Factorisation of Algebraic|

6 Expressions

introduction
You know that two or more numbers that are multiplied to form a product are called lactors. For example,
Since 15 3 x 5, therefore, 3 is a factor of 15 and also 5 is a factor of 15. In Algcbra, since alh t c) ah ar,

therefore, the polynomial ab+ ac has the factors a and b + c. A factor such asa is a common monomial factor
ofthe terms ab and ac. Look at these examples
Multiplication
Finding products Finding factors
alb + c) = ab t ac ab t ac = a(h t c 15
3x5
Factors Product
3(x+y)=3x+3y 3x +3y=3(x + y)
a(b + c + d) = ab +ac + ad ab + ac + ad a(b +c t d) Factorisation
3x(4x-2x-7)=12x*-6x-21x 12x-6x-21x 3x(4x-2x-7)
In 3x + 3y, 3 is the common monomial factor, and x +y is the other factor. Notice that you usually do
not factorise the number when you are factorising a polynomial. You do not need to write 10xt10y as
2x 5(x + y).

Factorising a Given Algebraic Expression

Type 1.To factorise a polynomial whose terms have a common monomial factoor.
Sample solutions:
Ex. 1.7x- 7y =
7x-y). Take out the common factor 7.

Ex. 2. ac -

bc + c =
c(a -

b+1). Take out the common factor c.

Ex.3. 6 -15 +3x =

3x(2r-5x+ 1). lake out the greatest common factor 3x.

Ex. 4. 4m'n -

7m'n =
m*n(4m 7n). Take out the greatest common factor m'n.

EXERCISE 6 (A)
Factorise the following polynomials :
1. 3x 12 2. 80+ 16y 3. 8x-8y 4. 7x + 14 5. a+7a
10. 10pg - 12p'y
6. 5y-7y2 7. 8c-24c 8. 5m-6m 9. 12u20uv

11. 24d+32d" 12. 30g +54gh 13. 28c°d-21cd 14, 36z + 48y?z 15. 6p18p- 4p

16. 12a-15a -7a 17. 15*'-20y'+35y?2 18. 14mn"p2-42m'n'p- 70m'n"

88
 Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions 89

Fvpe 2. When the given algebraic expression contains common binomial factors.
Samplesolutions
The common binomial factor is (b + d)

Ex.6. )+ 7(-3) = (*-3 + 7)

Thecommon binomial factor is (-3)
EN.7. + 5) -(:+S) a=* 5) - I(2+ 5)
= ( + 5 M a - 1)
+5) means 1(+5)
Thecommon binomial factor is (z+5)|
in working with common binomial factors, you should learn to recognize factors that
cach other.
are opposites of

For example:
- r +)=tr=-(y-x).
x-y-(-)
Ex.8. nn-3)- 7(3 -n)= n{n 3) -7[- (n -3)]
Step 1]
n{n - 3) + 7 (n-3)
[Step 2]
=
(n -

3)(n + 7).
[Step 3]
Notice that n -3 and 3 -

n are
opposites. After some practice you should be able to omit step 2 and
write step3directly.

Ex. 9.054_ 3{b-a)_-3(a -b)-

Ex.9. 7a-7b7(a-b) 7(a-b)
Ex. 10.
(r-2) +9(r-2) (r-2)I(x =
-2) +9]= (r-2)(r+7).

EXERCISE 6 (B)
Factorise the following polynomials:
. z(-1)+2(z-1)
2. 6(3+ x)+x(3+x) 3. 2y(y+5)-3(y+5) 4. 5t(t-4)-6(-4)
5.
5(2+b)-6b(2+b) 6. x(x+11)+(x+11) 7. p(6-p)-(6-p) 8. d(d-5)+7(5-d)
9. (x+2)+5(x+2)
10. (y-2)-3(y-2) 11. 14(3y-52)' +7(3y-52)
12.
(n-10+(10-n) 13. 5x+10y-7(x+2y) 14.
(x+ 3x-7)-(x+y2x-11)
15. (3a-1)- 6a+2
16. x(x-2)+y(*-2)+(2z-x)
ype 3. By grouping
suitable
terms
DOmetimes the terms of the given polynomial need to be arranged in suitable groups
has a so that each group
common factor.
Ex.11. Factorise:
(i) a +be + ah
+ac (i) p'y-pr -

