1.

General Introduction :
Complete development of the number system can be summarised as
N  W  I  Q  R  Z
Every complex number z can be written as
z = x + i y where x , y  R and i =  1 . x is called the real part of z and y is the
imaginary part of complex.
Note that the sign + does not indicate addition as normally understood, nor does the
symbol i denote a number. These things are parts of the scheme used to express
numbers of a new class and they signify the pair of real numbers (x, y) to form a single
complex number.
Master Argand had done a systematic studies on complex numbers and represented
every complex number as a set of ordered pair (x, y) on a plane called complex plane.
All complex numbers lying on the real axis were called as
purely real and those lying on imaginary axis as purely imaginary.
In fact ever complex can be classified as

Hence 0 + 0i is both a purely real as well as purely imaginary but not imaginary.
Note that :
(i) The symbol i combines itself and with real number as per the rule of algebra together
with i2 = – 1 ; i3 = – i ; i4 = 1, i2005 = i ; i2006 = – 1. Infact i4n = 1 , n I
note that (1 + i + i2 + ....... + i2006 = i) ]
(ii) Every real number can also be treated as complex with its imaginary part zero. Hence
there is one-one imapping between the set of complex numbers and the set of points
are the complex plane.
2. Algebra of complex :
Addition, substraction and multiplication of complex numbers are carried out like in
ordinary algebra using i2 = – 1 , i3 = – i etc. treating i as a polynomial. However some
differences between algebra of complex and algebra of real number are,
(i) Inequality in complex numbers are never talked. If a + i b > c + id has to be meaningful
 b = d = 0. Equalities however in complex numbers are meaningful. Two complex
numbers z1 and z2 are said to be equal if
Re z1 = Re z2 and Im (z1) = Im (z2)
(i.e. they occupy the same position on complex plane)
(ii) In real number system if
a2 + b2 = 0  a = 0 = b but if z1 and z2 are complex numbers then
z12  z 22  0 does not imply z1 = z2 = 0 e.g. z1 = 1 + i and z2 = 1 – i.
However if the product of two complex numbers is zero then at least one of them must
be zero, same as in case of real numbers.
(iii) In case x is real then
x if x  0

| x | =  but in case of complex, | z | altogether has a different meaning.
 x if x  0
3. Three Important terms : Conjugate / Modulus / Argument
 (e) If x + iy = f (a + ib) then x – iy = f (a – ib)
e.g. (i) (2 + 3i)3 = x + iy then (2 – 3i)3 = x – iy
E.g. (ii) sin ( + i) = x + iy  sin ( – i) = x – iy
Also z  z = 0  z is purely imaginary..
If z  z = 0  z is purely real.
Modulus : If P denotes a complex number z = x + iy
then OP = | z | = x 2  y 2
note that | z | > 0. ; | i | = 1 ; i.e. |  1 |
All complex number having the same modulus lie on a circle with centre as origin and r = | z |.
Argument: If OP makes an angle  with real axis then  is called one of the argument of z.
General values of argument of z are given by
2n + , n N . Note that any two argument differ by 2.
Note that by specifying the modulus and argument, a complex number is completely
defined. However for the complex number 0 + 0i the argument is not defined and this is
the only complex number which is completely defined by talking in terms of its modulus.
(a) Amplitude (Principal value of argument) :
The unique value of  such that –  <  <  is called principal value of argument.
Unless otherwise stated, amp z refers to the principal value of argument.
E.g. If Zr = + (1 + i 3 ) , r = 1, 2, 3, 4 find 1 , 2 , 3 and 4
(b) Least positive argument :
The value of  such that 0 <  < 2 is called the least positive argument.
E.g. Among the complex number z which satisfy | z – 25i |  15, find the one having the least
+ ve argument. [Ans: 12 + 16i ]
Examples : Evaluate
(1) in + in + 1 + in + 2 + in + 3,  n  R. [Ans. in [1 + i + i2 + i3 = 0] ]
( x  2)  ( y  3)i
(2)(a) If  1  3i , Find (x, y). [Ans : x = 6 ; y = 1]
1 i
(b) If z = (x, y)  C then find z, satisfying z2 (1, 1) = (–1, 7).
[Ans. z1 = (2, 1), z2 = (–2, – 8)]
2
(3) (a) If z + 2(1 + 2i) z – (11 + 2i) = 0 , find z in the form of a + ib.
[Ans : z = 2 – i or z = – (4 + 3i)]
4 3 2
(b) If f (x) = x – 4x + 4x + 8x + 44, find f (3 + 2i). [ Ans: 5]

(4) If Arg z = and | z + 3 – i | = 4, find z. [Hint: Let z =  (1 + i) ,  > 0]
4
[Ans. if Arg z = 5/4 then ans is z = – 3(1 + i)]

(5) If | z – i | = 1 and Arg z = , find the number of complex number..
2
[Ans: one (0 + 2i)]
9  40 i  9  40 i
(6) If z = 9  40 i  9  40 i
, find | z | and amp z. [Ans. 9  40i = ± (5 + 4i)]
[Hint: Rationalise]
Note: a b  a b only if atleast one of either a or b is non negative.
 n
1 i 
(8) Find the least postive n  N if   1 [ Ans: n = 4 ]
1 i 
4. Representation of a complex in different form :
(i) Cartesian form / Algebric form:
y
z = x + iy ; Here | z | = x 2  y 2 ; z  x  iy  = tan–1
x
Generally this form is used in locus problems or while solving equations.
Example :
1 1 x  iy 1 x 1
(a) Re  z  < [Hint : Re x 2  y 2 < ; x 2  y 2 <  x2 + y2 – 2x > 0.]
  2 2 2
Locus is the exterior of the circle with centre (1, 0) and radius = 1.
(b) Find the set of points on the complex plane for which z2 + z + 1 is real and positive.
1
(c) Show that the locus of the point P() denoting the complex number z + on the
z
complex plane is a standard ellipse where | z | = a , where a  0 , 1
1
[Sol. Let w=z+ where z =  + i , 2 + 2 = a2 (as | z | = a )
z
1   i     
x + iy =  + i +   i  + i +  2   2 =    2  + i    2 
 a   a 
 1   1 
 x =  1   ; y =  1  
 a2   a2 

x2 y2 y2 y2
 1
 2 + 2 = 2 + 2 = a2;   1
2
 1
2 ]
 1   1 
a   a  
1  2  1  2 
 a   a   a  a

