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About and Roundabout

TUCSON
With Maps and Notes
Concerning Other
Places In
Arizona

published by
The Junior League of Tucson
tucson, arizona
1936
 Copyright 1936
BY
The Junior League of Tucson

ACME PRINTING COMPANY

TUCSON, ARIZONA
 1

T7J<)
Table of Contents
PAGE

Map of Tucson and Map of Arizona ----- Insert

Foreword -- -- -- -- -- --
- 5

The Early History Tucson

of-- -- -- - - 7

Missions: The Founding and History of San Xavier del Bac - 11

Military History of Tucson; The Presidio and Fort Lowell - 13

Ranching in The Old Days - -------16

Places of Interest In and Around Tucson - - - - 18

Places of Interest in Southern Arizona - - - - - - 26

Places of Interest in Northern Arizona - - - - - - 35

Trips ----- 38

Seasonal Events in Tucson and Elsewhere in Arizona - - 39

Archeology Notes - -- -- -- -- -42

Natural History Notes - -- -- -- -- -45
The University of Arizona; Museums, Schools and Cultural
Organizations of Tucson - -- -- -- -55
Commonly Used Spanish and Indian Words - - - - 58

A List of Books About Arizona and The Southwest - - - 6

1097168
 Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2014

https://archive.org/details/aboutroundabouttOOjuni
 Foreword

Within fifty years after Columbus came to the New World, and
more than half a century before the settlement of Virginia, Arizona
became known to European explorers. Though Coronado, following
the legend of the Seven Cities of Cibola, found neither the gold nor
jewels which lured the Spaniards four hundred years ago, he opened
the way for even more marvelous adventures and the discovery of
undreamed-of treasures within and upon the land itself. To those
who seek Arizona today, for health, recreation, or the beauties of
strange and matchless scenery, there is much to be unfolded; and this
small book can only hint to the interested traveler where he may
explore and what he is to find. It has been prepared with the sense
of obligation and pleasure which belongs to the claiming and sharing
of so great a heritage, and grateful acknowledgment is made to all the
scholars and lovers of Arizona who have been its authorities and most
helpful critics.

The Junior League of Tucson

 The Early History of Tucson

The record of Tucson must begin with some account of the first

Spanish entradas, or explorations, inspired by the marvelous legend

of the Seven Cities of Cibola. The story was first brought to the con-
quistadores in Mexico, in 1536, by Cabeza de Vaca, a survivor of
Narvaez' doomed expedition to Florida; for years he had struggled
westward through the wilderness, first enslaved, then venerated by
the Indians. Unsubstantial but alluring were the reports they gave
him, of the gold and jewels in the far-away palaces; and in the
imagination of the Viceroy Mendoza the tale grew so tantalizing that
he appointed his general, Francisco Vasques Coronado, to discover if

there were any truth in these wonders.

Before venturing northward, Coronado sent reconnoitering Fray
Marcos de Niza, and the Moorish slave Estevan who had also escaped
out of Florida and accompanied Cabeza de Vaca on the last part of
his journey. According to Fray Marcos, they reached the fabulous
country they sought but only saw the Seven Cities from afar, since
hostilities of the Indians held them at a distance. Estevan, who in

bravado attempted to approach, was mercilessly killed. In spite of

this and the fact that there were no signs of great wealth —
for actually
he had discovered the Zuni pueblos of New Mexico —
the monk, on his
return, urged Coronado to proceed and even insisted upon guiding him.
So, in 1540, the General set forth with his well-prepared company,
including men-at-arms and several priests beside Fray Marcos, cui-
rass and cassock making their strange way across the desert.

