their own
Points of Architecture. creativity.
▪ Place importance upon simple medieval
CHAPELLE NOTRE DAME DU HAUT, styles and manual skills.
RONCHAMP, FRANCE
- the chapel owes its shape to its
relationship to the landscape. ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE
- Each façade responds to different ▪ Term first used by WRIGHT.
attitudes: ▪ Style seeks to harmoniously unify a
- Welcome building with the characteristics of the
- Celebration surrounding site and environment.
- Service ▪ Building should be open to allow free
- Symbolism movement within and around it.
- Provides visitor of a different perception of ▪ Geometries should be used.
the building from any angle they see it, ▪ Building should be appropriate to the
while maintaining harmony, dynamism individual situation.
and coherence. ▪ Function should be clearly obvious.
- this feature forces the visitor to walk
around chapel in order to fully understand FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT
it. ▪ Entered the University of Winsconsin
- adds a fourth dimension to the School of Engineering
composition: MOVEMENT ▪ Worked under the famous modernist
architect LOUIS SULLIVAN.
UNITE D’ HABITATION (CITE ▪ Combined the effects of the
RADIIEUSE), MARSEILLE, FRANCE industrial revolution and his past
- brings together Le Corbusier’s vision for experiences in literature which
communal living with the needs and made him the architect he was today.
realities of post-war France.
- Single-slab ‘vertical village’ “FORM AND FUNCTION ARE ONE”
- Use of raw concrete – béton brute
- There is a harmonious
- Can accommodate up to 1600 people
relationship between form, design
complete with an internal shopping street
and the function of the building.
halfway up, a recreation ground and
- Still attempts to integrate spaces
children's' nursery on the roof, and a
into a coherent whole.
generous surrounding area of park land.
“ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE”

