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DE01 Introduction

The document introduces differential equations and their solutions. It defines differential equations and provides examples of ordinary and partial differential equations. It also covers classifications of differential equations by type, order, and linearity. Additionally, it defines solutions to differential equations and initial value problems, providing examples of explicit and implicit solutions as well as initial value problems with unique solutions.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
57 views

DE01 Introduction

The document introduces differential equations and their solutions. It defines differential equations and provides examples of ordinary and partial differential equations. It also covers classifications of differential equations by type, order, and linearity. Additionally, it defines solutions to differential equations and initial value problems, providing examples of explicit and implicit solutions as well as initial value problems with unique solutions.

Uploaded by

陳楷翰
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 

1
Introduction to 
Differential Equations
Mathematical Models of Physical 
Phenomena
• A differential equation is the mathematical 
description of a system.
• Example: Series Circuit
•𝑣 𝐿
•𝑣 𝑅𝑖
•𝑣
•𝐿 𝑅𝑖 𝐸 𝑡
•𝑖
•𝐿 𝑅 𝐸 𝑡
Examples of Differential Equations 
(1/2)
•Abbreviation:
•Differential equation  DE
•Capacitor:
•DE:

•Solution:


Examples of Differential Equations 
(2/2)
•Another example:
•DE:

•Solution:
.

Textbook
•Dennis G. Zill, Differential Equations with 
Boundary‐Value Problems, 9th Ed., 
Brooks/Cole, 2013.
Outline
•Definitions and Terminology
•Initial‐Value Problems
Definitions
•Differential equation:
• An equation containing the derivatives of one or more 
unknown functions (or dependent variables), with 
respect to one or more independent variables, is said to 
be a DE.
• Example 1:
•𝐼 𝑡 𝐶 𝑉 𝑡
• Dependent variables: 𝐼, 𝑉
• Independent variable: 𝑡
• Example 2:
• 0.2𝑥𝑦
• Dependent variable: 𝑦
• Independent variable: 𝑥
Notations (1/2)
•Leibniz notation:
• ,  , 
• Independent variable  is shown.
•Prime notation:
• ,  , 
• ,  ,  , …, 
•Newton’s dot notation (Flyspeck notation):
• , 
• Independent variable is assumed to be .
Notations (2/2)
•When independent variables are more 
than one  Partial derivatives:
•Dependent variable:
•Independent variable: ,  .
• ,  ,  , 
• ,  ,  , 
Classifications
•Type
•Order
•Linearity
Classification by TYPE
•Ordinary differential equation (ODE)
•Partial differential equation (PDE)
Ordinary Differential Equations
•Only one independent variable.
•Examples:
•One unknown variable:
• 5𝑦 𝑒
• 6𝑦 0
•Two unknown variables:
• 2𝑥 𝑦
Partial Differential Equations
•More than one independent variables.
•Examples:
•One unknown variable:
• 0
• 2
•Two unknown variables: , 

Classification by ORDER
•Order of the highest derivative in the 
equation

•2nd‐order DE
Differential Form
•1st‐order ODE’s are occasionally written in 
differential form:

• Example 1:


• Example 2:


General Form of  ‐th Order ODE

•Example:



Normal Form of  ‐th Order ODE

• Note: general form 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑦 , … , 𝑦 0
• 1st‐order:
• 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦
• Example:
• 4𝑥𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 0𝑦
• 2nd‐order:
• 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑦
• Example:
•𝑦 5 𝑦 4𝑦 𝑒  y′′ 𝑒 4𝑦 5 𝑦′
•𝑦 𝑦 6𝑦 0𝑦 𝑦 6𝑦
Classification by LINEARITY
•When  is
𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 ⋯ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 𝑔 𝑥 0,
the ODE is linear.
• Often written as:
𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 ⋯ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 𝑔 𝑥
• The coefficients are only functions of  .
• 1st‐order linear DE:
•𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 𝑔 𝑥
• 2nd‐order linear DE:
•𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 𝑔 𝑥
• No nonlinear functions of derivatives.
• 𝑦 , sin 𝑦′ , and 𝑒 are not allowed.
•Nonlinear: just the opposite.
Examples of Linearity
•Linear ODE:
• 


•Nonlinear ODE:



Definition: Solutions of ODE
• Any function  defined on an interval  and 
possessing at least  derivatives that are continuous 
on  , which when substituted into an  ‐th‐order 
ODE reduces the equation to an identity, is said to 
be a solution of the equation on the interval.
• 𝐹 𝑥, 𝜙 𝑥 , 𝜙 𝑥 , … , 𝜙 𝑥 0 for all 𝑥 in 𝐼.
• 𝜙 satisfies the differential equation on 𝐼.
• The interval  is called
• Interval of definition
• Interval of existence
• Interval of validity
• Domain of the solution
Examples of Solutions
• Example 1:
• 𝑥𝑦
•𝑦 𝑥
• Example 2:
•𝑦 2𝑦 𝑦 0
•𝑦 𝑥𝑒

