Microsoft Visual Basic:

Reloaded

Chapter Eight
Sub and Function Procedures
 Overview

■ Classes and Procedures

■ Function and Sub Procedures
■ Passing Variables by Value and by Reference
■ Using Function and Sub Procedures in the Wage
Calculator Application
■ Optional Parameters
■ The Shipping Time Application
■ Date Variables
■ DateTimerPicker Control
■ Timer Control
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 Introduction

■ The best way to develop and maintain a large

application is to construct it from smaller, more
manageable pieces.
This technique is known as divide and conquer
(also called componentization).
■ Manageable pieces include program
components—known as procedures.

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 Classes and Procedures

■ The key to creating large applications is to

break them into smaller pieces.
■ In object-oriented programming, these pieces
consist primarily of classes, which can be further
broken down into methods.
■ Programmers combine programmer-defined
classes and methods with preexisting code in
the .NET Framework Class Library.
Using preexisting code saves time, effort and money.
The concept of reusing code increases efficiency for
application developers.

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 Classes and Procedures (Cont.)

■ Several pre-existing Visual Basic methods.

Procedure Description Example
Math.Max(x, y) Returns the larger value of x and y Math.Max(2.3, 12.7) is 12.7
Math.Max(-2.3, -12.7) is -2.3
Math.Min(x, y) Returns the smaller value of x and y Math.Min(2.3, 12.7) is 2.3
Math.Min(-2.3, -12.7) is -12.7
Math.Sqrt(x) Returns the square root of x Math.Sqrt(9) is 3.0
Math.Sqrt(2) is 1.4142135623731
Pmt(x, y, z) Calculates loan payments where x Pmt(0.05, 12, -4000) is
specifies the interest rate, y specifies 451.301640083261
Procedure the number of payment periods and z
Description Example
specifies the principal value of the loan

Val(x) Returns the numeric value of x Val("5") is 5

Val("5a8") is 5
Val("a5") is 0
String.Format Returns a formatted String. The first String.Format("{0:C}", 1.23) is
(formatString, parameter, formatString, specifies the "$1.23"
listOfArguments) formatting and listOfArguments
specifies the values to format

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 Functions and Sub Procedures

■ Procedure: a block of program code that

performs a specific task
■ Function procedure: returns a value after
performing its task
■ Sub procedure: does not return a value
• Event procedure:
Sub procedure that is associated with a specific object and
event
Automatically processed when the associated event occurs
• Independent Sub procedure:
Collection of code that can be invoked from one or more places
in an application
Not associated with an event
Processed only when called (invoked)
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Calling a Sub Procedure

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Calling a Sub Procedure

Figure 8-2: Lanza

Trinkets application

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 Including Parameters in a Sub Procedure

■ Parameter: stores data that is passed to the

procedure when the procedure is invoked
■ When calling a procedure with parameters, you
must pass:
The same number of arguments
The same type of arguments
The arguments in the same order as declared in the
procedure
■ Can pass a variable, named constant, literal
constant, or keyword as parameter

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 Passing Variables

■ Each variable has a value and a unique memory

address
■ Variable can be passed to a procedure in two
ways:
By value: you pass the variable’s value
By reference: you pass the variable’s address
■ Passing by value: the procedure receives only
the value and cannot change the actual variable’s
value
■ Passing by reference: the procedure receives the
address and can make changes to the variable’s
value
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 Passing Variables by Value

■ Use the keyword ByVal before the parameter in

the procedure declaration
■ ByVal is the default method of passing variables
■ Procedure cannot change the actual variable’s
value

Figure 8-5: Sample run of the Pet Information application

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Figure 8-6: Partial
code for the Pet
Information
application

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 Passing Variables by Reference

■ Use the keyword ByRef before the parameter in

the procedure declaration
■ Procedure receives the address of the variable
and is able to change the variable’s value

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Figure 8-8:
CalcGrossPay procedure
and calcButton_click
event procedure

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 Function Procedures

■ Function procedure (or Function):

Block of code that performs a specific task
Returns a value after completing its task
■ Visual Basic contains many built-in functions
■ You can create your own functions with or
without parameters
■ A function is invoked by including its name with
any arguments in a statement

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 Function Procedures (cont'd.)

