Wollega University

Department of Computer Science

Selected Topics in Computer Science
By Tadele D.
March 18, 2023

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 Selected Topics in CS
 Data Science & Big Data

 Data Mining Applications

 Machine learning & NLP

 Cloud Computing

 Pervasive Computing and IOT

 Block chain

 Nanotechnology

 Augmented and Virtual reality

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 Cont…
Course objectives

 On successful completion of the course, students will be

able to understand current hot topics in Computer science
and critically discuss the selected topics.

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 Chapter 1
Data Science
 Data science is a multi-disciplinary field that uses
scientific methods, processes, algorithms, and systems to
extract knowledge and insights from structured, semi-
structured and unstructured data or dataset.

 Data science is much more than simply analyzing data.

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 Data science…cont’d
 It Uses
1. computer science,
2. Statistics and Mathematics
3. machine learning,
4. visualization and human-computer interactions
to collect, clean, integrate, analyze, visualize, interact
with data to create data products.

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 Data Science…cont’d
 The concept of Data Science emerged as a result of BIG
DATA

 However, Data science principles apply to all data – big

and small Similar terms

 Theories and techniques from many fields/ disciplines are

used to investigate and analyze a large amount of data.

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 Data Science…cont’d
 The various disciplines have contributed to DATA SCIENCE in
different ways :
◦ Computer Science
1. Pattern recognition(Signal processing, Biometrics, Image process,etc)
2. Visualization(Representation)
3. Data mining and data warehousing,(Knowledge discovery)
4. High performance computing(computing devices)
5. AI & Knowledge Based Systems(Expert systems, Intelligent systes,etc)
 Mathematics
 • Mathematical Modeling (Mathematical Series, Algebra, Culculus,etc)

 Statistics
 • Statistical and Stochastic modeling(centrality, Probablity distribution etc)
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 Data Science…cont’d
Data Science landscape
• Signal processing • Visualization
• Probability models • Predictive analytics
• Nanotechnologies • Machine learning • Uncertainty modeling
• Physics • Statistical learning • Data compression
• Robotics • Data mining/Data • Computer programming
• Mathematics ware housing • High Performance Computing
• Statistics
• Information theory
• Information technology FIELDS
• AI Data TECHINIQUES
Science
OBJECTS
APPROACHES

The development of machine learning, a branch

Methods that scale to Big Data are of of artificial intelligence used to uncover patterns
particular interest in data science, in data from which predictive models can be
although the discipline is not generally developed, has enhanced the growth and
considered to be restricted to such data. importance of data science.

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 Big Data
Introduction

• Big data is a collection of data sets that is so large

and complex that it becomes difficult to process

using traditional data processing applications.

• Extremely large data sets that may be analyzed

computationally to reveal patterns, trends, and

associations, especially relating to human behavior

and interactions.

• 3/18/2023 9
Big Data….Introduction
• An example of big data might be data consisting of
billions to trillions of records of millions of people—all
from different sources (e.g. Web, sales, customer contact
center, AWS, Flipcart, social media, mobile data, and so
on)

• petabytes

• exabytes

• Zetabytes etc…

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Big Data….Introduction..
 Big data consists of over terabytes of
records

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Examples Of Big Data
Then New York Stock Exchange
 The New York Stock Exchange generates
about three terabyte of new trade data per
day.
Social Media
 The statistic shows that 1000+terabytes of
new data get ingested into the databases of
social media site Facebook, every day. This
data is mainly generated in terms of photo and
video uploads, message exchanges, putting
comments etc.
Jet Engine
 A single Jet engine can
generate 10+terabytes of data in 30
minutes of flight time. With many thousand
flights per day, generation of data reaches up
to many Petabytes, using the black
box[data recorder-voice, speed, etc)

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Big data…Data Type from Analytic View
 Big data is collected by organizations that can
be mined for information and used in
1. machine learning projects,
2. predictive modeling and
3. other advanced analytics applications.
 Hence it consists of a combination of
 structured,
 semi structured and
 unstructured data

