XI MATHEMATICS ANEES HUSSAIN

FORMULAE

CHAPTER: 1
PROPERTIES OF SETS:

 A’ = U – A
 U’ = U – U = 
 ‘=U-=U
 (A’)’ = A , a can be any set

CLOSURE PROPERTY:

Operations of union, intersection and difference of any two sets are closed in U.
That is if, A and B are two sets from U then any operation, A ∪ B, A ∩ B or A – B
will give a set that belongs to U.

COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY:

i. A∩B=B∩A
ii. A ∪ B = B ∪ A but A – B ≠ B – A

IDENTITY W.R.T UNION:

 A∪=∪A=A

IMPORTANT LAWS:

i. A∪A=A
ii. A∩A=A
iii. A∪=A
iv. A∪U=U
v. A∩U=U
vi. A∩=
vii. A ∪ A’ = U
viii. A ∩ A’ = 

ASSOCIATIVE LAW:

 (A ∪ B) ∪ C = A ∪ (B ∪ C)
 (A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ (B ∩ C)

DISTRIBUTIVE LAW:

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 A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
 A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
 A x (B ∩ C) = (A x B) ∩ (A x C)
 A x (B ∪ C) = (A x B) ∪ (A x C)

DE-MORGAN’S LAW:

 (A ∪ B)’ = A’ ∩ B’
 (A ∩ B)’ = A’ ∪ B’

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CHAPTER: 2
 ;

ADDITION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS:

 (a, b) + (c, d) = (a + c, b + d)

MULTIPLICATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS:

 (a, b) . (ac – bd, ad + bc)

CONJUGATE OF COMPLEX NUMBERS:

 ;

ADDITIVE INVERSE:

MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSE:

MODULUS OF COMPLEX NUMBER:




PROPERTIES OF COMPLEX NUMBER:






 = a complex no. (pure)


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CHAPTER: 3

 First term =






QUADRATIC FORMULA: FOR EQUATION

CUBE ROOT OF UNITY:

 1, ,




 ; ; ; ------
 If one cube root of unity is ‘w’, the other is

NATURE OF ROOTS:


 If D = 0, then the roots are equal
 If D > 0, then roots are real and unequal
 If D < 0, then roots are complex and unequal
 If D is a perfect square, the roots are rational and unequal; otherwise they are
irrational.

FOR QUADRATIC EQUATION FORMULA:

 S.O.R = α + β = b/a
 P.O.R = αβ = c/a


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CHAPTER: 4
Matrix:

A matrix is an array in which elements are arranged horizontally and vertically.

Horizontal elements are forming ROWS and vertical elements form COLUMN.

ORDER OF MATRIX:

It is to define how elements are arranged in a matrix.

Let , then order of matrix is

O (A) = Rows x Columns

=RxC

=2x2

TYPES OF MATRICES:

SQUARE MATRIX:

If a matrix has same number of rows and columns it is called square matrix [R = C]

, ,

RECTANGULAR MATRIX:

If a matrix has different number of rows and columns, it is called a rectangular

matrix [R ≠ C]

ROW MATRIX:

If all elements are in row

COLUMN MATRIX:

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If all elements are in column

DIAGONAL MATRIX:

If elements are in diagonal position (left top to right bottom) and other elements are
zero.

SCALAR MATRIX:

If elements are in diagonal matrix are same, it is called scalar matrix.

UNIT/IDENTITY MATRIX:

If elements of scalar matrix are 1 the matrix is called unit/identity matrix.

DETERMINENT:

It is a particular number associated with a matrix; denoted as

For a singular matrix,

TRANSPOSE:

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When elements of rows are placed in columns and column elements are placed in
rows it is called transpose.

PROPERTIES:

 At = A Symmetric
 At = - A Skew symmetric
 AP = 0 Nilpotent
 AP =A Idempotent
 AP = I Involuntary

FOR ADDITION/ SUBTRACTION:

Rows and columns must be equal for two matrices.

FOR MULTIPLICATION:

 If is multiplied by a scalar, that scalar multiply with every

element of matrix.
 For multiplication of two matrices, number of rows of second matrix must be
equal to number of columns of first matrix

R 2 = C1

INVERSE:

For = 0, inverse not possible.

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CHAPTER: 5
PROPERTIES OF BINARY OPERATIONS:

COMMUTATIVE BINARY OPERATION:

A binary operation ( ) is said to be commutative if

ASSOCIATIVE BINARY OPERATIONS:

A binary operation ( ) is said to be associative if

IDENTITY ELEMENT:

If the ‘e’ is called the identity element.

INVERSE ELEMENT:

If , then ‘b’ is called inverse element of a

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CHAPTER: 6
STANDARD FORM OF A.P:




ARITHMETIC SERIES:



Where ‘l’ is the last term

ARITHMETIC MEAN:

 For Single Arithmetic Mean:



 For ‘n’ Arithmetic Mean:



.
.
.

 Sum of all Arithmetic Mean:

STANDARD FORM OF G.P:




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GEOMETRIC SERIES:

 when r < 1

 when r > 1

 when r < 1

 when r > 1

 where r = 1

 Sum to infinity is only for convergent geometric series;

GEOMETRIC MEAN:


 , , , ….

NOTE:

Harmonic Progration is reciprocal of Arithmetic Progration, so for H.P we first

convert it into A.P and then solve the question, and after getting the answer in A.P
we convert it back into H.P.