■ Function procedure header:

As datatype clause indicates the type of the return value
■ Function procedure footer statement:
End Function
■ Return keyword:
Sets the value to be returned by the function
Ends the function

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Function Procedures (cont'd.)

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The Circle Area Calculator Application

Figure 8-20: Partial code for the Circle Area Calculator application
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 Creating a Function Procedure
That Returns the Largest of Three Numbers

TextBoxes used to
input three values

Figure 13.11 | Maximum application in Design view.

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 Creating a Function Procedure That
Returns the Largest of Three Numbers (Cont.)

■ Double click the Maximum Button to create an event

handler.
■ Note that Maximum has been underlined in blue, because
Function procedure Maximum has not yet been defined
(Fig. 13.12).

Calling a procedure
that has not yet been defined
is an error

Figure 13.12 | Invoking Function procedure Maximum.

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 Creating a Function Procedure That
Returns the Largest of Three Numbers (Cont.)

■ Create the Function procedure Maximum

■ The maximum is determined by using the Max method of
.NET Framework Class Library class Math (Fig. 13.14).
■ The Return statement terminates execution
of the procedure and returns the result of finalMaximum.

Calling Math.Max to determine

the maximum of two values

Figure 13.14 | Math.Max returns the larger of its two arguments.

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 Introducing the Enhanced
Wage Calculator Application

■A payroll company calculates the gross earnings per week of

employees. Employees’ weekly salaries are based on the number of
hours they worked and their hourly wages. Create an application that
accepts this information and calculates each employee’s total
earnings. The application assumes a standard work week of 40 hours.
The wages for 40 or fewer hours are calculated by multiplying the
employee’s hourly wage by the number of hours worked. Any time
worked over 40 hours in a week is considered “overtime” and earns
time and a half. Salary for time and a half is calculated by multiplying
the employee’s hourly wage by 1.5 and multiplying the result of that
calculation by the number of overtime hours worked. The total
overtime earned is added to the user’s gross earnings for the regular
40 hours of work to calculate the total earnings for that week.

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 The Enhanced Wage Calculator Application

Figure 13.1 | Wage Calculator running.

■ Click the Calculate Button. The result ($475.00)

is displayed in the Gross earnings: Label.

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 Creating a Sub Procedure within the
Wage Calculator Application

■ Double click the Calculate Button to generate

an event handler (Fig. 13.16).

Call to DisplayPay

Figure 13.16 | calculateButton_Click calls DisplayPay.

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 Creating a Sub Procedure within
the Wage Calculator Application (Cont.)

DisplayPay calculates and displays the

user’s gross earnings

Figure 13.17 | Sub procedure DisplayPay definition.

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 Creating a Function Procedure within
the Wage Calculator Application

■ Note that the return type of the procedure is Boolean

(Fig. 13.18)—the value returned by the procedure
must be a Boolean.

CheckOvertime determines if
the user has worked overtime

Figure 13.18 | Function procedure CheckOverTime definition.

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 Creating a Function Procedure within the
Wage Calculator Application (Cont.)

■ In Sub procedure DisplayPay, replace the statement

on line 26 (Fig. 13.19).

Call to procedure
CheckOvertime

Figure 13.19 | DisplayPay calls Function procedure CheckOvertime.