pg tr
Sol. (i)uf +
he +ab + ac
Shift be as shown
tab+ac+hc = a(a+ b) +c(a+b) = (a+ b)(a+c).
90
Composite Mathematics-V
To rearrange the terms suitably, you should work out mentally, what arrangement would give commo
ive common
Dinomial factor. Here we have shifted bc to a new position.
)p'q prpq+r p'4 p pr+r
pqtp -1) r(p-)-(p- pq-r) Here we have interchanged the positions of -pg and

Factorise
EXERCISE6 (C)
. ax' +by' +bx' +ay 2. a +2h + ab + 2a 3. pr +
qx +
py +qy
4. 3 x ' +6x+18
5. ax bx4 ab 6. 3ac+2hc +3ad+2bd
7.
8pr+4qr +6ps +3qs 8. 7ab+9cd +7ad+9hc 9. 3mn+2pn+ 3mq+2pq
10. 10pq 3rq-10ps + 3rs 1. ab be ab +c
-
-

12. 2h+8ab+ 4ac +hc

13. 6pm +9mq +
8pn+12qn 14. 2axy +10x+ 3ay +15 15. axy +3x+2a y +6a
Multipie Choice Questions (MCQs)
17. The polynomial a-btab-a on
16.
m+ 1)+ zx+ y) can be factorised as factorization
reduces to
(a) (xy +
z) (V2 +
x) (b) (zx + y) (ay
(c) (yz+ x) (zx + y)
+
z) (a) (a+ b) («+ b>) (b) (a+ b) (a + 1)
(d)(+)E+x) (c) (a- b) (a+ b) (d) (a + b) (a - 1)

Factorising Perfect Trinomial Squares

Method
1. Determine whether the trinomial is a
(a) Two terms must be perfect square trinomial by the
perfect squares (usually the following rule:
Signs first and third terms) and must be
(b) The remaining term must
preceded by plus
be twice the
. If the trinomial is product of the square roots of
perfect trinomial square, factorise
a
as follows
the perfect square term5
(a) Find the square roots
(b) Connect them with the
of the two perfect square terms.
sign of the
(c) Indicate that the binomial is to be
remaining term.
used twice as a factor.
Formulas:d+2ab+ b-(a+ b:
Sample solutions: a-2ab+b=(a- b
F. 1. +6x
+9xr+2(3)x+3 =(x +3Mx+ 3) or
Ex. 2. -2cd
d (c- dMc -d) or (c- (r +3).
F.3. 4r +20xy
dy.
25y*(2r) 2(2x)05y) + (5y (2r +
+
+

E. 4. 49a - 56a'xy+
16xy" (7a"¥ -2( 7a 5y)(2x +5y) or (2* ***
x4xy')+ (4?= (7a-41yN7a***
9

4
 Factorisation of Aigebraic Expressions 91

Remark. From the above. you

also find the can
square root of the given perfect trinomial square.
Thusthe square root of r t 6 r + 9 is x t 3, that of c2
2ed + is c d - d, that of 4r+ 20xy + 25y2
2r 5 and so on

EXERCISE 6 (D)
A. Which are perfeet trinomial squares ? Write Yes or No.

I.a Oa + 16 2.b14h- 49 3. x5xr +4 4. +10x +25

5. 2 d d 6. 81a- 72ab +
16b 7. 36d2 + 13dx + 8. 4x +4x +1
9. 49m 140mn+ 100 10. 16b2. 20hy +25y 1. 25 60ry+36y
8. Fill in the missing term, making perfect trinomial
a
square
12. n ? +49 13. ? +25 14. b- +9 15. ?+16x +64
16.p-10pg +? 17. ?-12x +9
C. Factorisethe following trinomials
18. + 2 a + 1 19. h+4b +4 20. y-8y + 16 21. 36-12r+P
22. 81+18x +2 23. 9-6d + 1 24. 1-8cx +16ax2 25. 16a -40ab+25b2
26. 5 x + 25 27. 49x -168x*y +144) 28. a ta+
4