Remember the common polar forms

(ii) Trigonometric form / Polar form:
z = x + iy = r (cos  + i sin) = r CiS 
where | z | = r ; amp z = 
note that (CiS ) (CiS ) = CiS( + )
(CiS ) (CiS (–) = CiS( – )
1
(CiS)
= (CiS )–1 = CiS(– )
6 6
Example: If z = 1 + cos + i sin find r and amp z.
5 5
3 3 3 3  3 3 
[Sol. z = 2 cos2 + 2 i sin cos = 2cos cos 5  i sin 5 
5 5 5 5  
2  2 2  2  2 2 
= – 2cos   cos  i sin  = 2 cos cos 5  i sin 5 
5  5 5 5  
2 2
Hence | z | = 2 cos ; amp z = – ]
5 5
1 i 3 
Asking : z =  
; [Ans. | z | = 1; amp z = – ; z = – i]
 2
2i cos  i sin 
 3 3
 e ix  e  ix e ix  e ix
Note that (a) cosx = and sinx = are known as Eulers identities.
2 2i
e  ex
x
(b) cos ix = = cos hx is always positive real  x  R and is > 1.
2
note that f (x) = cos ix.
x x
e e
and sin ix = i = i sin hx is always purely imaginary..
2
5. Important Properties Of Conjugate / Moduli / Amplitude :
If z , z1 , z2  C then ;
(a) z + z = 2 Re (z) ; z  z = 2 i Im (z) ; ( z ) = z ; z1  z 2 = z1 + z 2 ;
 z1  z
z1  z 2 = z1  z 2 ; z1 z 2 = z1 . z 2   = 1 ; z2  0
z  z2
 2
1
(b) | z |  0 ; | z |  Re (z) ; | z |  Im (z) ; | z | = z |=| – z | ; z z = | z |2 ; if  z |=1 then z=
z
z1 | z1 |
z1 z2 = z1.z2 ; = , z2  0, zn = zn ;
z2 | z2 |

+ z1  z 2 = 2  z1  z 2  Give proof and its geometrical interpretation.

2 2 2 2
z1  z 2

z1 z2  z1 + z2  z1+ z2 [TRIANGLE INEQUALITY]

(c) (i) amp (z1 . z2) = amp z1 + amp z2 + 2k. k  I
z  
(ii) amp  1  = amp z1  amp z2 + 2 k k  I
 z2 
(iii)amp(zn) = n amp(z) + 2k.
where proper value of k must be chosen so that RHS lies in (, ].
Note: For any complex number
amp z + amp of  z  =  or amp z + amp (–1) + amp z = 
[Sol. If amp z =  ....(i)
amp z = – 
amp  z  =  –  ....(ii)
Hence amp z + amp (– z ) = 
Asking:
(1  i)(1  2i)(1  3i)
(i) If z = (1  i)(2  i)(3  i) then principal value of arg z = ?

 1  1
[Sol. amp z = (tan–11 + tan–12 + tan–13) – [ tan–1(–1) + tan–1    + tan–1    ] + 2k
 2  3
 3
= 

2 2
Hence amp Z = – /2
6
 (8  i)(7  i )  1 1 
(ii) ||| ly
z=   find amp z. [Ans: 6tan–1 , tan–1 < ]
 (5  i)  2 2 6

(2 3  2i )8 (1  i )6
(iii) z= 6 + 8
 1 z  z
(1)(a) Let z be a complex number such that z  C \ R and  R then prove that | z
1  z  z2
| =1. [Very elementary Q.13]
1  z  z2 1  z  z 2  2z 2
[Sol.(a) We have = =1+
1  z  z2 1  z  z2 z  1  1 / z 
1 1 1
Hence z +  R;  z+ = z
z z z
1 1 zz
(z  z ) =  =  (z  z ) ( | z |2 – 1) = 0
z z | z |2
 | z | = 1;  z = z (not possible as z is not real)]
(b) Let z1, z2, z3, .....zn are the complex numbers such that |z1| = |z2| = .....+ |zn| = 1. If
 n  n 1 
z =   z k   z  then prove that
 k 1  k 1 k 
(i) z is a real number (ii) 0 < z  n2
1
[Sol.(b) zz 1  z =
z
1 1 1 
 
now z = (z1 + z2 + z3 + .... + zn)  z z  ........ 
 1 2 z n 

= (z1 + z2 + .... + zn) z1  z 2  ........  z3 


= (z1 + z2 + .... + zn) z1  z 2  .....  z n 
= | z1 + z2 + .... + zn |2 which is real
 | z1 | + | z2 | + ..... + | zn | = n2
 0 < z  n2 ]

z1  z 2
(2)(a) If  1 then | z1 | < 1 and | z2 | < 1 or | z1 | > 1 and | z2 | > 1
1  z1 z 2

6z  i 1
(b) If  1 then | z |  .
2  3iz 3
[Sol.(b) | 6z – i |  | 2 + 3iz |  | 6z – i |2  | 2 + 3iz |2
(6z – i) (6 z  i )  (2 + 3iz)( (2  3iz )
36 z z + 6 z i – 6i z + 1  4 – 6i z + 6iz – 9i2 z z
36 z z + 1  4 + 9i z z
27 z z  3
| z |2  1/9
| z |  1/3 ]
(3)(a) Find the greatest and least values of | z | if z satisfies z  4  2 .
z
[ Ans: 5 1 | z |  5  1 ]
[Sol. Let z = cos  + i sin 

| 1 – z | = | (1 – cos ) – i sin  | = (1  cos ) 2  sin 2  = 2  2 cos  = 2 sin 2 ....(1)

| 1 + z2 | = | 1 + cos 2 + i sin 2 | = (1  cos 2) 2  sin 2 2 = 2  2 cos 2 = 2 |cos |


| 1 + z2 | = 2 1  2 sin 2 ....(2)
2
from (1) and (2)
 2 
2  2 sin 2 + 2 1  2 sin 4
2
when  =  both are simultaneously maximum
 maximum value = 4
2 when  = /2 ]

(4)(a) If a, b, c are non zero complex numbers of equal moduli and satisfy az2 + bz + c = 0
5 1 5 1
then prove that |z| .
2 2
[Sol.(a) |a|=|b|=|c|=r
again az2 = – (bz + c)
1 1 4
| c | = | – (az2 + bz) | | a | | z2 | = | bz + c |
2
r  r | z |2 + r | 2 |
1 5
r | z |2  r | z | + r
2
| z |2 + | z | – 1  0
| z |2 – | z | – 1  0
 5  1  1  5 
z   z   0 ]
 2  2 
  
z1 b
(b) Let a 2z 2 + abz + c2 =0 where a, b, c are non zero complex number. If is a
z2 c

z1
real then show that | z1 | = | z2 | or  R.
z2

(5) Let x1, x2 are the roots of the quadratic equation x2 + ax + b = 0 where a, b are
complex numbers and y1, y2 are the roots of the quadratic equation y2 + | a |y + | b |=0.
If | x1 | = | x2 | = 1 then prove that | y1 | = | y2 | = 1.
x1
[Sol. Let x2 + ax + b = 0 where x1 and x2 are complex
x2
 from (2) | x1 | | x2 | = | b |  |b|=1 ....(3)
Also | – a | = | x1 + x2 |
 | a |  | x 1 | + | x2 |
or |a|2 ....(4)
y1
Now consider x +|a|x+|b|=0
2

y2

 | a |  | a |2 4 | b |  | a |  4 | a |2 i
y1,2 = =  
2 2

| a |2 4 | a |2
 | y1,2 | = =1
2
Hence | y1 | = | y2 | = 1]

(6) | z |  1 ; | w |  1 prove that

| z – w |2  ( | z | – | w | )2 + (arg z – arg w)2
[Sol. z = r (cos + i sin) 0<r1
w = R (cos + i sin) 0 < R  1
L.H.S. | (r cos – R cos) + i (r sin – R sin) |2
= r2 + R2 – 2rR cos ( – )
 2      
= r2 + R2 – 2rR 1  2 sin  2  = (r – R)2 + 4rR.sin2  2 
    
2

 ( | z | – | w | ) + 4 2
 = ( | z | – | w | )2 + (arg z – arg w)2 ]
 2 
z  12 5 z4
(7) Find z satisfy simultaneously  and 1
z  8i 3 z 8
[Ans: z = 6 + 8i ; z = 6 + 17i ]
6. Vectorial Representation Of A Complex :
Every complex number can be considered as if it is the position vector of that
point . If the point P represents the complex number z then,
 
OP = z &  OP  = z
Geometrical meaning of ei
 
(i) If OP = z = r ei  then OQ = z1 = r ei ( + ) = z . e i .
   
