DE01 Introduction
DE01 Introduction
1
Introduction to
Differential Equations
Mathematical Models of Physical
Phenomena
• A differential equation is the mathematical
description of a system.
• Example: Series Circuit
•𝑣 𝐿
•𝑣 𝑅𝑖
•𝑣
•𝐿 𝑅𝑖 𝐸 𝑡
•𝑖
•𝐿 𝑅 𝐸 𝑡
Examples of Differential Equations
(1/2)
•Abbreviation:
•Differential equation DE
•Capacitor:
•DE:
•
•Solution:
•
•
Examples of Differential Equations
(2/2)
•Another example:
•DE:
•
•Solution:
.
•
Textbook
•Dennis G. Zill, Differential Equations with
Boundary‐Value Problems, 9th Ed.,
Brooks/Cole, 2013.
Outline
•Definitions and Terminology
•Initial‐Value Problems
Definitions
•Differential equation:
• An equation containing the derivatives of one or more
unknown functions (or dependent variables), with
respect to one or more independent variables, is said to
be a DE.
• Example 1:
•𝐼 𝑡 𝐶 𝑉 𝑡
• Dependent variables: 𝐼, 𝑉
• Independent variable: 𝑡
• Example 2:
• 0.2𝑥𝑦
• Dependent variable: 𝑦
• Independent variable: 𝑥
Notations (1/2)
•Leibniz notation:
• , ,
• Independent variable is shown.
•Prime notation:
• , ,
• , , , …,
•Newton’s dot notation (Flyspeck notation):
• ,
• Independent variable is assumed to be .
Notations (2/2)
•When independent variables are more
than one Partial derivatives:
•Dependent variable:
•Independent variable: , .
• , , ,
• , , ,
Classifications
•Type
•Order
•Linearity
Classification by TYPE
•Ordinary differential equation (ODE)
•Partial differential equation (PDE)
Ordinary Differential Equations
•Only one independent variable.
•Examples:
•One unknown variable:
• 5𝑦 𝑒
• 6𝑦 0
•Two unknown variables:
• 2𝑥 𝑦
Partial Differential Equations
•More than one independent variables.
•Examples:
•One unknown variable:
• 0
• 2
•Two unknown variables: ,
•
Classification by ORDER
•Order of the highest derivative in the
equation
•
•2nd‐order DE
Differential Form
•1st‐order ODE’s are occasionally written in
differential form:
•
• Example 1:
•
•
• Example 2:
•
•
General Form of ‐th Order ODE
•
•Example:
•
•
•
Normal Form of ‐th Order ODE
•
• Note: general form 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑦 , … , 𝑦 0
• 1st‐order:
• 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦
• Example:
• 4𝑥𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 0𝑦
• 2nd‐order:
• 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑦
• Example:
•𝑦 5 𝑦 4𝑦 𝑒 y′′ 𝑒 4𝑦 5 𝑦′
•𝑦 𝑦 6𝑦 0𝑦 𝑦 6𝑦
Classification by LINEARITY
•When is
𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 ⋯ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 𝑔 𝑥 0,
the ODE is linear.
• Often written as:
𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 ⋯ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 𝑔 𝑥
• The coefficients are only functions of .
• 1st‐order linear DE:
•𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 𝑔 𝑥
• 2nd‐order linear DE:
•𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 𝑔 𝑥
• No nonlinear functions of derivatives.
• 𝑦 , sin 𝑦′ , and 𝑒 are not allowed.
•Nonlinear: just the opposite.
Examples of Linearity
•Linear ODE:
•
•
•
•Nonlinear ODE:
•
•
•
Definition: Solutions of ODE
• Any function defined on an interval and
possessing at least derivatives that are continuous
on , which when substituted into an ‐th‐order
ODE reduces the equation to an identity, is said to
be a solution of the equation on the interval.
• 𝐹 𝑥, 𝜙 𝑥 , 𝜙 𝑥 , … , 𝜙 𝑥 0 for all 𝑥 in 𝐼.
• 𝜙 satisfies the differential equation on 𝐼.