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 (1 of 3 )

1 Public Class WageCalculatorForm

2 ' handles Calculate Button's Click event
3 Private Sub calculateButton_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, _
4 ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles calculateButton.Click
5
6 ' declare variables
7 Dim userHours As Double
8 Dim wage As Decimal
9
10 ' assign values from user input
11 userHours = Val(hoursTextBox.Text)
12 wage = Val(wageTextBox.Text)
13
14 ' call DisplayPay Sub procedure
Call to Sub procedure that calculates
15 DisplayPay(userHours, wage) and displays wages
16 End Sub ' calculateButton_Click

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 (2 of 3 )

17
18 ' calculate and display wages
19 Sub DisplayPay(ByVal hours As Double, ByVal rate As Decimal) Sub procedure header
20 specifies parameter
21 ' declare variables names and types
22 Dim earnings As Decimal
23 Const HOUR_LIMIT As Integer = 40
24
Call to Function
25 ' determine wage amount
procedure that
26 If CheckOvertime(hours, HOUR_LIMIT) = False Then determines if user has
27 ' earnings for regular wages worked overtime
28 earnings = hours * rate
29 Else
30 ' regular wages for first HOUR_LIMIT hours
31 earnings = HOUR_LIMIT * rate
32
33 ' time and a half for overtime
34 earnings += ((hours - HOUR_LIMIT) * (1.5 * rate))
35 End If

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 (3 of 3 )
36
37 ' display result
38 earningsResultLabel.Text = String.Format("{0:C}", earnings) End Sub keywords indicate
39 End Sub ' DisplayPay the end of Sub procedure
40 definition
41 ' determine whether overtime pay has been earned
42 Function CheckOvertime(ByVal total As Double, _ Function procedure
43 ByVal limit As Integer) As Boolean header specifies parameter
names and types as well as
44
a return type
45 If total > limit Then
46 Return True ' return True if over limit
47 Else
48 Return False ' return False otherwise
49 End If End Function keywords
50 End Function ' CheckOvertime indicate the end of
Function procedure
51 End Class ' WageCalculatorForm
definition

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 Optional Parameters

■ When a procedure is invoked repeatedly with the

same argument value, you can specify that such a
parameter is an Optional parameter.
■ When the argument for an Optional parameter is
omitted, the compiler rewrites the procedure call,
inserting the default value.
■ There are three rules for using Optional
parameters:
Each Optional parameter must have a default value.
The default value must be a constant expression.
All parameters after an Optional parameter must also be
Optional parameters.

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 Optional Parameters (Cont.)

■ Consider the Function BoxVolume:

Function BoxVolume( Optional ByVal length As Integer = 1, _
Optional ByVal width As Integer = 1, _
Optional ByVal height As Integer = 1 ) As Integer

Return length * width * height

End Function ' BoxVolume

■ Each parameter has a default value specified with an

= and a literal value (1).

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 Optional Parameters (Cont.)

■ You can now invoke Function BoxVolume several

different ways:
BoxVolume() ' returns 1; default values used for length, width,
height
BoxVolume(10) ' returns 10; default values used for width,
height
BoxVolume(10, 20) ' returns 200; default value used for height
BoxVolume(10, 20, 30) ' returns 6000; no default values used
BoxVolume(, 20, 30) ' returns 600; default value used for
length
BoxVolume(10, , 30) ' returns 300; default value used for
width

■ Comma placeholders are used when an omitted

argument is not the last argument in the call.

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 Associating a Procedure with
Different Objects and Events

■ Handles keyword:
Appears in event procedure header
Indicates the object and event associated with the procedure
Controls when the procedure is invoked
■ By default, the event procedure name matches
the name of the associated object and event

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Figure 8-15: Some of the Gadis Antiques application’s code from Figure 8-4

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 Associating a Procedure with
Different Objects and Events (cont'd.)

■ Event procedure:
Name of event procedure can be changed
Can be associated with more than one object and event as
long as each event has the same parameters
■ Add the additional object/events to the Handles
clause
■ Sender parameter: contains the memory
address of the object that raised the event
■ e parameter: contains additional information
about the object that raised the event

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 Associating a Procedure with
Different Objects and Events (cont'd.)