30.
4y 3 92
D. Find the square root of the following trinomials
31. 64-16y+ 32. 144+24x +2 33. 49y56y + 16
34. 64-176x + 121x 35. +2 a
Multiple Choice Questions (MCas) 37. The area of a square is 4x +20r +25. Which
expression represents a side of the square?
36. Factorization of the polynomial
(a) (2x-5) (b) (5-2x)
-ya+2x-y) (x+ y)ab + (r + y)*b° gives (c) (2r + 5) (d) 2x+5)
(a) (ax by) (ax + by)
High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(b) (ax +
by) (bx +
ay) 38. For what value of c are the factors of
c) (ax-ay + bx +
by)* 81
| -cx+ 16 the same ?
(d)(ar +ay +
bx +
by)
Factorising Difference of Two Squares
Formula: a-b =(a+b) (a-b).
Method
Find the square roots of the two square ternms.
r i t e the sum ofthe wo square roots as one of
Note that
Two square terms with a plus sign between them
the factors.
(for example, af +b*) is the sum of two squares
Write the difference of the two square roots as and cannot be factorised by the
the other factor given method.
92
Composite Mathematics-V
Type 1.
Ex. 1. Factorise:

()-16 (ii) 9-2 (ii) m- 121 (iv)6a49h?A

()49(2r +y)- 64(x 3y* (vi) 5-20x
Sol. (i) x - 16 (x3-42 (x+ 4) (x-4). =

i) 9-= (3- x
=(3+x) (3-x).
16

(iv)
-121--0=(m+1um-1
64a-49h'c (8a'} -
(7bc* =(8a° +7bc*) (8a° -7bec).
=

(v)49(2x+ y* -64(x -3y? [7(2x+ y)]-

-{8(x-3y) Note that
-

Note that
(14x+7y -(8x-24y =
because of the*-signbefore
the bracket,
-24y becomes +
24y.
=
(14x +7y +8x-24y)
(14x+7y -8x +24y)
= (22x-17y) (6x+31y).

(vi) 5-20x =
5(1 -4x) =5 (0-(2x*
=5(1+2x) (1-2x).
Type 2.
Ex. 2. Factorise Always look for the common factor first.
Here the common factor is 5.
(i) 6-x Gi) 81- (ii) 2x-32.
Sol. i) b-x'
=6°)-G =(b +*) (6-x)
= (b+x)(b+ x)(b-x).
Caution: Note that the
expression in the second
bracket viz. b-x is also
a difference of two
squares. Do not forget
(i) 81-y -9 -* =(9« yi) 9 -y) factorise it.
+
to

(9yL(3x -]=(9x*+y)3x+ y(Bx-y).

Gii) 2x-32 2( -16)-2\(**
-4]=2(+4) (-4) First take out the common factor
2x+4) (x+2) (x-2).
Type 3.
Ex. 3. Factorise:
(i) a* + 4b- 4ab -9¢2
(i) 16x
Sol. Gi) a
+4h-4ah-9c* =\« -2 -24yz-9y- 16
2ab+ (2b-92 You
(a -2b) -(3c)
=

(4- 2h+3c) (a -2b-3c)

=
You should bebe able to observe that the
expression a 4b2- 4ah is a pertect square +
i) 16x-24yz
-9y*-16z" =16x* -(24yz +9y +16:)) trinomial.
=16x -(3y? +2x3yx 42 +(4z)= (4x) 4
2

(4x+3y+4z) (4x -3y-4z).

Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions 93

EXERCISE 6(E)
Factorise the follow ing expressions

4 2. 25 3. 9 16 4. 49p 16 5. b 6.