Probably they came no nearer the site of Tucson than the San Pedro
Valley, down which they are thought to have traveled, thence turning
northeastward, perhaps through the Aravaipa canyon. At the same
time Hernando de Alarcon was sent to approach the new land by ship,
proceeding up the great gulf of California and the river at its head,
the Colorado, which he evidently navigated as far as the Needles.
Thus it turned out that upon Coronado, this proud and valiant con-
quistador, fell the extreme disappointment of breaking the glorious
dream into miserable reality. He did not, however, give up at once,
but sent Tovar to visit the Indian pueblos farther west, and later

[7]
dispatched Cardenas to investigate the report of the Great River and
its gorge which, had he seen it himself, would have fulfilled his am-
bition to discover one of the wonders of the world.
Toward end of the century other Spaniards, Espejo and Onate,
the
crossed into northern Arizona and penetrated some distance westward;
and in 1630 the first mission was established among the pueblo
Indians, though long since destroyed. But
hundred and fifty it was a
years after Coronado's time that Europeans again came into that part
of the country known as Pimeria Alta, or Upper Pima Land, which
extended from northern Sonora to the Gila River.
Padre Eusebio Francisco Kino, the Jesuit missionary, was probably
the first to visit the site of Tucson. He notes in his diary that on his
way to Casa Grande in 1698, he passed through the rancheria
of San Cosme del Tucson, an Indian village on the west bank of the
Santa Cruz River near the base of Sentinel Peak ("A" Mountain).
The settlement, already established by 1694, was variously called San
Cosme del Tucson, or San Jose del Tucson, and was of little import-
ance at this time, being a visita, or branch, of the large San Xavier del
Bac Mission founded by Father Kino. Few changes occurred during
the next fifty years until, about 1763, a Spanish settlement was made
some two miles from the old Indian village, called San Agustin del
Tucson.
Even more closely connected with the history of Tucson than
Father Kino was Father Francisco Garces, (born in Aragon, 1738)
sent to San Xavier, after the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767. He
not only developed a large ranch in the vicinity, but had built the
church and monastery of San Jose, to serve the Indians of
7
San Cosme
del Tucson. A zealous and untiring missionary, he visited the tribes
along the Gila and lower Colorado, traveling many hundreds of lea-
gues, usually alone or accompanied only by the natives. Though he met
martyrdom at the hands of the Yumas, the tragedy was due not to his

failure, but that of his superiors, to keep the promises made the Indians.

In 1775, Captain Juan Bautista de Anza, marching northward

with a company of colonists to found San Francisco, made camp
across the river from San Agustin del Tucson. And in the following
year the Spanish garrison w as
r
transferred from Tubac to form the
Tucson presidio, at this time established a short distance farther
down the Santa Cruz, on the east bank (near the present overpass on

[8]
Highway 84). As this site proved difficult to defend, the presidio
was moved in 1777, to where the modern city now stands, the gar-
rison consisting of two or three officers and usually about seventy-five
men. The town was occupied almost entirely by the soldiers and
their families. The first church, dedicated to San Agustin, was
built close under the east wall, as were most of the houses. A section
of the old wall is preserved on the south side of the Court House, but
the 'dobes of the earliest buildings have long since disappeared.
When Mexico, after ten years' war, overthrew Spanish rule in

1821, Tucson came under the newly independent government,

but remained much the same as before, a walled and garrisoned town.
It was the most northern spear-point of European settlement in Ari-
zona, guarding the route to California and lower Colorado, and was
in constant danger of attack from hostile Indians (Apaches). As the
Santa Cruz Valley was at that time far more productive than now,
the small community was 7
also the center of rich farming and ranching
country.
The American flag was first unfurled in Tucson in 1846 by Lieut.
Col. Cook, commander of the Mormon Battalion. His men, among
the first to be mustered in the Mexican War, made the longest mili-
tary march in history, from Kansas to the coast, with the two-fold
purpose of seizing land in California for the United States, and break-
ing the first wagon road through the Southwest. They remained in

the town only a few days, the Mexican commander withdrawing,

but refusing to surrender.
When John R. Bartlett visited Tucson in 1852, during the boun-
dary survey between the United States and Mexico, previous to the
Gadsden Purchase, he described the town in his diary: "It has always
been and is to this day, a garrison, but for which the place could not be
sustained. In its best days it boasted the population of a thousand
souls, now diminished to about one-third that number. It stands on
the plateau adjoining the fertile valley watered by the Santa Cruz;
the lands near Tucson and were once extensively cul-
are very rich
tivated, but the encroachment of the Apaches compelled the people to
abandon their ranches and seek safety within the town."
By the Gadsden Purchase in 1854, Tucson became an xA.merican
town, but the Mexican troops did not withdraw until a year later,
when four companies of dragoons were stationed here. After this,