Figure 8-16: ClearLabels procedure

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 Shipping Time Application

■A seafood distributor has asked you to create an application that

calculates the delivery time for fresh seafood shipped from Portland,
Maine, to its distribution center in Las Vegas, Nevada. The distributor
has arrangements with local airlines to guarantee that seafood ships
on flights that leave either at noon or at midnight. However, the airport
requires the distributor to drop off the seafood at the airport at least
one hour before each flight. When the distributor specifies the drop-off
time, the application should display the delivery time in Las Vegas.
This application should take into account the three-hour time
difference and the
six-hour flight time between the two cities. The application should
allow the user to select drop-off times within the current day. The
application should also include a running clock that displays the
current time.
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 Test-Driving the Shipping Time Application

■ The default drop-off time (Fig. 14.1) is set to your

computer’s current time when you execute the
application.
■ The time displayed in the Current time is: Label
updates to the current time once each second.

DateTimePicker with
up and down arrows
GroupBoxes

Figure 14.1 | Shipping Time application.

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 Introducing the Shipping Time
Application: Design Elements

When the Form loads:

Set range of possible drop-off times to any time in the
current day
Call sub procedure DisplayDeliveryTime to determine and
display the shipment’s delivery time

When the user changes the drop-off time:

Call sub procedure DisplayDeliveryTime to determine and
display the shipment’s delivery time

After one second has elapsed:

Update and display the current time

When the DisplayDeliveryTime procedure gets called:

Call function DepartureTime to determine the time the
shipment’s flight departs

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 Introducing the Shipping Time
Application: Design Elements (Cont.)

Add three hours to determine the delivery time (takes into

account 6 hours for time of flight minus 3 hours for the
time difference)
Display the delivery time

When the DepartureTime procedure gets called:

Select correct Case based on the hour the shipment was dropped
off

Case where the drop-off hour is between the values 0 and 10

Delivery set to depart on noon flight of current day

Case where the drop off hour is 23

Delivery set to depart on noon flight of next day

Case where none of the preceding Cases match

Delivery set to depart on midnight flight of current day

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 Date Variables

■ The primitive type Date simplifies manipulation,

storage and display of date (and time) information.
■ Date corresponds to the DateTime type in the .NET
Framework Class Library.
■ You use the New keyword when creating a Date
value. In the code, the statement
Date constructor

Dim delivery As Date = New Date(2003, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0)

Date variable

■ The New keyword calls the Date’s constructor. A

constructor is a procedure that initializes an object
when it’s created.
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 Date Variables (Cont.)

■ Figure 14.2 explains the values used in Date’s

constructor.

Argument Range Description

Initializing a Date variable using New Date(year, month, day, hour, minute, second)
year Integer values 1–9999 Specifies the year.
month Integer values 1–12 Specifies the month of the year.
day Integer values 1–number Specifies the day of the month. Each month has 28 to 31 days
of days in month depending on the month and year.
hour Integer values 0–23 Specifies the hour of the day on a 24 hour clock. The value 0
represents 12:00 A.M.
minute Integer values 0–59 Specifies the minute of the hour.
second Integer values 0–59 Specifies the number of elapsed seconds in the current minute.

Figure 14.2 | Date constructor arguments.

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 Date Variables (Cont.)

■ Method overloading allows you to create multiple

methods with the same name but different signatures.
This means different numbers and types of parameters, or
with parameters ordered differently (by type).
When an overloaded method is called, the compiler selects
the proper method by examining the number, types and
order (by type) of the arguments.

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 Date Variables (Cont.)

■ After assigning a value to a Date variable, you can

access its properties using the member-access (dot)
operator, as follows:
Dim year = delivery.Year ' retrieves Date delivery's year
Dim month = delivery.Month ' retrieves Date delivery's month
Dim day = delivery.Day ' retrieves Date delivery's day
Dim hour = delivery.Hour ' retrieves Date delivery's hour
Dim minute = delivery.Minute ' retrieves Date delivery's minute
Dim second = delivery.Second ' retrieves Date delivery's second

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 Date Variables (Cont.)