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 Big Data….Data Type…Cont’d

1. Structured data
 stored, accessed, and processed in a fixed format
 highly organized and easily understood by machine
language.
Examples include names, dates, addresses, credit card
numbers, stock information, geolocation, Excel files or
SQL databases
 Those working within relational databases can input,
search, and manipulate structured data relatively
quickly.Employee_Nam
Employee_ID Gender Department Salary_In_lacs
e
2365 Rajesh Kulkarni Male Finance 650000
3398 Pratibha Joshi Female Admin 650000
7465 Shushil Roy Male Admin 500000

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 Big Data….Data Type…Cont’d
2. Unstructured data
 data with undefined form or the structure
 poses multiple challenges in terms of its processing for
deriving value out of it.
 A typical example of unstructured data is a heterogeneous
data source containing a combination of simple text files,
images, videos or No-SQL databases. etc.
 Unstructured data is information, in many different forms.

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 Big Data….Data Type…Cont’d

3. Semi-structured data
 contain both forms of data.
 We can see semi-structured data as a structured in
form but it is actually not defined with e.g. a table
definition in relational DBMS.
 Example:
◦ XML, JSON ,data email/electronic data
interchange messages (EDI).
◦ Web Server Logs and Search Patterns

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 Big Data….Characterestics
 Big data is characterized by 6V :

◦ Volume: large amounts of data Zeta bytes/Massive

datasets

◦ Velocity: Data is live streaming or in motion

◦ Variety: data comes in many different forms from

diverse sources

◦ Veracity: can we trust the data? How accurate is it? etc.

◦ Variability: Type of data whether structured,

unstructured or semi structured.

◦ Value: The business value3/18/2023

of data collected 17
Big Data….Characterestics…Con’td

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Applications of Big Data
1. Healthcare: Health care Analysis
2. Telecom: Data Curation, Fadulent Detection,etc
3. Business: E-commerce, Customer Behaivor
analysis,Fraud detection,etc.
4. Traffic control: Trafic Navigation
5. Manufacturing: Operations Analysis,
6. Search Engines: Personalized search,
7. Security: Detecting Cyber Attack,
8. Social Media: Social Media Monitoring

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 Challenges with Big Data
1. Data Quality – The problem here is the Veracity, the data
can be very messy, and inconsistent.
2. Discovery and Analytics – Finding insights on Big Data is
like finding a needle in a haystack. Analyzing petabytes of
data needs extremely powerful algorithms to find patterns
and insights are very difficult.
3. Storage – The more data an organization has, the more
complex the problems of managing it become. The question
that arises here is “Where to store it?”. We need a storage
system that can easily scale up or down on demand.
4. Security – Since the data is huge in size, keeping it secure
is another challenge. It includes user authentication,
restricting access based on a user, recording data access
histories, proper use of data encryption, etc.
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 Chapter 2- Cloud Computing
▪ Introduction
▪ Functions of Cloud Computing
▪ Characteristics of Cloud Computing
▪ Cloud Computing Models
▪ Cloud Infrastructure
▪ Cloud Architecture

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 Introduction to Cloud Computing ...
 Cloud Computing is defined as storing and accessing of
data and computing services over the internet
 It is the on-demand availability of computer services like
servers, data storage, networking, databases, etc
 It allows to run applications and services without
installation, and to access their personal files independent of
machine used (PC, Laptop, and Smart Phones )with internet
access
 Users can also access data from a remote server
Examples of Cloud Computing Services:
◦ AWS(Amazon Web Service)-free to join & pay for what
you use
◦ Flipkart
◦ Azure: open & flexible cloud computing platform
◦ Google: Application dev’t,3/18/2023
gmail, etc 2
 Scenario ...
 The main purpose of cloud computing is to give
access of the data centers to many users
 Consider the following example:
◦ Whenever you travel through a bus or train, you take
a ticket for your destination and hold back to your
seat till you reach your destination. Likewise other
passengers also takes ticket and travel in the same
bus with you and it hardly bothers you where they go.
When your stop comes you get off the bus thanking
the driver
◦ Cloud computing is just like that bus, carrying data
and Information for different users and allows to use
its service with minimal cost

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 Cloud Computing Cont...
 The term “Cloud” came from a network design that was
used by network engineers to represent the location of
various network devices and there inter-connection
 The shape of this network design was like a cloud