[9]
Americans began to move in and the town gradually expanded far be-
yond the old walls which were already disintegrating. In 1857 the
Overland Stage began making two trips a month from San Antonio to
San Diego, and the next year the stage from St. Louis to San Francisco
came through twice a week.
The "Stars and Bars" of the Confederacy was the fourth flag to
fly over Tucson, being raised for a few months in 1862. The place
was "retaken", however, by Colonel Carleton, of the California
Column, and was placed under martial law, Arizona being claimed
for the Union at the same time.
It was not until 1863 that Arizona, originally incorporated with
New Mexico, was made a separate territory. For a period, 1866-76
Tucson was the territorial capital, as well as military headquarters.
By the end of the Civil War the rich mines of the region began to
attract adventurous young men from the east, and many retired
soldiers also settled here, one of whom gave the following description
of Tucson as 1866: "The
it was in names
buildings that deserved the
of houseswere of adobe with flat roofs. Those of the poorer class
of Mexicans were of mesquite poles and the long wands of candle-
wood (ocotillo), the chinks being filled with mud plaster. . . . The
doors of many houses consisted of rawhides stretched over rough
frames, the windows being apertures in the walls barred with upright
sticks stuck therein."

Newspaper advertisements of 1870 show that at this time the town

boasted four restaurants, one "first class" hotel, two doctors, a nearly
completed school house and the recently built church of San Agustin,
which still Another decade brought the
stands although in ruins.
railroad, making the town a secure link in the line between east and
west and marking the transition between early and recent history.
From that time on, keeping some of its old ways and many of its old
landmarks, Tucson has spread out in the wide valley, ever more
green and fair with the years, living by offering much to living.

[10]
 Missions: The Founding and History of
San Xavier del Bac

Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, one of the most eminent figures

in the history of the Southwest, was the first to bring really construc-
tive help to the Indians in Pimeria Alta. He was born in the village

of Segno, Italy, August 10, 1645. (The name, originally Chini,

was changed when he came to his post in New Spain.) While still a

young man he suffered a serious illness and in thankfulness for his

recovery, entered the Jesuit order with the intention of becoming a

missionary. In 1681 he was sent to La Paz in Lower California to
help colonize the territory, but the Indians grew so hostile to the
Spaniards that, much to the grief of the fathers, the project was
abandoned.
Six years later Padre Kino set out again among the Indians of
northern Sonora and at the most populous villages he founded mis-
sion stations, sending to each sheep, mares and cattle from the rich

mother-mission, Dolores, so that in the course of a few years the

whole region was well stocked with domestic animals. Helping to

plant orchards, and vineyards, introducing many European trees and

plants, he taught the Indians the necessary ways of farming, stock-
raising and building, along with Christian living.
At each place where the natives expressed a desire to have a father
settled among them, Kino built a permanent adobe house for the
priest. His next thought was the erection of a church and thus mis-
sion after mission was established, twenty-five in all. Now, at eleven

of these places churches are still in use, built on or near the original
foundations laid under Kino's direction, but completed by the Fran-
ciscan Fathers who came to replace the Jesuit order in this region in
1767-68.
[H]
 Of them none has been more enduring or more beautiful than
all