49 25 8. 100- 9. 49a-1 10. 100b 81 11.4 12. 1-tF

100 14. 25 dr 15. 144
16.6 17.b 18h 49

20. 36 25
19 0 36 21 23. 24.-001
m64
23. a b
25. 81 (- 7) 26. 27. 18a r -32 28. 3x'y -243xy 29. a-81 30. y
31. 16r 32. - y +2x+1 33. 4 4xy

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) 35. One of the factors of ry 2xy-2is

14. 25(1-366x 2) can be factorised as (a) (r - y * z) (b) (r + y - z)

(a (5 12) (-6r + 5)
(c)(-r-t 2) (d)-xy - 2)
(b)(1ix 71) (-r+ 17)
High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(c)-11r +7y) (r- 17)
36. Factorize (256r- 1).
(d)-5x+ 121) (6x-5y)
Factorising Trinomials of the Form x2 + bx +c
Ex. 1. Factorise: a + ár +8.
Sol. First check to see if there is a common monomial factor. Since there is none, we can start factorising into
the product of two binomials as follows:
First clue: Since the product ofthe linear terms ofthe binomials must be x", therefore, the factors are of the
form shown below.
+2) + 2)
Second clue : The product of the constant terms ofthe binomials must be 8. The factors of 8 are 1,2.4,8. Thus.
the constant term should be 8 x I or 2 x 4. Of these, we choose that pair the sum of whose
components gives the coefficient of the middle term 6. The sum of 2 and 4 is 6. Therefore, 2
and 4 are the second terms of binomials.
2) 4)
h
Third clue: The product ofthe constant terms of the binomials must be 8.Therefore, both constant terms
must be positive numbers or both must be negative mumbers. Hence. the only integral choices
are 2, 4, or 2. 4. Since the middle term is +6r, we choose +2 and +4.

+6x+ 8(x+2) (r +4)|

Study the following also: Factors
(i) x+2x -8 (r+4r-2)
i) x-2x-8 (r-4(r+2)
) , Since the product is negative, one constant term should be positive and the other negative.
Since the middle term is +2x, the greater constant term should be positive and the smaller negative.
herefore, we choose +4 and-
 94
Composite Mathematics-Vi A
in (), since the middle term
is-2x. the greater
constant term should neyative, pesal, be and the snaller
Therefore. we choose 4 and 2 prty
Ex. 2.
Factorise (i)+9x +20 :
(ii)-7+12.
SoL (1)We have to find two numbers whose
sum is +9 and the product is 120. These nunbers are 5 an
Exp. r +9x +20 **5r +4r + 20 - x(x +
(11) We have to find two
5)4(x 5) (x+ 5) (x* 4)
numbers whose product is 12 and the is
sum -7. The numbers are 4 and
-7x+12=** -4x-3r+12
Ex. 3. Factorise : (i) x*+5x - x(r- 4) 3 (r 4) (x-4) (x- 3).
Sol. (i) The two
24 11-80.
numbers, whose product is -24
and the sum is 5. Think
are 8 and -3.
5x24 r+8x 3x-24 Constant term is
24 which is negativc. So one of
the
x(r 8)
numbers will ve and another Ivc. Sincc the cocft
be
- 3 (x 8)
+ +
of x is +5 which is +ve, therefore, the grcater
=

(x +8) (r-3). will be +ve. number

(11) The two numbers whose
product is -80 and the is -11, are - 16 and
Exp. 1ix- 80 x- 16r + 5x
-
sum
+5.
=
(*- 16) (r +5) 80 x(r -

-16) + 5(r I6)

Factorise EXERCISE 6(F)

. a+5a +6
2. +7x +12
6. a 5a -50
3. m +13m +42
7. -4r -5
8. y-10y+16
4.
+25a 54 5. 9 1 36
11. n-3n-40 9.x2x-24
12. - 1 l y +24 10.
13. 48+ 22x-
x y+2y 4%
16. n-19n-92 17. -11j -102
14.
29x +204 15.
p 5p 176
18. 2a +10a 28a
19.
12b+15-3b [Hint. First take out the
3c-18c 48 21. bc+8hc20. common factor 24

Multiple Choice Questions +12cS 22. a*-5a 36 23.