If OP and OQ are of unequal magnitude then OQ  OP e i 
 
(ii) If z = OA = 1 + i then z1 = OB = i (1 + i) = – 1 + i

(iii) Using the vetorial concept and section formula complex numbers corresponding to
centroid , incentre , orthocentre and circumcentre for a triangle whose vertices are z 1 ,
z2 , z3 can be deduced.
(iv) If z1, z2, z3 are collinear z1 | z2– z3 | – z2 | z3 – z1 | + z3 | z1 – z2 | = 0.
 3

a z1  b z 2  c z 3
(ii) Incentre ' I ' =
abc

(iii) Orthocentre :
b cos C z 2  c cos B z 3
ZD =
a
Now AE = c cos A ; l = AE cosec C = c cos A cosec C
 c 
l = 2 R cos A   2 R
 sin C 
and m = c cos B cot C or m = 2 R cos B cos C
m z1   Z D
Hence ZH =
 m

bcosCz 2  ccosBz1 
2 R cosBcosCz1  2 R cosA a  Distance of orthocentr e
 
= from A is 2 RcosA and
2R (cosAcosBcosC) from BC is 2 RcosBcosC
a cos B cos C z1  b cos A cos C z 2  c cos A cos B z 3
=
a   cos (B  C)  cos B cos C

z1 (sin A cos B cos C)  (sin B cos C cos A) z 2  (sin C cos A cos B) z 3

=
sin A (sin B sin C)

z1 tan A  z 2 tan B  z 3 tan C z1 tan A  z 2 tan B  z 3 tan C

ZH = or
 tan A  tan A
(iv). Circumcentre :
We have z0 being equidistant from
the vertices gives,
z1  z 0 = z 2  z 0 = z 3  z 0
2
Consider , z1  z 0 = z2  z0
2

(z1  z0)  z1  z0  = (z2  z0)  z2  z0 

z1  z1  z 0   z2  z 2  z 0  = z0 z 1  z0   z2  z 0  
z1  z1  z 0   z2  z 2  z 0  = z0  z1  z 2  ....(1)
Similarly 1st & 3rd gives
z1  z1  z 0   z3  z 3  z 0  = z0  z1  z 3  ....(2)
dividing (1) by (2) eliminate z0 and get z0.
Alternatively :
BD x Ar.  ABD Ar.  PBD Ar.  ABD  Ar.  PBD 3
= = = = =
DC y Ar.  ADC Ar.  PDC Ar.  ADC  Ar.  PBC 2
R2 sin 2 C
x
 = 22 = sin 2 C
yR sin 2 B sin 2 B
2
sin 2 B (z 2 )  sin 2 C (z 3 )
Hence ZD =  (1)
sin 2 B  sin 2 C
PA   ABP  APC  ABP   APC
Now = = = =
PD m  PBD  CPD  PBD   CPD
Examples on vectorial representation & rotation of a vector :
1. If z1 , z2 , z3 are the vertices of an isosceles triangle right angled at z2 then prove that
z12  2 z 22  z 32 = 2 z2 (z1 + z3)
[Hint: (z1 – z2) = (z3 – z2) ei / 2
(z3 – z2)2 = i2 (z1 – z2)2
z 32  z 22  2 z 3 z 2 =  z12  z 22  2 z1 z 2  result ]
2.(a) A, B, C are the points representing the complex numbers z1, z2, z3 respectively and the
circumcentre of the triangle ABC lies at the origin. If the altitudes of the triangle through
the opposite vertices meets the circumcircle at D, E, F respectively. Find the complex
numbers corresponding to the points D, E, F in terms of z1, z2, z3.
 
[Solution: OD  OB ei ( 2 B)
 = z2 e i (   2 B) = – z2 e– i2B
 = – z2 e– i2B .....(1)
Also, z1 = z3 e i2B .....(2)
z 2 z3
 z1 = – z 2 z3  
z1
z 3 z1 z1 z 2
|||ly   and  
z2 z3
(b) If z1 , z2 , z3 are the vertices of an equilateral triangle then prove that
z12  z 22  z32 = z1 z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1
and if z0 is its circumcentre then 3 z02  z12  z 22  z32
[Sol.(a) z12  z 22  z 32 = z1 z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1
z1  z 2 (z 3  z 2 ) e i / 3

z 2  z 3 (z1  z 3 ) e i / 3
(z1 – z2) (z1 – z3) = – (z2 – z3)2
z12 – z1z3 – z2z1 + z2z3 + z 22 + z 3 – 2z2z3 = 0
2

  z12   z1 z 2
Now if z0 is the circumcentre of the  then to prove that 3 z 02  z12  z 22  z 32
Given z1 + z2 + z3 = 3 z0 ;  z12  2  z1 z 2  9z 02 ; 3  z12  9z 02 ]
(c) If zr( r = 1, 2, ...6) are the vertices of a regular hexagon then
6
 z 2r  6 z 02 where z0 is the circumcentre.
r 1
[Sol.(c) If zr( r = 1, 2, ...6) are the vertices of a regular hexagon then
6
 z 2r  6 z 02 where z0 is the circumcentre of the regular hexagon.
r 1
3z 02  z12  z 32  z 52
3z 02  z 22  z 24  z 62
________________________
6z 02   z 2r
 1 1 1
an equilateral triangle if and only if z  z  z  z  z  z  0 .
2 3 3 1 1 2

[Sol. Let ABC be a triangle such that the affixes of the vertices A, B and C are respectively
z 1 , z 2 and z 3 . Further, let  = z 2 – z 3 ,  = z 3 – z 1 and  = z 1 – z 2 .
Then  +  +  = 0. ....(i)
First, let  ABC be an equilateral triangle. Then, BC = CA = AB
 | z2 – z3 | = | z3 – z1 | = | z1 – z2 |
 ||=||=||
 |  | 2 = |  | 2 = |  | 2 =  (say)
         
  
  ,  ,  ....(ii)
  
Now,  +  +  = 0 [from (i) ]
  
      0    0 [ Using (ii) ]
  