■ Instead of using arithmetic operators to add or

subtract values in Date variables, you must call the
correct method, using the member-access operator
(Fig. 14.4).

Visual Basic 2008 statement Result

Assume delivery has been initialized with a Date value.
delivery = delivery.AddHours(3) Add 3 hours.
delivery = delivery.AddMinutes(-5) Subtract 5 minutes.
delivery = delivery.AddDays(1) Add 1 day.
delivery = delivery.AddMinutes(30) Add 30 minutes.
delivery = delivery.AddHours(-12) Subtract 12 hours.

Figure 14.4 | Date methods that perform various

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Creating and Customizing the DateTimePicker

■ To add a DateTimePicker to your application, drag

a DateTimePicker control

from the Toolbox and drop it to the right of the

Enter drop-off time: Label to place the
DateTimePicker in the GroupBox (Fig. 14.8).

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 Creating and Customizing the
DateTimePicker (Cont.)

■ When the DateTimePicker’s Format property is set

to Custom, it uses the format that you specify in the
CustomFormat property.
■ Set the value of the CustomFormat property to hh:mm tt.
The CustomFormat property is case sensitive.
The Format property eliminates the problem of a user’s
entering a letter or symbol when the application expects a
number.
The DateTimePicker also prevents the user from
specifying an invalid time, such as 32:15.

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 Creating a Timer Control

■ A Timer control is an object that can run code every

millisecond by generating a Tick event.
By default, the Timer runs code every 100 milliseconds.
Each time the Tick event occurs, its event handler executes.
■ Add a Timer to the Form by clicking the Timer
control in the Components tab of the Toolbox.

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 Creating a Timer Control (Cont.)

■ Rename the Timer to clockTimer (Fig. 14.10).

■ Set the Timer’s Enabled property to True, then set its
Interval property to 1000, which specifies the number
of milliseconds between Tick events.

Timer control Component tray

Figure 14.10 | Timer control is displayed in the component tray.

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 Coding the Shipping Time Application’s Clock

■ Double click the Timer control in the component tray

to generate the empty event handler for the Tick
event (Fig. 14.11).

Printing the current time

Figure 14.11 | Inserting code for a Tick event.

■ The event handler formats its information to match the

format you specify, "{hh:mm:ss tt}".
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 Using Code to Display a Delivery Time

■ To run code when the application first opens, create an event

handler for the Form’s Load event (Fig. 14.12).
Double click an empty area in the Form or the title bar to
generate the Load event handler and enter Code view.
Be careful not to double click a control on the Form; this
generates the control’s event handler instead.

Storing the current time

in currentTime

Figure 14.12 | Storing the current time.

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 Using Code to Display a Delivery Time (Cont.)

■ These lines (Fig. 14.13) set the MinDate and

MaxDate properties for dropOffDateTimePicker.

Figure 14.13 | Setting the MinDate and MaxDate properties.

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 Using Code to Display a Delivery Time (Cont.)

■ DisplayDeliveryTime is underlined in blue

(Fig. 14.14) because the procedure has not yet been
written.
■ The DisplayDeliveryTime procedure calculates
the delivery time in Las Vegas and displays the result
in the Delivery time: Label.

Displaying the delivery time

Figure 14.14 | Calling the DisplayDeliveryTime procedure.

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 Coding the ValueChanged Event Handler

■ Double click the DateTimePicker control

dropOffDateTimePicker to generate its
ValueChanged event handler (Fig. 14.15).

Calculating and displaying the

delivery time

Figure 14.15 | Inserting code in the ValueChanged event handler.

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 Coding the DisplayDeliveryTime
Procedure (Cont.)

Determining the departure time

Adding the travel time

Displaying the delivery time

Figure 14.16 | DisplayDeliveryTime procedure.