San Xavier del Bac, named in honor of Father Kino's patron saint,

Francisco Xavier (1506-1552) a famous Jesuit missionary called

"The Apostle to the Indians".
At Bac Father Kino found a thriving settlement in a very fertile
area. (The Papago word "bac" means "place where there is water").
Shortly after 1692 he built there a little adobe church and later, in
the spring of 1700, he supervised the laying of foundations for a sec-
ond, more pretentious building; but how far the work progressed
during his lifetime, we do not know. The present mission, actually
the third at Bac, was probably completed in 1797. The Padre was
so fond of San Xavier del Bac, its people, its pleasant, mountain rim-
med valley and its strategic position as a missionary post, that he asked
for permission to make it his headquarters; but as no priest could be
found to relieve him at Dolores, his request was never granted.
During the year 1751, there was a general revolt of the Pima
Indians, and San Xavier was plundered and damaged. For six or
seven years thereafter it was not re-occupied, but made a visita of
Guevavi. In 1767 the Jesuits were expelled by royal order from
Spain, and their missions were taken over by the Franciscans. From
about 1780 a long period of obscurity followed, until finally, due to
Apache depredations, the missions were ordered abandoned in 1829.
One of the many visitors to this old church in the early days was
Father Joseph Machebeuf, (the original Joseph of Willa Cather's
"Death comes for the Archbishop.") In 1858 he traveled to Arizona
and mentioned San Xavier in these words: "I had the pleasure of
finding there a large brick church very rich and beautiful for that
country."

[12]
 Military History of Tucson

The Presidio and Fort Lowell

About sixty years after a number of prosperous missions had been
founded, the Pima Nation, including the Papagos, revolted (1751)
and while no missions were actually destroyed or any priest killed, the
insurrection was severe enough to cause the vice-royal government
in Mexico to erect the presidios of Tubac (1752) and Tucson (1776-

77), where small garrisons were maintained to protect the missions

and to guard the route to California. In 1829, the Mexican Govern-
ment (independent of Spain since 1821), ordered the missions aban-
doned and the people who escaped the savages took refuge in the
presidios. Years of precarious living for Tucson and Tubac followed,

for by the close of the Mexican war in 1847, the Apaches were
endangering the progress of civilization on every side.
At the outbreak of the Civil War, the West was left unprotected
by the removal of troops to the East, and the Indians immediately
renewed their warfare with astonishing cruelty, for in their ignorance
they attributed the withdrawal of the troops to fear of their prowess
and took advantage accordingly.
In February, 1862, Captain Hunter with a band of about three
hundred men marched into Tucson and took possession of the ter-
ritory in the name of the Confederate States. It is said that a major-
ity of theAmerican population was in sympathy with the Southern
cause, but Hunter's occupation was brief. In May a body of Union
soldiers, known as the California Volunteers, under the leadership of

General James Carleton, arrived on the scene and the Confederates

retreated at once toward the Rio Grande.
In the same year a military camp was located in Tucson, and
though abandoned in '64, was again occupied a year later, and in 1867

[13]
made a permanent post, named for ColonelC. R. Lowell, who had
been killed in Virginia. Originally was located in the old "Mili-
it

tary Plaza", now the site of the Armory and Library parks (hence
for many years Broadway was known as Camp Street). All the
officers lived in Tucson, quartered in private homes, until it was de-
cided that the post was too close to the town and its diverting influ-
ences. Consequently the removal of the post to the site of the present
ruins, on the Rillito, seven miles away, took place in 1873.
In the new location Fort Lowell was laid out in much the same
general plan as all other military posts. The hard surface of the
desert was ideal for a paradeground; cottonwood trees were planted
in profusion and the place became a veritable oasis. The buildings,
all of adobe brick, are now in ruins, since by 1886 there was no longer
any real need of troops in the vicinity and the Fort was abandoned
soon thereafter. The picturesque arched doorways of the hospital
are still standing, as well as several other buildings, the best preserved
being that which once housed the Trader's Store.
In its day Fort Lowell was the most brilliant post in the Southwest
and consequently one of the most popular in the Army. As Regimen-
tal Headquarters for the 6th U. S. Cavalry, it was the scene of many

lavish entertainments and much gaiety in which the townspeople took

part, with the extra excitement of risking pursuit by the Apaches on
the way to and from the Fort.
The deeds of these ferocious Indians have hardly been paralleled
for cruelty and violence. It is impossible to give here any particular
account of their raids and depredations which extended all through
the southern part of the state. Attacks, murders and cattle steal-
ing finally became so terrorizing in the Santa Cruz Valley that they
culminated in 1871 in an episode which must be mentioned. And in
this case the tables were turned!
Certain citizens of Tucson, having proof of the guilt of the band
of Indians living in the San Pedro Valley under the protection of
Camp Grant, decided to have vengeance. Gathering a number of
Mexicans and Papagoes as allies, they marched over the mountains,
taking precautions that their plan did not become known at Camp
Grant, and made a surprise attack upon the Indians. Out of the en-
tire settlement no adult was left alive and only a few children were
made captive.