• The interval is called
• Interval of definition
• Interval of existence
• Interval of validity
• Domain of the solution
Examples of Solutions
• Example 1:
• 𝑥𝑦
•𝑦 𝑥
• Example 2:
•𝑦 2𝑦 𝑦 0
•𝑦 𝑥𝑒
• Trivial Solution:
•𝑦 0, ∞ 𝑥 ∞
Solution Curve
• The graph of a solution of an
ODE
• Only in interval of definition 𝐼
• Example:
• 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 0
•𝑦 , 𝑥 ∈ ∞, 0 or 0, ∞
Explicit and Implicit Solutions
• Explicit solution:
•𝑦 𝜙 𝑥
• Dependent variable is expressed solely in terms of
independent.
• Implicit solution:
• 𝐺 𝑥, 𝑦 0
Example of Explicit and Implicit
Solutions
• Example:
•
• Explicit solution:
•𝑦 25 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ 5,5
• Implicit solution:
•𝑥 𝑦 25 0, 𝑥 ∈ 5,5
• Families of solutions:
•𝑦 𝑐 𝑥
•𝑥 𝑦 𝑐 0
Families of Solutions
• One‐parameter family of solutions
• 𝐺 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑐 0 1st order DE
• ‐parameter family of solutions
• 𝐺 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑐 , 𝑐 , … , 𝑐 0 𝑛th order DE
• Singular solution:
• A solution that cannot be obtained by specifying any of
the parameters in the family of solutions.
• Example: 𝑥𝑦 , 𝑦 𝑥 𝑐 𝑦 0
• Particular solution:
• A solution free of arbitrary parameters.
Examples of Particular Solutions
• Example 1:
• 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 sin 𝑥
• 𝑦 𝑐𝑥 𝑥 cos 𝑥
•𝑐 0𝑦 𝑥 cos 𝑥
• Example 2:
•𝑦 2𝑦 𝑦 0
•𝑦 𝑐 𝑒 𝑐 𝑥𝑒
•𝑐 0, 𝑐 5 𝑦 5𝑥𝑒
•𝑐 3, 𝑐 0 𝑦 3𝑒
•𝑐 5, 𝑐 2 𝑦 5𝑒 2𝑥𝑒
Piecewise‐Defined Solution
• Example:
• 𝑥𝑦 4𝑦 0
• 𝑦 𝑐𝑥
• Different 𝑐 in different intervals
𝑥 , 𝑥 0
•𝑦
𝑥 , 𝑥 0
Systems of Differential Equations
• 2 or more equations involving the derivatives of 2
or more unknown functions.
• Example:
𝑓 𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑦
•
𝑔 𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑦
Using Different Symbols
• Instead of and , use other symbols.
• Example:
• 16𝑥 0 𝑥 16𝑥 0
•𝑥 𝑐 cos 4𝑡 𝑐 sin 4𝑡
Outline
•Definitions and Terminology
•Initial‐Value Problems
Initial‐Value Problem (IVP)
• th‐order IVP:
• Solve 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑦 , … , 𝑦
subject to
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 ,𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 ,…,𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
• 𝑥 must be within interval 𝐼
• Initial conditions (IC):
• The values of 𝑦 𝑥 and its first 𝑛 1 derivatives at 𝑥
•𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 ,𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 ,…,𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
Geometric Interpretation of IVPs
•
• Solve 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦
subject to
•𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
•
• Solve 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑦
subject to
•𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
•𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
Examples of IVPs (1/4)
• 1st‐order IVP:
•𝑦 𝑦
• Solution: 𝑦 𝑐𝑒
•𝑦 0 3 𝑦 3𝑒
•𝑦 1 2 𝑦 2𝑒
Examples of IVPs (2/4)
• Interval of Definition:
•𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 0
• Solution: 𝑦
•𝑦 0 1𝑦
Examples of IVPs (3/4)
• 2nd‐order IVP:
•𝑥 16𝑥 0
• Solution: 𝑥 𝑡 𝑐 cos 4𝑡 𝑐 sin 4𝑡
• Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions
• Without IC, a solution may exist.
• With IC, the solution may be unique.
Theorem:
Existence of a Unique Solution for
1st Order IVP
• Let be a rectangular region in the ‐plane
defined by , that contains the
point in its interior.
If and are continuous on , then there
exists some interval ,
contained in , and a unique function ,
defined on , that is a solution of the 1st order IVP:
Examples of Existence of a Unique
Solution
• /
continuous in .
• For 𝑦 0, some interval centered at 𝑥 has a unique
solution.
•𝑦 2 1 has a unique solution 𝑦
• ,
continuous throughout the entire ‐plane.