1 1 1 1 1 1
   0     0 which is the required condition.
   z 2  z 3 z 3  z1 z1  z 2
Conversely , let ABC be a triangle such that
1 1 1 1 1 1
  0 i. e.   0
z 2  z 3 z 3  z1 z1  z 2   
1 1 1
Then, we have to prove that the triangle is equilateral. We have,       0
1  1 1 1    
          
       
1 
   2 = 
 
 |  |2 = |  |  |  |2 = |  | | |
 |  |3 = |  | |  | | |
Similarly, |  |3 = |  | |  | | | and |  |3 = |  | |  | | |
 ||=||=||
 |z2 – z3 | = | z3 – z1 | = |z1 – z2 |  BC = CA = AB
Hence the given triangle is an equilateral triangle. ]
1 1 1
4.104/01 Prove that the roots of the equation   = 0 (where z1, z2, z3 are
z  z1 z  z 2 z  z 3
pairwise distinct complex numbers) correspond to points on a complex plane, which
lie inside a triangle with vertices z1, z2, z3 excluding its boundries.
z  z1 z  z2 z  z3
[Sol. 2
 2
 2 =0
z  z1 z  z2 z  z3

t 1 ( z  z1 )  t 2 (z  z 2 )  t 3 ( z  z 3 ) = 0
2 1
where z  z1 = etc
t1
where t1 , t2 , t3  R+
t1 (z  z1) + t2 (z  z2) + t3 (z  z3) = 0
t 1 z1  t 2 z 2  t 3 z 3
(t1 + t2 + t3) z = t1z1 + t2z2 + t3z3  z=
 t1  t 2  z  t 3 z3
 z=  z lies inside the  z1 z2 z3
t1  t 2  t 3
If t1 = t2 = t3  z is the centroid of the triangle . Also if a = b = c
 z  z1 = z  z2 = z  z3  z is the circumcentre ]
5. Let z1 and z2 be roots of the equation z2 + pz + q = 0, where the coefficients
p and q may be complex numbers. Let A and B represent z1 and z2 in the complex
plane. If AOB =   0 and OA = OB, where O is the origin, prove that
p2 = 4q cos2/2.
[Sol. Since z1 and z2 are roots of the equation z2 + pz + q = 0
 z1 + z2 = – p and z1 z2 = q ....(i)
 
Since OA = OB. So OB is obtained by rotating OA in anticlockwise direction through
angle .
 
 OB  OA e i  z2 = z1 ei
z i z2
2
 z  e   cos   i sin 
1 z1

z z 2  z1    
2
 z  1  1  cos   i sin    2 cos  cos  i sin   2 cos ei / 2
1 z1 2 2 2 2
2
z 2  z1   z 2  z1   i
 z  2 cos e i / 2     4 cos 2 e
1 2  z1  2
2
z z  2  z2 
  2 1   4 cos  (z2 + z1)2 = 4 z1 z 2 cos 2
 z1  2 z1 2
 
 (– p)2 = 4 q cos 2  p2 = 4 q cos 2 ]
2 2
6. On the Argand plane z1 , z2 and z3 are respectively the vertices of an isosceles triangle
ABC with AC = BC and equal angles are . If z4 is the incentre of the triangle then
prove that (z2 – z1) (z3 – z1) = (1 + sec ) (z4 – z1)2
z z
2 1 4 z z
1  i / 2
[Hint: | z  z |  | z  z | e ....(1) (clockwise)
2 1 4 1
z 3  z1 z z
and  4 1 e i / 2 ....(2) (anticlockwise)
| z 3  z1 | | z 4  z1 |
multiplying (1) and (2)
(z 2  z1 ) (z 3  z1 ) | (z 2  z1 ) | | (z 3  z1 ) |
2

(z 4  z1 ) | z 4  z1 |2
( AB) | AC | 2( AD) ( AC)
= ( AI) 2 = ( AI) 2
2( AD) 2 AC 
= 2
. = 2 cos 2
sec = (1 + cos) sec ]
( AI) AD 2
(1) | z – (1 + 2i) | = 3 denotes a circle with centre (1, 2) and radius 3.

(2) | z – 1 | = | z – i | denotes the equation of the perpendicular

bisector of join of (1, 0) and (0, 1) on the Argand plane.

(3) | z – 4i | + | z + 4i | = 10 denotes an ellipse with foci at (0, 4) and

(0, – 4); major axis 10; minor axis 6 with e = 4/5.

36 64 4
 x 2 y2 
e2 = 1 – =  e =    1
100 100 5  25 9 

(4) | z – 1 | + | z + 1 | = 1 denotes no locus

(5) | z – 1 | < 1 denotes area inside a circle with centre (0, 1) and radius 1.

(6) 1  | z – 1 | < 3 denotes region between the concentric circles

of radii 3 and 1. Centred at (1, 0) including the inner boundary.


(7) 0  Arg Z  (z  0)
4
wedge defined by positive real axis and the part of the line x = y
in the first quadrant. It includes the boundary but not the origin.

(8) Re (z2) > 0 denotes the area between the lines x = y and x = – y which includes the
x-axis.
[Hint: (x2 – y2) + 2xyi = 0
 x2 + y2 > 0
(x – y)(x + y) > 0 ]
Condition for two lines l1 (joining z1 and z2) and l2 (joining z3 and z4) to be
parallel and perpendicular and orthocentre and circumcentre of the triangle
with vertices z1 / z2 / z3.
[Proof: Let the angle between l1 and l2 be 
From the figure
amp (z4 – z3) – amp(z4 – z1) =
z 4  z3
or amp z  z  
2 1

z 4  z3
Let P
z 2  z1

z4  z3
Hence z  z = P (cos + i sin)
2 1

z4  z3
If l1 | | l2 then  = 0  z  z is purely real ....(1)
2 1

 z4  z3
If l1  l2 then  =  z  z is purely imaginary ....(2)
2 2 1
 z1  z 3
(a) z2  z4
is purely imaginary
z1  z 2
(b) z3  z 4
is purely real
z 4  z3
(c) z 2  z3
is purely imaginary
z2  z4
(d) z1  z 3 = 1 as mid point is same.
This concept can also be used to compute the orthocentre of a .
Let z be the orthocentre
z  z1
We have , z  z is purely imaginary
2 3

z  z1 z  z1
 z 2  z3 + z2  z3 = 0 ....(1)
z  z2 z  z2
|||ly 
z 3  z1 z 3  z1 = 0 ....(2)
Eliminating z we get z in terms of z1 , z2 , z3 ]