(McQs) y4y-32
24. Which
is the correct factorisation of -10x-24? (c) (x-y-9) (d) (x + y+ 5)
(a) (r -2) (x+ 12) (b) r+4) r-6) High Order Thinking Skills
(c)(x-4)x-6) (d) (r +2) (x- 12)
26. Which valuc
ofh
(HOTS)
25. One
of factors factorable ? would make hy 24
the of (r -y- 4(x -y) -

45 is (a) 14
(a) (x -

y +
9) (b) 11
(b) (x -y- 5) (c) 5 (d) 25
Factorising Trinomials of the Form
The difference in
the two quadratic ax bx +c +
and ax+ bx
+e which will take up now, polynomials,
we x+bx c, considered +
coefficient of is 1, in the is
a. Now first expression the
latter it is
that while in
the
so far
Surn b
(i) Sum is equal to the we will find
two numbers such that
coefficient of x in the ax +DX C
(ii) Product is equal to ac,
that is, equal to
middle term.
Ex. 1. Factorise : 2x + 7 + 5. (coeff. of xx constant term). Produc = ac

Sol. We have 1o find two

numbers
The two numbers are 2 and whose sum is 7 and the product is 2 5, that 0
5. i
Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions 95
Given exp. 2r 7x +5 2x2r5x+5
2x(r+ 1)+ 5(r 1) (x +1)
(2r +5).
+ =

E. 2. Factorise : 2r9x 5. Think

Sol. Exp. 2r+ 9x-5
-2x 10x-x -5 Thetwo numbers whose sum is +9
2x(r+ 5)- 1 (r +
5) =
(r +5) (2r - 1). and the product 2 * (-5), i.e., -10
Ex.3. Factorise : 12 - 1. are 10 and -1.
Exp. 1 2 1 - x - 1 = 1 2 x - 4 x +3x 1
Sol Think
= 4x(3x 1) +1(3x - 1)
The two numbers whose sum is-
=
(3x -

1) (4x + 1). and the product is 12(-1), that is

Ex. 4. Factorise:-5x- x +4. -12. are4 and +3.
Exp. =-5x* - x +4 = - (5x +x-4)
Sol. Change sign for the sake of convenience
-

(5x* +5.x -4x-4) = -

[5r(r +1)-4(r +
1)]
-(5x-4) (r+ 1).
E.5. Factorise: 12"-14y* - 10y. Think!

Exp. = 12y -14y* - 10y = 2y(6)* -7y-5) 6x-5=-30

Sol. 2 30
2y(6-10y+3y-5) 2y12t3 -5) 1(3y-5) 31 5
5
=
2y3y - 5) (2y +1). -10+3 =-7
Et. 6. Factorise 15 +3- 18.
Sol. Exp. = 15x° +3x -18 = 3(5x* +x -6) -10 x 3=-30
Take out the common factor 3

3(5x+6x -5x-6) 3{x-(5x* +6)-1(5x* +6)]

3(5x+6)%r* -1) Can be factori ed further
= 3(5x+6(x-1)0*+1).
EXERCISE 6 (G)
Factorise:
1. 4x+5x +1 2. 2x+1 lx+14 3. 2x+11x+12 4. 3x13x+4
7. 13x+37x-6 8. 40n+n-6
5. 2x-5x -12 6. 4x+8x-5
9. 42-16z +15 11. 1-16 12. 2a+7ah-15b
10. 6-9c-27c
13. 4x+24x +20 14. 12a+2a-4 15. 12m+6m* - 6m 16. 6x-22-8r

17. 62-21:-1222
(c)- b(4b - 1) (362 + 1)
Multiple Choice Questions (MCas)
18. A rectangular parking lot has an area of
(d) b1- 2b) (1 26)(1 -36)
* 1 7 x +6 square units. Oneof its sides
1s
High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) (5x +6) (b) (r +2)
20. The binomial x - 3 is not a factor of which of
(c) (5x + 2) (d) (5x+ 1) the following trinomials ?
19. The 126°- b +b is
complete factorisation of- (a) 2r-x- 15 (b) 3x - 13x 12
(a)- b(126 + b - 1)
(c) 2-8r +6 (d) 2r-7 3
(6)b(2b- 1) (2b + 1) (1 +3h*)
96 Composite Mathematics-