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Functions of Cloud Services
 Cloud computing services provide users with a series of
functions including:

1. Storage, backup, and data retrieval

2. Create new applications and Services

3. Analyze and recover data

4. Audio and video streaming

5. Delivering software on demand

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 How Cloud Computing Works
 For accessing Cloud services,
1. First step is to register on Cloud service provider
portal and create an account.
2. Then login into the portal and order your services
though the Cloud service consumer area.
3. The Cloud provider will then validate your request
through Business System Service (BSS),
4. If the validation is OK (like Credit Card detail,
Contract etc.), Service provider will provide the
requested service through Operating System Service.

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How Cloud Computing Works…
• 5 To access the service, the service provider will provide
you a credentials to access or make any request for
service.
◦ The services can be:
1. simple virtual machine (VM),
2. some network component,
3. an Application service or
4. any platform service etc.

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Characteristics of Cloud Computing
 1 Agility: Adapt to growth and change without changes to
technical hardware or assets.
 2 Cost Saving : Minimize investment in launch
infrastructure to eliminate the need for upfront capital
expenses.
 3 Device and location independence: a user or customer
should be able to access the cloud
service ubiquitously and responsively regardless of his or
her location.
 4 Visualization: abstracts the underlying resources;
simplifies their use; isolates users from one another; and
supports replication which increases the elasticity of a
system

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 Cont…
 5 Multi-tenancy: multiple customers of a cloud vendor are
using the same computing resources. Despite the fact that
they share resources, cloud customers aren't aware of each
other, and their data is kept totally separate.
 6 Scalability and Elasticity: The term “elastic
computing” refers to the ability of dynamically and on-
demand acquiring computing resources and supporting a
variable workload.
 7 Security and Reliability: The data storage strategy can
increase reliability, as well as security, and can lower
communication costs.
 8 Maintenance: The maintenance are operated by service
providers.

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 Characteristics of Cloud Computing …
❖ ISO 17788 define six essential characteristics of Cloud
Computing
1. On demand self-service
2. Broad network access
3. Resource pooling
4. Rapid Elasticity
5. Measured service
6. Multi-tenancy

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 Characteristics of Cloud Computing …
1. On Demand Self Service
• Cloud Computing allows the users to use web services
and resources on demand. One can logon to a website
at any time and use them.
2. Broad Network Access
• Since cloud computing is completely web based, it can
be accessed from anywhere and at any time.
3. Resource Pooling
• Cloud computing allows multiple tenants to share a
pool of resources. One can share single physical
instance of hardware, database and basic infrastructure.

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 Characteristics of Cloud Computing …
4. Rapid Elasticity
◦ It is very easy to scale the resources vertically
or horizontally at any time. Scaling of
resources means the ability of resources to
deal with increasing or decreasing demand.
◦ The resources being used by customers at any
given point of time are automatically
monitored.
5. Measured Service
◦ In this service cloud provider controls and monitors
all the aspects of cloud service includes Resource
optimization, billing, and capacity planning etc.

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 Characteristics of Cloud Computing …
6. Multi-tenancy
• The customers are often entirely different organizations.
• Allows customers to run one server instance, which is
less expensive and makes it easier to deploy updates to a
large number of customers.

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Cloud Computing Models
The cloud model is composed of
A. Four deployment models.
B. Three service models, and
C. Five essential characteristics,

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Cloud Computing Deployment Model
A. Four Deployment Models
define the type of access to the cloud

◦ Public cloud
 Done by service providers
◦ Community cloud
 organizations from a specific
community with common
concerns
◦ Private cloud
 operated solely for a single
organization
◦ Hybrid cloud
 composition of two or more clouds
(private, community or public)

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 Cloud Computing Deployment Model…
 Depending on the organization work nature, location and
its infrastructure, we can choose one of the model.
1. Private Clouds
◦ Private clouds are cloud environments solely dedicated
to the end user, usually within the user’s firewall.
◦ All clouds become private clouds when the underlying
IT infrastructure is dedicated to a single customer with
completely isolated access
Eg : Oracle, Cisco, IBM