Asking Problems:
(a) If z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 in order are the vertices of a
parallelogram then z1+ z3= z2+ z4.
(b) Let z1 , z2 , z3 are the vertices of a triangle with origin as the circumcentre. If z is the
orthocentre then z = z1 + z2 + z3. ( T/F ) [True]
[Hint : Orthocentre, centroid and circumcentre are collinear ]
(c) If z1 , z2 , z3 are the vertices of a triangle such that |z1 – 1 | = | z2 – 1 | = | z3 – 1 | and
z1 + z2 + z3 = 3 then the triangle is an equilateral triangle. ( T/ F ) [True]
z1  z 2  z 3
[Hint : Note that (1, 0) is the circumcentre. Also centroid is .
3
But given that z1 + z2 + z3 = 3.
hence centroid is also (1, 0).
Since centroid and circumcentre coincide  triangle is equilateral.]
(d) If the area of the triangle formed by z , iz and z + iz is
8 sq. units then find | z |.
1
[ Hint: | z | | iz | = 8  |z|=4]
2
(e) If z1 , z2 , z3 are the vertices of an equilateral triangle with circumcentre at the origin.
Find z2 and z3.
z2 = (1 + i) w
z3 = (1 + i) w2
If circumcentre is (1 – 2i) and z1 is 2 + i then compute z2 and z3.
 cos n  + i sin n  is the value or one of the values of (cos + i sin )n  n  Q.
Value if n is an integer, one of the values if n is rational which is not an integer. The
theorem is very useful in determining the roots of any complex quantity.
Note: Continued product of the roots of a complex quantity should be determined
using theory of equations.
4 basic steps to determine the roots of a complex number are
(a) Write the complex number whose roots are to be determined in polar form.
(b) Add 2m to the argument
(c) Apply D M T
(d) Put m = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..... (n – 1) to get all the n ; nth roots.
Example :

(i) z = 1 i 3  1 / 4
1
3 1 3 1
(ii) 2 2 z4    
3 1  i 3 1  or z =
4
2 2
i
2 2
or z =  cos 5  i sin 5 
 12 12 
4

(iii) Find the roots of the equation

(a) z5 + z4 + z3 + z2 + z + 1 = 0
(b) z4 – z3 + z2 – z + 1 = 0, having the least positive argument.
[Hint: (a) multiply by (z – 1), (b) multiply by (z + 1) ]
(iv) Find the number of roots of the equation z10 – z5 – 992 = 0 with real part –ve.
[Hint: (z5 – 32) (z5 + 31) = z10 – z5 – 992 ] [ Ans: 5]
1 
(v) Prove that tan–1 
5 16
[Hint: Let z = 5 + i
 5 + i = 26 (cos + i sin)
1
where tan = ]
5

Application of DMT to determine the cube roots of unity

8. Cube Root Of Unity :
(i) The cube roots of unity are 1, 1  i 3 , 1  i 3 .
2 2
(Note that 1  i 3   2 and 1  i 3   22 ]
(ii) If w is one of the imaginary cube roots of unity then 1 + w + w² = 0 . In general
1 + wr + w2r = 0 ; where r  I but is not the multiple of 3.
(iii) In polar form the cube roots of unity are :
2 2 4 4
cos 0 + i sin 0 ; cos 3
+ i sin 3
, cos 3
+ i sin 3

(iv) The three cube roots of unity when plotted on the argand plane constitute the verties of
an equilateral triangle.
(note that the 3 cube root of i lies on the vertices of an isosceles triangle)
(v) The following factorisation should be remembered :
(a, b, c  R &  is the cube root of unity)
Examples on cube root of unity
1. 230/Complex If the area of the triangle in the Argand diagram, formed by Z, Z and
Z + Z where  is the usual complex cube root of unity is 16 3 square units, then |Z|
is
(A) 16 (B) 4 (C*) 8 (D) 3
[Sol. Z, Z, Z + Z represent the vertices A, B, C of the parallelogram OACB in the
Argand plane
(wz is the vector obtaining by turning the vector z by 2/3 anticlockwise.)
 2 
 area of ABC = 1/2(OA)(OB) sin  
 3 
3 3
= 1/2 |Z|2 = |Z|2
2 4
3
By data , |Z|2 = 16 3  |Z| = 8 ]
4
2. Find all the complex numbers z satisfying z2 + z | z | + | z2 | = 0
2
 z  z
[Sol.     1  0 ; 2 +  + 1 = 0
| z | |z|
z
   or 2  z =  , 2 where  > 0 ]
|z|

3.13/Ex-IIIf (a + w) 1 + (b + w) 1 + (c + w) 1 + (d + w) 1 = 2 w 1 and
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
(a + w ) + (b + w ) + (c + w ) + (d + w ) = 2 w where w is the complex
cube root of unity then show that :
(i)  abc = 2 & (ii)  a = 2 a .
Hence show that (a + 1) 1 + (b + 1) 1 + (c + 1) 1 + (d + 1) 1 = 2 , a, b, c, d  R.
1 1 1 1 2
[Sol. If     ....(1)
a  b c d 
1 1 1 1 2
and 2
 2
 2
 2
 2 ....(2)
a  b c d 
(1) and (2) implies that  and 2 are the roots of the equation
1 1 1 1 2
   
ax bx cx dx x
 2x4 +  a x3 –  abc x – 2 a = 0....(3)
2 +  a –  abc  – 2 a = 0 ....(4)
2 +  a –  abc   – 2 a = 0 ....(5)
subract – – + +
_______________________________________________________________________

2(– ) –  abc (– ) =0   abc = 2

 a  = 2 a .
Also put x = 1 in equation (3) & verify that x = 1 satisfies it.
1 1 1 1
Hence     2 . Also the 4th root can be computed as
a 1 b 1 c 1 d 1
4. If z12  z 22  z32 = z1 z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 , then z1 , z2 and z3 need not be equal.
(z1  z 2 ) 2  (z 2  z 3 ) 2  (z 3  z1 ) 2
[Sol. If z12  z 22  z32 = z1 z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 then =0
2
(may simply z1 = z2 = z3)
Also, z12  z 22  z32 – z1 z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1= 0
(z1+ w z2 +w2 z3)(z1+ w2 z2+ w z3) = 0 (where w is the cube root of unity)
Let z1 + w z2 + w2 z3 = 0
z1 + w z2 + (– 1 – w) z3 = 0
z1 – z3 = w (z3 – z2) ....(1)
 | z1 – z3 | = | w (z3 – z2) | = | w | | z3 – z2 |
| z1 – z3 | = | z3 – z2 |
and amp (z1 – z3) = amp w + amp (z3 – z2)
2
amp (z1 – z3) – amp (z3 – z2) =
3
2
1 – 2 = ]
3

9. nth ROOTS OF UNITY :

If 1 , 1 , 2 , 3 ..... n  1 are the n , nth root of unity then :
2 2
(i) They are in G.P. with common ratio e i (2/n) = cos  i sin and
n n
p p p p
(ii) if p is not an integral multiple of n
1  1   2  ........   n 1  0
1p + (1)p + (2)p + ..... + (n – 1)p = n if p is an integral multiple of n
(iii) (1  1) (1  2) ...... (1  n  1) = n
(iv) (1 + 1) (1 + 2) ....... (1 + n  1) = 0 if n is even and 1 if n is odd.
(v) 1 . 1 . 2 . 3 ......... n  1 = 1 or 1 according as n is odd or even.
0 if n  3k

(vi) (w – 1) (w – 2) ..... (w – n–1) =  1 if n  3k  1

1  w if n  3k  2
Note that sum of all the n, nth roots always vanishes.
Explanation:
1  1 2m sin 2m 
(ii) Let z = 1n  (cos 0  i sin 0) n =  cos n  i n

 
put m = 0, 1, 2 ...(n – 1), we get
2 2 cos 4  i sin 4 2(n  1)
 i sin
2(n  1)
1 , cos  i sin , , ... , cos
  n    n n n n n


 nth roots are in G.P.