[14]
 Among the many Apache leaders, three stand out as particularly
bold and intelligent: Mangas Coloradas (Red Sleeves), a chief of
eastern Apacheria made his people the most powerful in the south-
west. He was captured and treacherously killed in 1863. Cochise,
of the Chiricahuas, become the warrior most feared upon the with-
drawal of the troops during the Civil War, his bands raiding with
especial daring in the Santa Cruz, San Pedro, and Sonoita valleys.
Put on the reservation in 1872, he died two years later. Geronimo
was a warrior-politician, rather than a chief, among the border
Apaches, exerting great influence among all the Indians. After
repeated surrenders and escapes he and his people were taken to
Florida and later removed to Fort Sill, Oklahoma, where he lived
until his death in 1909.

[15]
 Ranching in the Old Days

Father Kino brought the first cattle into Arizona from Mexico to
distribute among the Indian tribes. They were not the kind of
desert cattle known today, but small, scrawny, white and black

animals with vicious tempers, which became the chief source of live-
lihood for the Pimas and Papagos.
Soon after the Civil War, ranchers from Texas drifted into Ari-
zona, driving their herds of longhorn cattle before them. They took
up homestead rights to the good land — places with water, for water
was all-important. The entire southern part of the state was an un-
fenced, open range in which cattle, identified only by brands, wander-
ed as much as a hundred miles from the home ranch, making neces-
sary the spring and fall round-ups, or rodeos.
Late in the nineties, cattlemen found that the squat Hereford was
a better desert animal than the Texas longhorn, and the change was
made gradually, by importing Hereford bulls at the then high price
of fifty dollars a head. Steers sold in those days for fifteen to eighteen
dollars a head.

When cattlemen came to Arizona, the grass often grew waist

first

high, while the mesas were covered with mesquite trees, two and three
feet in diameter. The Tucson valley was at one time such a cattle-
men's paradise, but the ranges have been overgrazed, allowing the
heavy rains to take off the top soil and destroy much of its fertility.

At first the cattleman had few possible markets for his steers. He
might sell them to the various forts dotting the territory; he might
drive them overland through Yuma to San Diego ;
or, more often, he

[16]
would make the long trek to Kansas City and the railhead. After
the arrival of the railroad in 1880, Tucson became a shipping center
for cattle; its saloons were crowded with cowboys, mostly Mexican
vaqueros, who spent their wages freely in the typically western

fashion. Next to Tombstone, Tucson was regarded as the toughest

town in the Southwest.
The early rancher had no easy time of it. There was always the
Apache danger, for isolated ranches furnished the easiest and most
frequent prey for small roving bands. Sometimes the Indians con-
tented themselves with stampeding and running off the stock; again
they might slaughter the rancher and his family and burn his house.
After the Indians had been suppressed, there were other troubles such
as cattle rustling, though western fiction has exaggerated conditions.
In the Patagonia region, where, at one time, were run several
thousand head of sheep, there was friction between the sheepmen and
the cattlemen.
The early rancher led a rather miserable existence, without com-
forts of any sort. He built his home of adobe, by mixing straw with
earth and water, kneading the mud, and shaping the bricks with a
home-made mold. Or he put up a house framed with mesquite wood,
covered over with the sticks from the giant cactus, and finally plaster-

ed with mud. Usually the floor was simply of packed

dirt, and until

the coming of the railroad there was little glass for windows. The
corrals were built of mesquite wood timbers, laid in criss-cross
fashion without nails or fastenings of any sort. Many of these corrals
are in existence today.
Modern ranching does not have much profit for the small holder,
for he does not have the capital to survive the drouth periods which
come without fail every five years, according to old observers.
Modern companies have consolidated many of the old-time ranches
into larger holdings, with enough capital to carry through the hard
times and reap a rich harvest during the good years. Depending on
the condition of the range, fifteen or twenty acres must be allowed to
feed each grown animal, and the extensive range thus necessary, is

often leased in part from the National Forest areas.