HARMONIC MEAN:

For n H.Ms we convert H.P into A.P and then find A.M’s and convert them
into H.M

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RELATION BETWEEN MEANS:

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CHAPTER: 7
FACTORIAL NOTATION:









PERMUTATION (Arrangement [order matter])


Where,

COMBINATION (Selection [order doesn’t matter])

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CHAPTER: 8
SUM OF THE FIRST ‘n’ NATURAL NUMBERS:

SUM OF THE SQUARES OF THE FIRST ‘n’ NATURAL NUMBERS:

SUM OF THE CUBES OF THE FIRST ‘n’ NATURAL NUMBERS:

PASCAL’S TRIANGLE FOR CO-EFFICIENT OF EXPANSION:

BINOMIAL THEOREM:

 Number of terms in expression are (n + 1)


(approximation)

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CHAPTER: 9



 ,
,
, ,
,

s = arc length; r = radius; = angle
 , ,
,

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CHAPTER: 10
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES:





DISTANCE FORMULA:

FUNDAMENTAL LAW:

DEDUCTIONS FROM THIS LAW:






DOUBLE AND HALF ANGLE FORMULAS:




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PRODUCT TO SUM FORMULAE:






SUM TO PRODUCT FORMULAE:






CHAPTER: 11
PERIOD OF SINE, COSINE, TANGENT:





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CHAPTER: 12
LAW OF SINES:

LAW OF COSINES:





LAW OF TANGENTS:

HALF ANGLE FORMULAE IN TERMS OF LENGTH:

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Where,






AREA OF TRIANGLE:






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


CIRCUM-RADIUS, IN-RADIUS & RADII OF E-CIRCLE OF :









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CHAPTER: 13
VALUE OF  FOR SINE, COSINE & TANGENT





Solution set for cos ;

Solution set for sin ;

Solution set for tan ;









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CHAPTER: 1A
1. Every non empty subset of R bounded above (resp. below) has least upper
bound (l.u.b) (resp. greatest lower bound) (g.l.b).

2. An upper bound M* of A is called l.u.b of A if M* ≤ M

3. A lower bound m* of A is called g.l.b of A if m ≤ m*

4. A function is said to be “one-one” (or injective) if distinct elements

of A have distinct images.

5. A function is said to be “onto” (or surjective), if the range of ‘f’ is B.

6. A function is said to be “one-one onto” (or bijective) if ‘f’ is both

“one-one” and “onto” B

7. Let and be functions. Then the function ,

defined by is called composite function of ‘f’ and ‘g’
denoted by gof

8. If gof = IA and fog = IB then g is called the “inverse of f” denoted by f -1.

9. A function is called “even” if for all x in X.

10. A function is called “odd” if for all x in X.

CHAPTER: 1B
A sequence is a function.

For given sequences {an} and {bn} the sum, difference, product and scalar
multiplication are defined as






If a sequence is monotonic increasing, it’s divergent. (I.e. when it returns a value ∞)

If a sequence returns an integer value it’s convergent

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An infinite series is said to be convergent (respectively divergent) if the sequence {Sn}
of partial sums Sn is convergent to S, we say that S is the sum of infinite series
and we write

CHAPTER: 1C

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CHAPTER: 2
CARTESIAN AND POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM’S RELATIONSHIP

 ,




DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS (OR A POINT AND LINE):




[(x1, y1) are coordinates of point & a, b, c are coefficients]

DIVISION POINT:

 Internal division:

 External division:

 Mid point:

 Centroid:

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 Intersection of Internal bisectors of angles of (Incentre):

SLOPE:

 ;
 Two point slope:



 (For parallel lines)
 (For perpendicular lines)
 Condition of concurrency for 3 points:

EQUATION OF LINES:

 x-axis  y = 0 ; y-axis  x = 0
 Line parallel to x-axis  y = a
 Line parallel to y-axis  x = a
 Point slope form:

 Two point form:

 Slope intercept form:

{Where ‘c’ is y-intercept}

 Two intercept form:

{Where ‘a’ & ‘b’ are x and y intercept respectively}

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 Perpendicular form:

 Equation of pair of lines passing through origin:

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CHAPTER: 3
CONCURRENCY OF THREE LINES:

AREA OF TRIANGLE:

SLOPE OF PAIR OF LINES:

DISCRIMINANT:

ANGLE BETWEEN THE TWO LINES:

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CHAPTER: 4 & 5
DIFFERENTIATION BY FIRST PRINCIPLE:

DIFFERENTIATION METHOD & FORMULAE:

SLOPE OF A LINE TANGENT TO THE CURVE:

APPROXIMATION:

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FOR RELATIVE MAXIMA AND MINIMA OF A CURVE:

 Find
 For point x, place
 Now find and put value(s) of x in
 If is (- ve) negative, the point (x, y) with that value of x will be a
‘Maxima’
 If is (+ ve) positive, the point (x, y) with that value of x will be a
‘Minima’

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CHAPTER: 6
ANTIDERIVATIVES:

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TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS:

BY PARTS:

AREA UNDER THE CURVE:

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CHAPTER: 7
STANDARD EQUATION OF CIRCLE:

Where, (h, k) = centre of circle

r = Radius of circle

GENERAL EQUATION OF CIRLCE:

LENGTH OF TANGENT SEGMENT OF THE CIRLE:

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CHAPTER: 9
 Laws of vector algebra:

(Commutative law for addition of vectors)

(Associative law for addition of vectors)

(Associative law for scalar multiplication)

(Distributive law for scalar addition)

(Distributive law for vector addition)

 Any free vector may be written as:

Where are the unit vectors along positive x, y and z axes respectively

 If P (x, y, z) is a general point of space, the position vector of P is

 Also

Where θ is the smaller angle between

if or or are perpendicular.

 If are any two points is space then

This is also called “Distance Formula”

 Let makes angles α, β and γ respectively with the positive

x, y and z axes. Then

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Are called Direction Cosines

 The cross products:

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