1  ( p ) n 1  ( n ) p
Now S = 1 +  +  +  + ... + 
p p 2p 3p (n–1)p
= =
1  p 1  p
 1  ( )
= =  0
1  p  indeter minant if p is an integral multiple of n
0
Again, If x is one of the nth root of unity then
xn – 1  (x – 1) (x – 1) (x – 2) ... (x – n–1)
x n 1
1 + x + x2 + ...+ xn–1 =  (x – 1) (x – 2) ... (x – n–1)
x 1
Put x = 1, to get,
(1 – 1) (1 – 2) ...... (1– n–1) = n
||| put x = – 1, is to get other result. ]
ly

Example :
12
 2 2 
(i) Evaluate   sin 13
 i cos 
13 
[ Ans: i ]
 1

(ii) Factorise (z7–1) into linear and quadratic factors and deduce that
 2 3 1
cos .cos . cos =
7 7 7 8
 3 5 1
If it is (z7 + 1) then deduce that cos . cos . cos = –
7 7 7 8

(iii) Using (1 – 1) ( 1 – 2) ...... (1 – n–1) = n

where 1 , 2 , .... n–1 are the imaginary nth roots of unity, prove that
 2 3 7
sin . sin . sin =
7 7 7 8
[Sol. | 1 – 1 |2 | 1 – 2 |2 ...... | 1 – n–1| 2 = n2 ....(1)
(1  1 ) (1  1 ) (1   2 ) (1   2 ) ..... (1   n 1 ) (1  n 1 ) = n2
consider (1  1 ) (1  1 )
2
where 1 = cos + i sin ; 1 = cos – i sin and =
n
1 – 1  1  + 1 1
1 – 2 cos + 1 = 2 (1 – cos)  4 sin2 /2
     
 (1) becomes 2n–1 sin  2  .sin 2  2  .sin 3  2  .... sin(n – 1)  2  = n (where = )
        2 n
when n = 7
 2 3 4 5 6
26 sin sin sin sin sin sin =7
7 7 7 7 7 7
 2 3 7
or sin2 sin2 sin2 =  result ]
7 7 7 64
(iv)10/Ex-IIf cos (  ) + cos (  ) + cos (  ) =  3/2 then prove that :
(a)  cos 2 = 0 =  sin 2 (b)  sin (+ ) = 0 =  cos (+ )
(c)  sin  =  cos  = 3/2
2 2
(d)  sin 3 = 3 sin (+ + )
(e)  cos 3 = 3 cos (+ + )
(f) cos3 ( + ) + cos3 ( + ) + cos3 ( + ) = 3 cos ( + ) . cos ( + ) . cos ( + )
where R.
n
 z 1
(v) Prove that all roots of the equation    1 are collinear on the complex plane.
 z 
 If A1 , A2 , A3 ,..... An are the vertices of an n sided regular polygon inscribed in a circle
n 1
of radius unity then prove that  | A1 A r1 |  n .
r 1

(vi)T/S,Ex-II/5 If Z r, r = 1, 2, 3, ......... 2m, m  N are the roots of the equation

2m
1
Z 2m
+Z 2m-1
+Z 2m-2
+ ............. + Z + 1 = 0 then prove that  = m
r 1 Zr  1
[Sol. Method 1
Let Z2m + Z2m-1 + Z2m-2 + ............. + Z + 1  (Z – Z1) (Z – Z2) ... (Z – Z2m)
Taking log on both the sides and diffrentiating w.r.t. Z
2m Z2 m 1  (2m  1) Z2 m2  .....  2z  1 1 1 1
2m 2 m 1 2m 2 2 = Z  Z  Z  Z  .......  Z  Z
Z Z Z  ....  Z  Z  1 1 2 2m

1  2  3  ....  2m 1 1 1
put z = 1, =   ....... 
(2m  1) 1  Z1 1  Z 2 1  Z2m
2m
1  2m ( 2m  1) 
 Z     m]
r 1 r 1  2( 2m  1) 

Method 2
L.H.S. : note that Z1 , Z2 , ... , Z2m are the roots of Z2m+1 = 1 ,
1 1 1 1
now    ... 
Z1  1 Z 2 1 Z3  1 Z2m 1
Clubbing 1st and last ; 2nd and 2nd last and so on
1 1 1  1 
=  Z 1  Z 1    Z 1  Z   .. .. = (–1)+(–1) + .. m times = – m ]
 1 2m   2 2 m 1 1 

(vii) Use complex numbers to prove that tan tan2 + tan2 tan4 + tan4 tan = – 7
2
where  =
7
[Sol. Consider a = cos + i sin = ei
b = cos2 + i sin2 = ei2
c = cos4 + i sin4 = ei4
2
when  =
7
now a b c = (cos + i sin) (cos2 + i sin2) (cos4 + i sin4)
ei7 = cos cos2 cos4 (1 + i tan) (1 + i tan2) (1 + i tan4) ]
Asking Problem :
(a) If cos + cos + cos = 0 = sin + sin + sin
then  cos(2     )  3 and  sin(2     )  0
[Solution: Let a = cos + i sin = ei e.t.c.
 a+b+c=0  a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
a 2 b2 c2
or   3
bc ca ab
e i (2–  – ) + e i (2–  – ) + e i (2–  – ) = 3 + 0 i  result ]
 sin  n / 2  n  1
(ii) sin  + sin 2  + sin 3  + ..... + sin n  = sin  / 2
sin 
 2 
 

Note : If  = (2/n) then the sum of the above series vanishes.

(b) Complex numbers and binomial coefficents
(i) C0 + C4 + C8 + ..... (ii) C1 + C5 + C9 + .....
(iii) C2 + C6 + C10 + ..... (iv) C3 + C7 + C11+ ......
(v) C0 + C3 + C6 + C9 + .....
k 3n
(vi) Prove that  (3) r 1 . 3n C 2r 1  0 where k =
2
, n is an even integer..
r 1

[Hint: Consider the binomial expansion of (1  i 3 )3n and also using DMT as
3n
3n  cos
 
2   i sin  . Equate real and imaginary part. ]
 3 3

11. Straight lines & circles on complex plane

(1) Equation of a line passing through z1 & z2 on argand plane can be expressed as:

 z   z + r = 0 where  =  i (z1  z2)

and   i (z1  z2 )
and r = i (z1 z2  z1 z 2 )
Proof :
If a variable complex number z (x, y)
moves in such a way that
z , z1 & z2 are collinear then
locus of ' z ' describes a line through z1 & z2 .
Hence
x y 1 x iy 1 x x iy 1
1 1
x1 y1 1 = 0 or x1 i y1 1 = 0 or x1 x1iy1 1 = 0
i i
x2 y2 1 x2 i y2 1 x2 x 2 iy 2 1