- one in which all parts were

related to the whole, as the whole
was related to the parts.
 THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE
- a building is a product of its place and animating the surfaces with
and time rather than an imposed patterned brick of stone, bright
style. ceramic tiles and floral or reptilian
metal work.
WILLIAM H. WINSLOW HOUSE, RIVER
FOREST, ILLINOIS “STRAIGHT LINES BELONG TO MAN, CURVED
- has many features considered as a LINES BELONG TO GOD”
marked departure from standards of that
CASA JOSEP BATTLO, BARCELONA,
time.
SPAIN
- Materials are treated in a manner
- Stone façade is decorated with colored
consistent with nature and color
glass fragments, ceramic circles, and
- Spaces are clearly defined but flow from
mask-shaped balconies.
one to another.
- The roof represents a dragon’s back
- PRAIRIE HOUSE: more horizontal than
vertical.
LA SAGRADA FAMILIA, BARCELONA,
SPAIN
EDGAR J, KAUFMANN HOUSE
- Showcases Gaudi’s innovative leaning
(FALLINGWATER), PENNSYLVANIA
columns.
- Widely considered as FL Wright’s
- The church will have a total of 18 towers,
masterpiece.
each dedicated to a different religious
- Mountain retreat of retail mogul
figure.
- the rippling contours of the stone faced
GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM, NEW YORK
make it look like the church is melting
- Last major project designed and built by
under the sun.
FL Wright.
- Gaudi left colored drawings of this church
- Critics argue that the building competes
knowing he will not live to see the
with the artworks being displayed.
completion.
- His masterpiece remains unfinished.
ART NOUVEAU (1893 –
1914) POSTMODERNISM (1960 –
▪ Reacted to the Victorian practice and PRESENT)
was deliberately modern
▪ A reaction to modernism
▪ Style characterized using sinuous, natural
▪ Postmodernism return to earlier ideas of
forms to shape windows, doors, and
adornment and decoration, celebrating
moldings.
expression and personal intuition in favor
▪ Often incorporate floral and other plant-
of formula and structure.
inspired motifs.
▪ Attempts to deconstruct authority and the
established order by engaging in the
ANTONI GAUDI
ideas of fragmentation, incoherence,
▪ Studied in Barcelona, home to most
and plain ridiculous.
of his great works.
▪ Initially worked in the artistic vein of
his Victorian predecessors.
▪ His works composed of the
juxtaposition of geomatric masses
LESSON 002 SEMESTER II
DECONSTRUCTIVISM (1980 – GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM, BILBAO,
SPAIN
PRESENT) - Curves of the exterior of the building
▪ A branch of postmodern architecture were intended to appear random
- It was designed to catch the light.
▪ Characterized by ideas of fragmentation
and non-linear design processes. - Interior is designed around a large
light-filled atrium with views of Bilbao’s
▪ Rejects such maxims as FORM
estuary and the surrounding hills of
FOLLOWS FUNCTION.
the Basque country.
▪ Prefers distortion and appearance of - the flower serves as the organizing
controlled chaos.
center of the museum.
FRANK GEHRY
WALT DISNEY CONCERT HALL, LA,
Frank Owen Goldberg
CALIFORNIA
▪ Studied at the University of
- main auditorium is designed to look
Southern California & Harvard
and feel like a ship’s hull
Universities.
- stainless steel building caused some
▪ Caught the attention of the
controversy after its grand opening
architectural world when he
due to heat reflection caused by its
remodeled his own house in
parabolic panels.
Santa Monica, California
▪ Renowned for the design of
DANCING HOUSE, PRAGUE, CZECH
Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao,
REPUBLIC
Spain.
- original name: FRED & GINGER
▪ Constructs models from torn and
- the dancing shape is supported by 99
crumpled cardboard (which are
concrete panels (each a different
assembled and reassembled
shape and dimension)
many times)
- has a large twisted structure of metal
“ARCHITECTURE SHOULD SPEAK OF ITS on top called MEDUSA
TIME AND PLACE, BUT YEARN FOR
TIMELESSNESS” DANIEL LIBESKIND
▪ received his professional
GEHRY RESIDENCE, SANTA architectural degree in 1970
MONICA, CALIFORNIA from the Cooper Union for the
- Started as a little house with charm. Advancement of Science and
- Gehry became fascinated with Art in NYC
creating a shell around it. ▪ Libeskind was known for
- He boxed in the simple 2-storey pink introducing complex ideas and
bungalow with corrugated sheets of emotions into his designs.
metal, lengths of chain-link fencing,
and unfinished plywood, all cut into
angular shapes.
 THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE
”TO PROVIDE MEANINGFUL special attention to light and
ARCHITECTURE IS NOT TO PARODY ambience.
HISTORY BUT TO ARTICULATE IT” ▪ Relies on simple geometric forms
to develop subtle and clear
building with clean and
JEWISH MUSEUM, BERLIN atmospheric interiors.
- Exhibits social, political and cultural
history of the Jews in Germany. “I DO NOT BELIEVE ARCHITECTURE SHOULD
- The museum presents and integrates SPEAK TOO MUCH, IT SHOULD REMAIN
the repercussions of the Holocaust. SILENT AND LET NATURE IN THE GUISE OF
SUNLIGHT AND WIND”
- The modern architectural elements
comprise the zinc façade, the Garden AZUMA ROW HOUSE, SUMIYOSHI,
of Exile, the three Axes of the OSAKA
German-Jewish experience, and the - A unit made of exposed concrete.
Voids. - It is an axially symmetrical composition
with only two rectangular forms in
MILITARY HISTORY MUSEUM, elevation.
DRESDEN, GERMANY - Entire site has been divided longitudinally
- Libeskind’s winning design boldly into three parts.
interrupts the original building's - The courtyard is a secluded space cut off
symmetry. from the commotion of the city and only
open to the sky.
- The massive wedge extension made
- The absence of ornament invites
from concrete and steel provides extraordinary empathy.
breathtaking views of modern Dresden
while pointing towards the area where CHURCH OF LIGHT, IBARAKI, OSAKA
the firebombing of Dresden began, - The church derives its orientation from the
creating a dramatic space for direction of the sun.
reflection. - Consist of a rectangular volume sliced
through at a 15° angle by a freestanding
concrete wall that separates the entrance
ASIAN ARCHITECTS from the chapel.
- Intense light penetrates the profound
TADAO ANDO darkness of this box through a cross that
▪ A self-educated architect is cut out of the altar wall.
▪ Studied firsthand the great
monuments of traditional MODERN ART MUSEUM, FORT WORTH
Japanese architecture. - The building features five long,
▪ Traveled to the western part of the pavilions set into a reflecting
world to learn about their pond.
architecture. - Constructed as a row of five
▪ His studies of the Japanese and rectangular box.
Western architecture had a - The cantilevered cast concrete
profound influence on his work. roof is supported by large Y_-
▪ Has a reputation for sensitive and shaped columns which appear as
interpretive architecture with human arms reaching upwards.
LESSON 002 SEMESTER II
LEANDRO “LINDY” LOCSIN SOME OTHER NOTABLE
▪ His major works has a running ARCHITECTS
theme of floating volume, duality of
light and heavy, buoyant, and AND THEIR DICTUMS
massive.
RICHARD MEIER
“THE TRUE PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE IS “Placeness is what it is that makes a space
THE PRODUCT OF TWO GREAT STREAMS OF a place”
CULTURE, THE ORIENTAL AND THE
PIER LUIGI NERVI
OCCIDENTAL...TO PRODUCE A NEW OBJECT
“Intuition should be used as much as
OF PROFOUND HARMONY”
mathematics in design, especially with thin-
THE CCP COMPLEX shelled structures”
- is a virtual Locsin Complex with all five
FUMIHIHO MAKI
buildings designed by him:
“Architecture is a highly ambiguous field”
- the Cultural Center of the
Philippines, ADOLF MARIA LOOS
- Folk Arts Theater, “Ornament is a crime”
- Philippine International
Convention Center, CHRISTIAN DE PORTZAMPARC
- Philcite “I came to realize that architecture might
- The Westin Hotel not be able to create utopia but as an
architect I could help change things for the
FRANSISCO “BOBBY” MAÑOSA better”
▪ Got his degree from the University
of Sto. Tomas. KENZO TANGE
▪ Zeroed in on the basics: cultural “Tradition can, to be sure, participate in a
design forms and materials that creation, but it can no longer be creative
identify the country. itself”
▪ demonstrated time and again that
traditional forms and materials
could be successfully adapted to
suit modern building needs and
changing lifestyles.

COCONUT PALACE (TAHANANG

PILIPINO), CCP COMPLEX
- Arch. Mañosa’s most famous tribute to
Philippine architecture.
- reinterpreted the traditional bahay kubo
and emphasized the scope of coconut by-
products’ building possibilities.
- 122 coconut trunks were inverted to
provide structural columns.

PEARL FARM RESORT