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Problem Set 3

1) The problem set tests students' ability to model and analyze dynamic behavior of distillation columns and CSTRs, develop nonlinear dynamic models, and use MATLAB/SIMULINK for simulation. 2) Students are asked to derive dynamic and steady state models of a simple 3-stage distillation column and use the models to analyze the column's response to changes in reflux rate. 3) Students must also derive the dynamic model of a non-isothermal CSTR and use it to determine the reactor's steady states, stability, and response to changes in feed temperature. 4) Finally, students must model a storage tank receiving sinusoidal input flow and determine the tank level response and conditions

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60 views5 pages

Problem Set 3

1) The problem set tests students' ability to model and analyze dynamic behavior of distillation columns and CSTRs, develop nonlinear dynamic models, and use MATLAB/SIMULINK for simulation. 2) Students are asked to derive dynamic and steady state models of a simple 3-stage distillation column and use the models to analyze the column's response to changes in reflux rate. 3) Students must also derive the dynamic model of a non-isothermal CSTR and use it to determine the reactor's steady states, stability, and response to changes in feed temperature. 4) Finally, students must model a storage tank receiving sinusoidal input flow and determine the tank level response and conditions

Uploaded by

Adekoya Ifeoluwa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Harmattan 2021/2022 PROCESS DYNAMICS CHE 509

PROBLEM SET 3

Assigned out: 01/11/2022 Due date: 1 week

Goals: The main goals of this problem set are to test students’ ability to:

1) model and analyze the dynamic behaviour of a distillation column,

2) model and establish input multiplicity behaviour in CSTR

3) linearize nonlinear dynamic models

4) Investigate system response to sinusoidal input

5) Use MATLAB/SIMULINK for dynamic simulation of chemical process systems, e.g., distillation
column and CSTR.

Time: This problem set will require you to put in an average of 6 hours. Don’t be intimidated by
this. It doesn’t have to be all at once. You can take break in between. Please have fun while solving
the problem. Best wishes!

[1] Distillation Column is one of the most useful unit operations in Chemical
Engineering. Consider a simple 3 stages distillation column with just 1 tray and with
the overhead condenser as stage 1, the feed tray as stage 2 and the reboiler as stage
3.

(i) Derive the dynamic equations describing the composition and liquid hold-up
changes on each of the stages.

(ii) Derive the steady state model of the column

(iii) Determine the bottoms product flow rate, the stripping section flowrate and the
vapor boil-up rate (i.e., the stripping vapor flowrate) given the following
parameters and input variables about the column:
Figure 1.

Distillation Process Data

𝛼=5

𝑅 = 3 mol/min

𝑞𝐹 = 1

𝐹 = 1 mol/min

𝐷 = 0.5 mol/min

𝑧𝐹 = 1 mole fraction of light component

(iv) By using the obtained steady state model in (ii), find the composition on each
stage of the column.

(v) Develop the dynamic model of the distillation column in SIMULINK.


(vi) Using the developed SIMULINK model of the column, simulate the model to the
steady state and confirm that it tallies with the steady state solution obtained in
(iv) above. Print this step response.

(vii) Using the developed SIMULINK model of the column, at time t=0, initiate a step
change in the reflux rate from 𝑅 = 3 mol/min to 3.2 mol/min. Print the step
responses of the distillate and bottom compositions to this step.

Additional Data for dynamic analysis:

𝑀1 = 𝑀𝐷 = overhead receiver molar holdup = 5𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑀2 = 𝑀𝐷 = feed tray molar holdup = 0.5𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑀3 = 𝑀𝐵 = bottoms (reboiler) molar holdup = 5𝑚𝑜𝑙

[2.] Continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) play an active role in the process
industries. Consider the dynamic behavior of non-isothermal CSTR depicted in Fig.2
below. Derive the dynamic model describing composition and temperature changes in
the reactor:

𝑭, 𝑪𝑨𝒇 , 𝑻𝒇

Feed
𝑪𝑨
𝑭, 𝑪𝑨 , 𝑻
𝑻
Product

𝑭𝒋 , 𝑻𝒋𝒇 𝑭𝒋 , 𝑻𝒋

Coolant IN Coolant OUT

Figure 2: Diabatic CSTR

Reactor parameters are summarized in Table I below


Table I: CSTR process parameters

Parameter Unit Value


F/V hr-1 1
ko hr-1 9,703*3600
(−∆𝐻 ) Kcal/Kgmol 5960
E Kcal/Kgmol 11,843
𝜌𝑐𝑝 Kcal/(m3oC) 500
Tf o
C 25
CAf Kgmol/m3 10
𝑈𝐴 Kcal/(m3oC hr) 150
𝑉
Tj o
C 25

(i) Using the parameters on Table I, plot the steady state heat generation and heat
removal curves for the reactor. The points of intersection of the two curves give the
number of steady states of the reactor. How many steady states has the reactor?
Determine the values of 𝐶𝐴 and 𝑇 at these points.

(ii) Linearize the nonlinear reactor model at these steady states.

Comment on the stability of these operating points by determining their eigen


values.

(iii) Using the upper operating point, obtain the following transfer

functions:
𝛿𝐶𝐴 (𝑠) 𝛿𝐶𝐴 (𝑠) 𝛿𝐶𝐴 (𝑠)
(a) (b) (c)
𝛿𝑇𝑗 (𝑠) 𝛿𝐶𝐴𝑓 (𝑠) 𝛿𝑇𝑓 (𝑠)
𝛿𝑇(𝑠) 𝛿𝑇(𝑠) 𝛿𝑇(𝑠)
(d) (e) (f)
𝛿𝑇𝑗 (𝑠) 𝛿𝐶𝐴𝑓 (𝑠) 𝛿𝑇𝑓 (𝑠)

(iv) Determine the responses of the reactor concentration CA and Temperature T to a


step change in the feed temperature, Tf from 25oC to 27oC.

(v) Develop a nonlinear SIMULINK model of the reactor

(vi) Repeat Problem (iv) using the SIMULINK model developed. Plot CA vs t and T vs
t, indicating clearly how CA and T move from their initial steady states to their
new steady states.
[3] Flows in tanks are ubiquitous in the process industries. Consider storage tank
shown in Fig. 3. The tank is being fed by an input flow rate 𝐹𝑖 (𝑡), and a steady rate of
liquid (constant density) withdrawal is maintained by the constant speed pump at the
tank outlet with flow rate 𝐹𝑜 (𝑡),. The tank’s cross-sectional area is 2.5 𝑚2 . The
incoming flow rate fluctuates around its nominal steady-state value in a sinusoidal
fashion with a maximum deviation of 10 𝑚3 /ℎ𝑟, and the frequency of the sinusoidal
fluctuation is denoted by 𝑤.

(i.) Derive from first principles the mathematical model (i.e. the ODE) for the change
in height of liquid level in the tank.
(ii.) If there is a steady state, what is 𝐹𝑖 (𝑡) ?
(iii) Derive the response of the liquid level in the tank (as a deviation from the steady
state) as a function of time and frequency of the input flow rate.
(iv) If w = 0.2 radians/hr, what is the maximum and minimum values of the
deviation in the liquid level from its nominal operating value ?
(v.) If the tank is 10m high and that the nominal operating level is ℎ = 5 𝑚, what
condition must the frequency of the input flow rate satisfy to guarantee that
during operation the tank does not overflow? Can the tank become empty at any
frequency ?
(vi) Develop a SIMUINK model of the tank and investigate its response to a
sinusoidal input. Sketch/print the response.

Fig. 3: Flow in a storage tank

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