2x z 1 zz z 1
1
or 2 x1 z1 1 = 0 or z1  z1 z1 1 = 0
2i
2 x2 z2 1 z 2  z2 z2 1
z z 1
or z1 z1 1 = 0 (1)
z2 z2 1
( This can also be taken as the equation of a straight line through z1 and z2 )
or z  z1  z2   z (z1  z2) +  z1 z2  z 2 z1  = 0  (2)
note that z1 z2 & z 2 z1 are conjugate of each other
 z1 z2  z 2 z1 = purely imaginary
 1 2  1 2 

This reduces to  z + z +r = 0 where r = i  z1 z2  z 2 z1  = purely real

The equation  z +  z + r = 0 is also identified as the general equation of a line on

complex plane.
Note: This approach can also be used to express the area of the triangle ABC on complex
(z 2  z 3 ) | z1 |2
plane whose vertices are z1, z2 & z3 as = 
4 i z1
Alternatively : The above equation can also be deduced as :
 
If P A & P B are always collinear i.e.
Arg (z  z1)  Arg (z  z2) = 0 or 
 z  z1  z  z1
or Arg   = 0 or  (3) i.e. is purely real
 z  z2  z  z2
z  z1 z  z1
i.e. = This simplifies to equation (2) .
z  z2 z  z2
Note that :
(i) the equation , Arg (z ) =  denotes a ray
emanating from the point A () moving away
from ' A ' as shown .
(ii) z1 , z2 & z3 are collinear if ,
z1 z1 1
z2 z2 1 = 0
z3 z3 1
Example :
 2
(i) Find the area bounded by the curves Arg z = , Arg z = &
3 3
Arg z  2  2 3 i =  on the complex plane.
Note that 2 , 2 3  lies on the line
y = 3 x and OAC will be an
equilateral triangle of side 4.
3
Area = · 16 = 4 3
4
(ii) Find all the points in the complex plane which satisfy the equations

log5 ( | z | + 3) – log 5 | | z | – 1 | = 1 and arg (z – 1 – i) =
4
[Solution: log5 ( | z | + 3) – log 5 | | z | – 1 | = 1
 log5 ( | z | + 3) – 2 log5 | | z | – 1 | = 1
 | z | 3 
 log5  | | z |  1 |2  = 1 (|z|1)
 
| z | 3
 | | z |  1 |2
=5
  (5 | z | – 1) ( | z | – 2 ) = 0  |z|= or | z | = 2
5
 1  
Thus , we have  | z |  or | z | 2  and arg {z – (1 + i) } =
 5  4

Clearly, arg | z – (1 + i) = it represents a ray originating from A(1, 1) and making an
4
angle of 450 with x-axis i.e. along the line y = x.
1
It does not intersect the circle | z | = but it intersects | z | = 2 at B.
5
To find the coordinates of B, we solve | z | = 2 and y = x simultaneously.
Now , | z | = 2  | z | 2 = 22  x2 + y2 = 4 ( since x > 0)
y = x = 2 Hence z = 2 (1 + i) ]
(2) PARAMETRIC EQUATION OF A LINE
  
 O P = OA + A P
z = z1 +  (z2  z1)
where   R which is the same as
equation number 3 i.e
z  z1
z 2  z1 is purely real.

Example : Find the equation of a line on complex plane which passes through a point

A denoted by complex number  and is perpendicular to the vector OA .


We have on rotating  by we get  given by
2
 =  ei /2

 = i

Hence our problem reduces in finding

the equation of a line passing through

the point ' A ' and parallel to OB .

 z =  +  O B =  +  = =  +  i .
z =  (1 +  i)
Note : It is to be noted that the equation z  = z 
denotes the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the
line joining the points  & .

Reflection Points For A Line (Image of a point in a line)

Two given points P & Q denoted by complex numbers z1 and z2 respectively
are the reflection points in a given straight  z +  z + r = 0
if the given line is the right bisector of the line segment PQ .
Two points P (z1) & Q (z2) will be the reflection points of
each other in the given straight line, iff  z1   z 2 + r = 0
where ' r ' is real and  is non zero complex constant.
 must be the line  z   z + r = 0  (1)
Now perpendicular bisector of z1 & z2 is , z  z1 = z  z2
or (z  z1)  z  z1  = (z  z2)  z  z2 
 z z1  z1 z  z1 z1 =  z z 2  z 2 z  z 2 z 2 (z z cancels on either side)
or  z2  z1  z + (z2  z1) z + z1 z1  z 2 z2 = 0  (2)
  r
Comparing (1) & (2) = = = 
z2  z1 z 2  z1 z1 z1  z 2 z2
     z2  z1   (3)  =  (z2  z1)  (4)
and r =   z1 z1  z 2 z2   (5)
Multiply (3) by z1 ; (4) by z2 and adding
 z1   z 2 +r =   z 1 z2  z1 z1   z 2 z 2  z2 z1  z1 z1  z 2 z2  = 0
Note that we could also multiply (3) by z2 & (4) by z1 & add to get the same result.
Hence  z1   z 2 + r = 0 .
Again , let  z1   z2 + r = 0 is true w.r.t. the line  z   z + r = 0 .
Subtracting   z  z1     z  z2  = 0
or  z  z1   =   z  z2 
or z  z1 = z  z2 = z  z2
Hence ' z ' lies on the perpendicular bisector of joins of z1 & z2 .

Example : Given 3 non collinear points

A (z1) ; B (z2) & C (z3) with equation of AB as ,
b z  b z = c where b = i (z2  z1) & c = z1 z2  z1 z 2 .

Prove that CD is bz  bz  bz 3  bz3 .

Show that the reflection of the centroid G (g) of
b
 ABC through CD is , z3 +
b
 g  z3  .
Solution : 
Vector perpendicular to A B is i (z2  z1)
 b = i (z2  z1)
Now equation of line through C (z3) & parallel
to CD is , z = z3 + t b
z  z3 z  z3 z  z3
= t  =
b b b
z b  z3 b = b z  b z3 or b z  b z  b z 3  b z3  (1)

Put z = g & z where  is reflection of z1 which is to be determined .

b g  b z3  b z 3 b b
bg  b = b z 3  b z3   = = g + z 3  z3
b b b
bg b z3
Hence  = + z3 
b b