• Trivial Solution:
•𝑦 0,  ∞ 𝑥 ∞
Solution Curve
• The graph of a solution  of an 
ODE
• Only in interval of definition 𝐼
• Example:
• 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 0
•𝑦 , 𝑥 ∈ ∞, 0 or 0, ∞
Explicit and Implicit Solutions
• Explicit solution:
•𝑦 𝜙 𝑥
• Dependent variable is expressed solely in terms of 
independent.
• Implicit solution:
• 𝐺 𝑥, 𝑦 0
Example of Explicit and Implicit 
Solutions
• Example:

• Explicit solution:
•𝑦 25 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ 5,5
• Implicit solution:
•𝑥 𝑦 25 0, 𝑥 ∈ 5,5

• Families of solutions:
•𝑦 𝑐 𝑥
•𝑥 𝑦 𝑐 0
Families of Solutions
• One‐parameter family of solutions
• 𝐺 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑐 0  1st order DE
• ‐parameter family of solutions
• 𝐺 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑐 , 𝑐 , … , 𝑐 0  𝑛th order DE
• Singular solution:
• A solution that cannot be obtained by specifying any of 
the parameters in the family of solutions.
• Example:  𝑥𝑦 , 𝑦 𝑥 𝑐 𝑦 0
• Particular solution:
• A solution free of arbitrary parameters.
Examples of Particular Solutions
• Example 1:
• 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 sin 𝑥
• 𝑦 𝑐𝑥 𝑥 cos 𝑥
•𝑐 0𝑦 𝑥 cos 𝑥
• Example 2:
•𝑦 2𝑦 𝑦 0
•𝑦 𝑐 𝑒 𝑐 𝑥𝑒
•𝑐 0, 𝑐 5 𝑦 5𝑥𝑒
•𝑐 3, 𝑐 0 𝑦 3𝑒
•𝑐 5, 𝑐 2 𝑦 5𝑒 2𝑥𝑒
Piecewise‐Defined Solution
• Example:
• 𝑥𝑦 4𝑦 0
• 𝑦 𝑐𝑥
• Different 𝑐 in different intervals
𝑥 , 𝑥 0
•𝑦
𝑥 , 𝑥 0
Systems of Differential Equations
• 2 or more equations involving the derivatives of 2 
or more unknown functions.
• Example:
𝑓 𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑦

𝑔 𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑦
Using Different Symbols
• Instead of  and  , use other symbols.
• Example:
• 16𝑥 0  𝑥 16𝑥 0
•𝑥 𝑐 cos 4𝑡 𝑐 sin 4𝑡
Outline
•Definitions and Terminology
•Initial‐Value Problems
Initial‐Value Problem (IVP)
• th‐order IVP:
• Solve  𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑦 , … , 𝑦
subject to
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 ,𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 ,…,𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
• 𝑥 must be within interval 𝐼
• Initial conditions (IC):
• The values of 𝑦 𝑥 and its first  𝑛 1 derivatives at 𝑥
•𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 ,𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 ,…,𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
Geometric Interpretation of IVPs

• Solve  𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦
subject to
•𝑦 𝑥 𝑦


• Solve  𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑦
subject to
•𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
•𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
Examples of IVPs (1/4)
• 1st‐order IVP:
•𝑦 𝑦
• Solution: 𝑦 𝑐𝑒

•𝑦 0 3 𝑦 3𝑒
•𝑦 1 2 𝑦 2𝑒
Examples of IVPs (2/4)
• Interval of Definition:
•𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 0
• Solution: 𝑦

•𝑦 0 1𝑦
Examples of IVPs (3/4)
• 2nd‐order IVP:
•𝑥 16𝑥 0
• Solution: 𝑥 𝑡 𝑐 cos 4𝑡 𝑐 sin 4𝑡

•𝑥 2, 𝑥 1𝑥 𝑡 2 cos 4𝑡 sin 4𝑡


Examples of IVPs (4/4)
• IVP with several solutions:
• 𝑥𝑦 , 𝑦 0 0
• At least 2 solutions:
•𝑦 𝑥
•𝑦 0

• Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions
• Without IC, a solution may exist.
• With IC, the solution may be unique.
Theorem:
Existence of a Unique Solution for
1st Order IVP
• Let  be a rectangular region in the  ‐plane 
defined by  ,  that contains the 
point  in its interior.
If  and  are continuous on  , then there 
exists some interval  , 
contained in  , and a unique function  , 
defined on  , that is a solution of the 1st order IVP:
Examples of Existence of a Unique 
Solution
•  /
continuous in  .
• For 𝑦 0, some interval centered at 𝑥 has a unique 
solution.
•𝑦 2 1 has a unique solution 𝑦

•  , 
continuous throughout the entire  ‐plane.

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