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 Coding the DepartureTime Procedure

■ Line 51 (Fig. 14.17) stores the current date in the

Date variable currentDate.
■ Line 52 declares the Date variable departTime, the
variable you use to store the DepartureTime
Function procedure’s return value.

Declaring variables

Figure 14.17 | Inserting procedure DepartureTime into the application.

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Coding the DepartureTime Procedure (Cont.)

Using the hour value stored in

the DateTimePicker to
determine departure time

Noon departure time

Noon (the next day) departure

time

Midnight departure time

Returning the departure time

Figure 14.18 | Determining the seafood shipment’s flight departure time.

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 (1 of 4 )

1 Public Class ShippingTimeForm

2 ' handles clockTimer's Tick event
3 Private Sub clockTimer_Tick(ByVal sender As System.Object, _ Event raised when the
Timer raises a Tick
4 ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles clockTimer.Tick
event
5
6 ' print current time
7 currentTimeLabel.Text = String.Format("{0:hh:mm:ss tt}", _ Displaying current time
8 Date.Now)
9 End Sub ' clockTimer_Tick
10
11 ' initialize DateTimePicker status when Form loads
12 Private Sub ShippingTimeForm_Load(ByVal sender As _
Event raised when
13 System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) _ the Form loads
14 Handles MyBase.Load
15
16 Dim currentTime As Date = Date.Now ' store current time
17

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 (2 of 4 )

18 ' set range of possible drop-off times

19 dropOffDateTimePicker.MinDate = New Date(currentTime.Year, _
20 currentTime.Month, currentTime.Day, 0, 0, 0) Setting the
21
DateTimePicker’s
minimum and
22 dropOffDateTimePicker.MaxDate = _
maximum values
23 dropOffDateTimePicker.MinDate.AddDays(1)
24
25 ' display the delivery time
26 DisplayDeliveryTime()
27 End Sub ' ShippingTimeForm_Load
28
29 ' handles the DateTimePicker's ValueChanged event
30 Private Sub dropOffDateTimePicker_ValueChanged(ByVal sender As _ Event raised when
31 System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) _
the user changes the
value of the
32 Handles dropOffDateTimePicker.ValueChanged DateTimePicker
33
34 ' display the delivery time
35 DisplayDeliveryTime()
36 End Sub ' dropOffDateTimePicker_ValueChanged

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 (3 of 4 )

37
38 ' calculates and displays the delivery time
39 Sub DisplayDeliveryTime()
40 ' get initial delivery time
41 Dim delivery As Date = DepartureTime()
42
43 ' add 3 hours to departure and display result
44 delivery = delivery.AddHours(3) Calculating and displaying
45 lasVegasTimeLabel.Text = delivery.ToLongDateString _ the delivery time in Las
46 & " at " & delivery.ToShortTimeString Vegas
47 End Sub ' DisplayDeliveryTime
48
49 ' return flight departure time for selected drop-off time
50 Function DepartureTime() As Date
51 Dim currentDate As Date = Date.Now ' store current date
52 Dim departTime As Date ' store departure time

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 (4 of 4 )

53
54 ' determine which flight the shipment takes Using a Select Case
55 Select Case dropOffDateTimePicker.Value.Hour statement to determine
56 Case 0 To 10 ' seafood will be on the noon flight departure time
57 departTime = New Date(currentDate.Year, _
58 currentDate.Month, currentDate.Day, 12, 0, 0)
59 Case 23 ' seafood will be on tomorrow's noon flight
60 currentDate = currentDate.AddDays(1)
61 departTime = New Date(currentDate.Year, _
62 currentDate.Month, currentDate.Day, 12, 0, 0)
63 Case Else ' seafood will be on midnight flight
64 currentDate = currentDate.AddDays(1)
65 departTime = New Date(currentDate.Year, _
66 currentDate.Month, currentDate.Day, 0, 0, 0)
67 End Select
68
69 Return departTime ' return the flight's departure time
70 End Function ' DepartureTime
71 End Class ' ShippingTimeForm

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