Equation of a Circle :
2
 0 0 0 0

if  z0 =  then  z0   & z 0 z0   
z z   z   z     2 = 0
or zz  z  z  r = 0  (1)

where    2 = r or  =    r
Hence equation (1) represents a circle with centre,
   co efficient of z  and radius =    r on the complex plane .
Note that    r > 0 for a finite non-zero radius .
Equation (1) can also be interpreted as ,
z  z   + z +    +r = 0
z  z   +   z   =  r or (z + )  z   =  r

z
2
=  r z +  =   r

EXAMPLES
Z Z
1. Prove that | Z–Z1 |2 + | Z – Z2 |2 = a will repsresent a real circle (with centre 1 2 )
2
on the Argand plane if 2a > |Z1 – Z2 |2.
Solution: | Z–Z1 |2 + | Z – Z2 |2 = a
(Z – Z1) Z  Z1  + ( Z – Z2) Z  Z2  = a
2Z Z – Z( Z1 + Z2 ) – Z (Z1 + Z2) + Z1 Z1 + Z2 Z2 = a
 Z1  Z2   Z  Z2  Z Z  Z 2 Z2  a
or Z Z –   Z –  1  Z+ 1 1 =0 ....(1)
 2   2  2
(1) is of the form of ZZ   Z   Z  r  0
Z1  Z 2
Hence centre = – coefficient of Z =
2
Also (1) will represent a real circle if    r  0
( Z1  Z 2 ) ( Z1  Z2 ) Z1Z1  Z2 Z2  a
4 2
>
2
Z1Z1  Z1Z2  Z 2 Z1  Z 2 Z 2 > 2 ( Z1Z1  Z 2 Z2 ) – 2a
2a > Z1Z1  Z 2 Z2  Z1Z2  Z 2 Z1
= Z1 Z1  Z2  – Z2 Z1  Z2  = (Z1 – Z2) Z1  Z2  = (Z1 – Z2) Z1  Z 2 
2a > |Z1 – Z2|2.
Equation of a circle described on the line joining z 1 & z2 as diameter :
For the point P in the upper half of the circle

arg BP  arg AP =
2
z  z2 
or arg =  (1)
z  z1 2
If P moves in the lower half ,

arg AP  arg BP =
2
 From (1) & (2) equation of the complete circle is

z  z1 
arg = ±  (3)
z  z2 2

z  z1 z  z1 z  z1
Hence is purely imaginary + = 0 ....(4)
z  z2 z  z2 z  z2

or (z  z1)  z  z2  + (z  z2)  z  z1  = 0  (5)

alt. simplify |z – z1|2 + |z – z2|2 = |z1 – z2|2
Equation (3), (4) and (5) and (6) may be identified as equation of a circle on the join of
z1 & z2 as diameter.
Note that the equation,

Arg(z + i)  Arg(z  i) =
2
does not represent a complete circle but only a
semi circle described on the line segment
joining (0, 1) & (0 ,  1) as diameter. (in 1st and 4th quadrant)

Conditions for 4 points to be concyclic :

When z3 & z4 are on either side of the line joining z1 & z2
z1  z 3
we have , arg =   (1)
z2  z3

z 4  z2
and arg =   (2)
z 4  z1
Adding (1) & (2)
z1  z 3 z 4  z2
arg . = 
z2  z3 z 4  z1
Hence
z1  z 3 z 4  z2
. is negative real  (3)
z2  z3 z 4  z1
Again if z4 & z3 lies on the same side of z1 & z2, then we have for the complex no. z4
z1  z 4
arg =   (4)
z2  z 4

z1  z 3 z1  z 4
From (1) & (4) arg = arg
z2  z3 z2  z 4

z1  z 3 z1  z 4 z1  z 3 z 2  z 4 
or arg – arg = 0 or Argg  z  z . z  z  = 0
z2  z3 z 2 z 4  2 3 1 4

z1  z 3 z2  z 4
Hence . z1  z 4 is positive real  (5)
z2  z3
z1  z 3 z 4  z2
From (1) & (5) we have is real, which is the required condition for
z2  z3 z 4  z1
z1, z2, z3 & z4 to be concyclic.
Hence the equation of a circle through 3 non zero collinear points can be written
 or
 z  z 2  z1  z3  =  z  z 2   z1  z3   (6)
 z  z1   z 2  z 3   z  z1   z2  z3 
Ptolemy's theorem :
(i) In a cyclic quadrilateral (refer to the same fig.),
(AC) (BD) + (CB) (AD) = (AB) (CD)
i.e. sum of the product of the lengths of the opposite sides is equal to the product of
the diagonals.
Note that in equation (3) all the four sides of the cyclic quadrilateral are involved.
Hence considering,
z1  z3 z 4  z2
. is negative real .
z2  z3 z 4  z1
z3  z1 z 4  z2 a
or . is positive real say  (7)
z2  z3 z 4  z1 b
a
Now if a & b are two complex numbers such that is positive real then,
b
a + b = a + b
we have L.H.S.
 a a  a  a 
= b 1   = b 1 = b 1   = b  1  
 b b  b  b 

= b + a = R.H.S.

Using this fact in (7)
 z3  z1  z 4  z 2    z 2  z 3   z 4  z1  =  z1  z 3   z 4  z2  +  z2  z 3   z 4  z1 
Now R.H.S.
z1  z 3 z 4  z2 + z2  z3 z 4  z1 = sum of the product of the opposite sides
L.H.S. z 3 z 4  z 3 z 2  z1 z 4  z 1 z 2  z 2 z 4  z 2 z1  z 3 z 4  z 3 z1

z 2  z 4  z 3   z1  z 4  z 3  = z4  z3 z 2  z1 = product of the diagonals .

(ii) If z1 , z2 , z3 are complex numbers such that at least one of them is not real and
2 1 1
 
z1 z 2 z 3 , show that the points represented by z1 , z2 , z3 lie on a circle passing
through the origin.
2 1 1
[Solution: We have,  
z1 z2 z3
1 1 1 1
   
z1 z2 z3 z1
z 2  z1 z z
  1 3
z1 z 2 z1 z 3
z 2  z1  z2  z z   z 
   arg  2 1   arg  2 
z 3  z1 z3  z 3  z1   z3 
  3 1   3  2

Thus the sum of a pair of opposite angles of a quadrilateral is 1800. Hence, the points
0, z1 , z2 and z3 are the vertices of a cyclic quadrilateral i.e. lie on a circle.
Inverse Point w.r.t. a circle :
Two points P (z1) & Q (z2) are said to be the inverse
point of each other w.r.t. the circle if
(i) O , P , Q are collinear and lie on the same side
of the centre ' O' and
(ii) (OP) · (OQ) =  when  is the radius of the circle.
2

The points z1 & z2 will be the inverse point of each other

w.r.t. the circle z z   z   z + r = 0 if
z1 z 2   z 1   z 2 + r = 0
Proof : Imposing the 1st & 2nd conditions we get ,
arg (z1 + ) = arg (z2 + )  (1)
z1   z2   = 2  (2) where  =   r

Now (1) gives, arg (z1 + ) =  arg z 2   (arg z =  arg z )

or arg (z1 + ) z 2   = 0

 (z1 + )  z  
2 is positive real  (3)
Equation (2) gives ,  z1    z2   = 2

or  z1    z 2    = 2  (4)

(3) & (4) are conclusive that , (z1 + ) z 2   = 2

or (z1 + )  z2    = 2 or z1 z2  z1    z2    = 2 =   r
or z1 z 2   z1   z 2 + r = 0 which is the required condition .
Examples:
(i) Find a complex number  which denotes the
inverse point of  w.r.t. the circle
z  z0 = R

Sol. arg ( z0) = arg ( z0) =  arg   z  0

or arg ( z0)   z  = 0  (1)0

 ( z0)   z  is positive real .

0

Also   z0   z0 = R2   z 0    z 0  = R2  (2)

(1) & (2) gives ( z0)   z  = R
0
2

R2
( z0)   z  0 = R2   z0 = R2
  z0
 = z0 +
  z0
R2
 = z0 +
  z0

12. General locii on complex plane :