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 Cloud Computing Deployment Model…
Advantages:
• More Security
• Most Control over data
Disadvantages:

• Most Expensive type

of Cloud Computing

• More Support operations and employees are required

• Complexity in implementation

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Cloud Computing Deployment Model…
2. Public Cloud

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 Cloud Computing Deployment Model…
 Public Cloud
Advantages:
• Free or offered on a pay-per-usage model.
• Easy and inexpensive setup.
• No wasted resources because you pay for only what you
use.
Disadvantages:
• Data security and privacy issues. You may not know where
your data is stored, if or how it is backed up, and whether
access is given to unauthorized users.
• Reliability.
• Example: Amazon, Google, Microsoft are the most known
Public Cloud Service providers.

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 Cloud Computing Deployment Model…
 Community clouds
◦ are designed for businesses/organizations working on joint projects,
applications, or research.
◦ requires a central cloud computing facility for building, managing
and executing such projects, regardless of the solution rented
Cloud.

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 Reading Assignment
 Describe Hybrid Cloud

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 Cloud Computing Service Models….
 The three main types of cloud Service
Models(SAAS,PAAS, & IAAS) provides different levels
of control, flexibility, and management so that you can
select the right set of services for your needs

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 Cloud Computing Service Models….
 SAAS(Software As A Service)
◦ Saas provide access to the software and use the
software without installation.
◦ A common example of a SaaS application is web-based
email where you can send and receive email without
having to manage feature additions to the email product
or maintaining the servers and operating systems that
the email program is running on.
Examples : BigCommerce, Google Apps, Salesforce, google
drive, OneDrive, Dropbox, MailChimp, ZenDesk,
DocuSign, Slack, Hubspot, Salesforce,Cisco WebEx, and
Microsoft Office 365

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 Cloud Computing Service Models….
 Benefits of SAAS
1. Easy to sign up and rapidly start using
innovative business apps
2. Apps and data are accessible from any
connected computer
3. No data is lost if your computer breaks, as data
is in the cloud
4. The service is able to dynamically scale to
usage needs

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 Cloud Computing Service Models….
• PaaS (Platform as a Service)
• provides computing platforms which typically
includes operating system, programming language
execution environment, database, web server etc.
Examples
• AWS Elastic Beanstalk,
• Windows Azure,
• Force.com,
• Google App Engine,
• Apache Stratos

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 Cloud Computing Service Models….
 Benefits of PaaS
1. Develop applications and get to market faster
2. Deploy new web applications to the cloud in minutes
3. Reduce complexity with middleware as a service
 App Engine of Google and Force.com are examples
of PaaS offering vendors.

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 Cloud Computing Service Models….
 Infrastructure as a Service(IAAS)
◦ hosted within the Cloud data centers, and
◦ Beneficiaries pay only the agreed on cost, and
◦ Users do not need to purchase any hardware, software
and licensing.
Example:
 Amazon Web Services (AWS)
 Google Compute Engine (GCE)
 IBM Cloud
 Microsoft Azure
 Rackspace
 Cisco Metacloud
 Oracle Cloud
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Cloud Computing Service Models….
 Benefits of IAAS
◦ No need to invest in your own hardware
◦ Infrastructure scales on demand to support dynamic
workloads
◦ Flexible, innovative services available on demand
◦ Anything-as-a-Service (XaaS) is yet another
service model, which includes Network-as-a-Service,
Business-as-a-Service, Identity-as-a-Service,Database-
as-a-Service or Strategy-as-a-Service.

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 Reading Assignment
 Describe Cloud Computing challenges

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 Pervasive Computing
Pervasive Computing
• Introduction
• Characteristics of Pervasive Computing
• Applications of Pervasive Computing
IOT
• Introduction
• Characteristics of IOT
• Applications of IOT

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Pervasive Computing: Introduction
 1 The term Pervasive is Capability to spread through out.
 2 Pervasive Computing hence refers to spreading the
computation power into everything around us
 Computing evolution:

 Pervasive computing means many things to many

people.
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Pervasive Computing: Introduction..
 Hence Pervasive Computing enables
1. Anytime
2. Anywhere
3. Any devices
4. Any race
5. Service forever