Many of the old places have become better known recently as dude
ranches, about which information may be obtained from the local
Chamber of Commerce.
[17]
 Places of Interest in and Around Tucson

The Old Wall

On the south side Court House are two tablets commemorat-
of the
ing the original site of Here is to be seen part of the old
Tucson.
adobe wall that protected the townspeople from Indians until about the
middle of the last century. Its outline may be traced by the rough
square now formed by Washington, Council, Pennington and Main
streets.

Main and Meyer Streets

As Tucson expanded beyond its walls, activity centered in these two
At one end of Main were the beautiful Carrilo gardens;
parallel streets.
at the other, Chinese gambling dens. Meyer Street was first the resi-
dential section, where the Palace Hotel was widely known for its
sumptuous entertainments; later the character of the two streets
changed about, many fine old homes being built on Main, while
Meyer developed as a business section for the Mexican population.
Although progress has brought many changes to this colorful, narrow
thoroughfare, the "manana" spirit still prevails. Now among the
shops and houses built close upon the pavement, with hidden court-
and the old Teatro Royal,
yards, are to be found a tortilla factory,
where German opera companies were brought from Mexico in the
early 1900's.

"The Governor's Corner"

Located at 158 Court from the Court House, is the
Street, across
rambling adobe home built in 1874 on the site of the Mexican Com-
[18]
mandante's house, by L. C. Hughes, who was one of Arizona's first

territorial governors. The first American flag was raised near this
place — see the marker on the diagonal corner. Few changes have
been made in the old building, but it has been renovated and a group
of shops, a lending library and a tea room, now occupy the original
rooms.

Kino Memorial
A monument to Father Eusebio Francisco Kino has been placed in
the little park on Main Street, overlooking the valley he so often trod.
The bronze relief by Mahonri, set in native volcanic rock, was dedi-
cated in 1936. It is inscribed: "Earliest pioneer of civilization in the
Southwest; heroic missionary to the Pima Indians; intrepid explorer;
founder of San Xavier del Bac."

Site of the Old Orndorff Hotel

The original hotel was erected in 1856, on the corner of Main and
Pennington Streets, just outside the southern portion of the historic
town and was called the Phillips House
wall, (after its builder) at the
time General Fremont stopped in Tucson on way to become Gov- his

ernor of California. Later, purchased by Mr. Sam Hughes who

made extensive additions, it was re-christened "The Cosmopolitan"
and became known far and wide as the finest hotel between the
Mississippi River and the Pacific. Condemned by city engineers, it
was torn down in 1935, but in the nearby plaza pioneers may still
dream of the thrilling days in which it was a landmark.

The Wishing Shrine

In a vacant on the northwest corner of Simpson and Main
lot

Streets is one of the most interesting places within the limits of the
city. Marked and protected by an adobe wall, it is variously called

"The Shrine", "The Wishing Shrine", and "The Shrine of Thanks-

giving", and is visited constantly by multitudes of Indian and Mexi-
can people who come to light a candle and repeat a little prayer of
supplication or thanksgiving. Following their example, hundreds of
visitors also bring a candle offering to the spot.
Many legends are current as to the origin of this custom, but that
told by Mrs. C. B. Perkins, a resident of Tucson for over fifty years,

[19]
is In the late seventies, Mrs. Perkin's
claimed to be the authentic one.
father owned some miles north of the town. He em-
a sheep ranch
ployed as a sheepherder a young man named Juan Oliveras, who,
with his wife and father-in-law, lived at the ranch. Juan became
infatuated with his mother-in-law who lived in Tucson. One day,
when Juan came to town, the father-in-law followed, found him out,
and violently evicting him from the house, killed him. According
to a Mexican custom, the body of the slain man was unceremoniously
buried where he had fallen, hence came the name familiarly applied to
the site
— "El Tiradito" meaning "the one thrown out" or abandoned.
Pious individuals ever since have placed candles on the grave with a
prayer for the soul of the departed and, as time has gone on, adding
petitions of their own. The property has been dedicated to the city as

a public park, for the preservation of the tradition.