Chapter Wrap Up
Summary of Key Facts
When an expression is the product of two or more expressions, then cach ol these
Cpresstons is called a factor of the given
expression.
( ) 5 , 1, V, Sv. Sr, ay
are all factors of Srr. (ii) and (a + b) are factors of x(a + b).
The process
of writing a given algebraie expression as a product of two or more lactors is
factorisation. c g. factorising t ar means
called
.The greatest common factor
writing it in the form x(X * a).
of two or more monomials is the product of the greatest common
the
numerical coetticients and the common letters with factors of
smallest powers.
eg.greatest common factor of l6r' and 24x y is
. A binomial 8ry.
may be factorised by taking out the
greatest common factor of the terms of the
eg., 16r+24x binomial
- 8 ° (2 +
3x)
5. When binomial is a common factor, we
a
factorise by writing the given
binomial and the quotient of the
given expression by the binomial.
expression as the product of this
eg. r(a+ b)+ r(a + b) (a+
= b) (x+ y).
.
If the given expression is the difference of two squares, we use the formula a - b* (a
16x-
+ b) (a -b)
e.g.. 25y*= (4x)- (Sy= (4x* 5y) (4r- 5y).
7. If the
given expression is a
complete square., we use the following formulas:
(i)a2ab+b = (a + b)*
ii) a
-2ab +b* (a -b =

4r
eg.. +12x1+9* (2r +3y)=

64u 112ab +49b (8a-7b =

Factorise:
Mental Maths
1.xXx 2. 6x +12r
3. x'y-yxs
5. 5(p+q)-7q(ptq) 4. 5x +35
6. (r+3)y+(x+3)x
7. 2p(y-x)+q(x-y)8. 9a-16h
49
9. 1000-
16a 10. 3a 48a
11. 9x +30x+25 12. 81m - 18m+1
13. x*+ 16r +
63 14. x 3 x 40

Chapter Assessment
Concept Review
1. Fill in the blanks :
(i) - 4x - 12x
**** ***' (ii) a(r-3) +2b(3 x)= () 24r 144
(iv) 16. 49 ... (v) +
2. Answer True (T) or False (F):
7x +6
i) All the trinomials ot the
rorm *+bx it c can be factorised.
Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions 97

(ii) 10x +9 is a perfect square trinomial.

(i) One of the factors of (r + 14x32) is (x- 2)
(iv)To factorise 2r + Ilr+ 12, you have to find the factors of 12 whose sum is 1

(V) We can factorise 251 10 by the dillerence of squares method.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) (c)(3a-24h) (a + 6b)

3.1f one of the factors of the expression (d) 3(a9b)(a t 4hb)
ax+5 Sa is (rt 5), the other factor is
7.The polynomial a 1h - 2 a b on factorization
(a)(ra) (b) 5 a)
gives
(c) 5) (d) (r t a)
(a) (a -b - c) (a + b+ c)
4. The factors of r* + 9x- 36 are
(b) (a bt c)(a + b c)
a) r+12) and (r + 3)
(c)(a b t c)(a-h- c)
(b)(12) and (r - 3)
(d) (a- bh- c) (a t b-c)
(c)(r+12)and (r - 3)
(d) (r- 12) and (r + 3) Long Answer Type Questions
5.1- (a-b = (1 + a - b) x . . 8. ablr +y)-yta* +b)
Factorise:

(a)(1-a- b) (b)(-1 +a-b) 9. Factorise:100-a -b-2ah

(c) (1 - a + b) (d) (1 +a +b)
High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
6. The factors of 3a 108b are 10. Simplify the expression
(a) (3a - 126) (3a + 96)

(b) 3(a -66) (a + 6b) r-Dr-2) (r-9x+ 14)

( r - 7 )(x - 3x +2)

ALGEBRAIC CROsswORD
the help of the given clues.
Fl in the given crossword, with
4 Clues
6 Down
1. Writing an algebraic expression as the product|
of two or more simpler expressions.
8 2. Algebraic expressions containing two terms.
3. An algebraic sentence which holds true for all
7 values of the variable.
4. Terms having same literal factors.
5. A three term algebraic expression.
Across
6. Single term expression.
7. Polynomial with degree 0.
8. The... f the expression ry*+4r is 6.
9. The numerical part or variable part of a term.