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Characteristics of Pervasive Computing
Here are some characteristics of Pervasive Computing
1. Invisible devices - Numerous, casually accessible, often invisible
computing devices
2. Embedded microchips - Microchip intelligence embedded into
everyday devices and objects
3. Always on - Access to information, entertainment, and
communication with anyone, anytime, anywhere
4. Ubiquitous network - Everyone and everything connected to
an increasingly ubiquitous network structure
5. Life-enhancing applications - Invisible penetration of
technology into the mainstream mass market through a variety of
life-enhancing applications
6. Consumer-centric solutions - Device "gadgetry" for simple
and practical consumer-centric solutions
7. Increasing productivity - Mainstream market value
propositions: Saving time, saving money, enhancing leisure and
entertainment
8. Long-term vision - Using technology in ways that empower
people to work, live, and play more effectively

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Pervasive(Ubiquitous) Computing
 Coined by Mark Weiser, Xerox PARC 1988
 3 “Ubiquitous computing enhances computer use by
making many computers available throughout the
physical environment, but making them effectively
invisible to the user.”
◆ Consists of Small, cheap, mobile processors and sensors
in almost all everyday objects
on your body (“wearable computing”)
embedded in environment (“ambient intelligence”)
 4 Pervasive computing is the evolution of distributed
computing in which networked computing devices
are integrated throughout the personal and work
environments in a connected way, also referred to as
ubiquitous computing.

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Pervasive(Ubiquitous) Computing

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Pervasive(Ubiquitous) Computing..
 5 Pervasive Computing it is embedded in everyday
objects
 6 creating complex, connected systems that
enhance the quality of our lives
 (e.g. self-driving car, fall detection systems for
elderly people, etc.).
 7 Pervasive computing systems are context-
aware: they can determine circumstances.
 They extract context by sensing signals from the
natural environment (e.g. video, audio, sound) and
processing them.
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Pervasive(Ubiquitous) Computing…
 Pervasive computing devices have
evolved to include:
1. laptops
2. notebooks
3. Smart phones
4. tablets
5. wearable devices
6. and sensors
7. (for example, on fleet management and pipeline components, lighting
systems, appliances).

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Goal of Pervasive(Ubiquitous) Computing…
 Ultimate goal:
1. Invisible technology
2. Integration of virtual and physical worlds
3. Throughout desks, rooms, buildings, and life
4. Take the data out of environment, leaving behind
just an enhanced ability to act

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Pervasive Computing Enablers(cms)
1. Moore’s Law of IC Technologies
2. Communication Technologies
3. Material Technologies
4. Sensors/Actuators

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Pervasive Computing Enablers…
1. Moore’s Law of IC Technologies
 Computing power (or number of transistors in an
integrated circuit) doubles every 18 months

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Pervasive Computing Enablers…
◦ Generalized Moore’s Law
 Most important technology parameters double every 1–3 years:
 computation cycles
 memory, magnetic disks
 bandwidth
 Consequence:
 scaling down

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Pervasive Computing Enablers…
2. Communication Technology
 Bandwidth of single fibers ~10 Gb/s
 2002: ~20 Tb/s with wavelength multiplex
 coffee maker “automatically” connected to the Internet
 Wireless
 mobile phone: GSM, GPRS, 3G
 wireless LAN (> 10 Mb/s)
 Body Area Network
 Very low current (some nA), some kb/s through the human
body
 Possible applications:
 Car recognize driver
 Pay when touching the door of a bus
 Phone configures itself when it is touched

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Pervasive Computing Enablers…
3. New Materials
 Important: whole eras named after materials
 e.g.,“Stone Age”,“Iron Age”,“Pottery Age”, etc.
 Recent: semiconductors, fibers
 information and communication technologies
 Organic semiconductors
 change the external appearance of computers
 “Plastic” laser
 Flexible displays,…

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Pervasive Computing Enablers…
 Conductive textiles and inks
 print electrically active patterns directly onto fabrics
 Sensors based on fabric
 e.g., monitor pulse, blood pressure, body temperature
 Invisible collar microphones
 Kidswear
 game console on the sleeve?
 integrated GPS-driven locators?
 integrated small cameras
(to keep the parents calm)?

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Pervasive Computing Enablers…

4. Sensors or Actuators
 Miniaturized cameras, microphones,...
 Fingerprint sensor
 Radio sensors
 RFID
 Infrared
 Location sensors
 e.g., GPS

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 Internet Of Things (IOT)
IOT
• Introduction
• Characteristics of IOT
• Applications of IOT

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 IOT
 The internet of things (IoT) has largely evolved out of
pervasive computing
 IoT is likely more in line with pervasive computing
 Like pervasive computing, IoT-connected devices
communicate and provide notifications about usage
 IOT can employ wireless sensor networks
E.g.: wearable computing devices, such as an Apple Watch,
◦ the collection and processing of data is better sent
directly to a server on the internet in which the
computing technology is centralized

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 Cont…
 Wireless Sensor Network( WSN)

◦ is a collection of sensors that can communicate through

wired or wireless medium.

◦ The sensors are allowed to communicate within its

communication range.

◦ A sensor network consists of multiple detection stations

called sensor nodes, each of which is small, lightweight
and portable.

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 Cont…
 The sensing module manages sensing through assorted
active and passive measurement devices. Here is a list of
some of the measurement devices used in IoT −
S.No Devices
1. accelerometers 7.temperature sensors
2. magnetometers 8.proximity sensors
3. gyroscopes 9.image sensors
4. acoustic sensors 10.light sensors
5. pressure sensors 11.gas RFID sensors
6. humidity sensors 12.micro flow sensors

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 Cont…
Wearable electronic devices are small devices worn on
the head, neck, arms, torso, and feet.
Current smart wearable devices include −
 Head − Helmets, glasses
 Neck − Jewelry, collars
 Arm − Watches, wristbands, rings
 Torso − Clothing, backpacks
 Feet − Socks, shoes

Smartwatches not only help us stay connected, but as a part

of an IoT system, they allow access needed for improved
productivity.
Smart glasses help us enjoy more of the media and services
we value, and when part of an IoT system, they allow a
new approach to productivity.
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 Internet of Things (IOT)
 IOT refers to the ever-growing network of physical objects
that feature an IP address for internet connectivity, and the
communication that occurs between these objects and
other Internet-enabled devices and systems.

◦ The goal of the IOT is to enable things to be connected

anytime, anyplace, with anything and anyone ideally
using any path/network and any service.

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 IOT Architecture
 IOT architecture describes the four components:
Data, Network, Sensor& Services

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 Characteristics of IOT
 Various characteristics of IoT are:
1. Dynamic and self-adapting: Directly adopt to sensed
env’t, user context, etc.eg. Surveillance system
2. Self-configuring: IoT devices can be able to upgrade the
software with minimal intervention of user, whenever they
are connected to the internet
3. Interoperable Communication protocols: IoT allows
different devices (different in architecture) to
communicate with each other as well as with different
network. For example : MI Phone is able to control the
smart AC and smart TV of different manufacturer
4. Unique identity: All devices will have unique identities
such as IP addresses

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 Applications of IOT
 There are potential IoT application areas, like
1. Smart home
◦ Allow to remotely manage and monitor different home
devices from anywhere .
2. Smart cities/regions
◦ Include structural health, lightning, safety transportation,
smart parking, waste management, etc.
3. Smart car and mobility
◦ Includes automatic features, sensors, etc.
4. Smart industries
◦ Includes integrated systems to real time demands,
conditions, etc.
5. Agriculture and tourism
◦ Uses remote sensors, robotics, etc
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Assignment 20% on selected Topic in CS
Prepare Report Presentation on the following topic
Note: Clearly Describe the concepts
Group1
1) Intelligent automation and Robotic Process Automation (RPA)
2) Low-Code/ No_ Code AI
3) Pervasive Computing
4) Geographical Information system
Group2
1) Natural Languages Processing
2) Block Chain and Bitcoin technology
3) Web3.0 Technology
4) Augmented Reality
Group 3
1) ChatGPT
2) Intelligent Document Processing
3) Nano Technology
4) Quantum Computing
5) Industrial Revolution 4.0
Submission Date: 27/03/2023
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