San Agustin Church

Probably begun in 1866, this building was not finished until 1868
with lumber brought from the Huachuca Mountains. It has not
been used for worship since 1895, but in spite of neglect and abuse,
the charm of its proportions and design is still evident. It stands fac-
ing the little plaza, at Court St. and Broadway.

Saint Augustine's Cathedral

Built in much the same style as the early Spanish Missions, this

church, three blocks south of Congress on Stone Avenue, was finished

in 1897. The towers and lovely decorations of the interior have been
added in recent years.

The Carnegie Library

Located on South Sixth Avenue between Twelfth and Thirteenth
Streets, the library contains sixty thousand volumes. Sixty periodicals
and fifteen daily papers are available to readers. A card for the use
of books must be signed by a property owner, but non-residents of the
city pay a fee of two dollars and fifty cents a year.

The Carnegie Desert Laboratory

Scientific study in relation to desert plants is carried on in this re-
search laboratory of the Carnegie Institute of Washington. It com-
prises several buildings on the hill south of St. Mary's Hospital, which
are not open to the public.

[20]
The United States Veterans' Hospital
On South 6th Ave. (Highway 89) stands the group of fine large

buildings of Spanish type, which the Government has built to accom-

modate about three hundred and fifty patients.

Chapel of St. John the Evangelist

This little church, built as a memorial to Veterans of the World
War, stands opposite the Government Hospital, one block west of 6th
Avenue. As far as possible, according to an early drawing, it is a
replica of the old church of San Jose del Tucson and contains one of
the original beams, as well as some beautiful modern wrought iron
at the altar and baptismal font.

San Jose del Tucson

Near the Santa Cruz River at the base of Sentinel Peak ("A"
Mountain), the Missionof San Jose del Tucson was established about
1775-6 by Father Garces, to accomodate the Indians settled there-
about. Old show that the monastery beside the mission
pictures
church was a beautiful building, two stories in height, with
itself,

deeply set doorways on the first floor and imposing arches in the
wall above. Only foundations of the church may still be traced, and
only a few heaps of weathered adobes remain of the monastery.

"A" Mountain
Known Peak in the old days, this was used as a look-
as Sentinel

out for Indians. Today, a roadway to the summit presents splendid

views of Tucson and the valley. The "A" on the east side is tradi-
tionally cared for by University of Arizona freshmen.

Tucson Mountain Park

Twenty-eight thousand acres in the Tucson Mountains have been
set aside for a recreational area, developed as a C. C. C. project.
More than grounds have been equipped with tables
eight picnic
and grills, and there are many fine views of the
shelters, fireplaces

Santa Cruz, Avra and Altar Valleys. The park, which includes
fine desert growth and a sahuaro forest may be reached by three
roads: one through the pass beyond St. Mary's Hospital; another turn-
ing right from Ajo road, about five miles from its junction with the

[21]
road to San Xavier; and the third via Picture Rocks. While in this
area visitors may be interested to see the Children's Preventorium,
established by the Pima County Welfare Board.

Picture Rocks
Take West Congress St. or Speedway to Silverbell Road and turn
right. Keep on to sign, left, about thirteen miles from Tucson. Close
to the north entrance of Tucson Mountain Park is located a ridge of
lava rock, badly weathered, so that the surface is largely covered with
a hard, dark crust. The ancient inhabitants of this region scratched
through this crust, forming pictographs of mountain sheep, goats,
deer, snakes, lizards, and various geometric designs apparently of
symbolic value. The animal forms may represent the ambitions of
of ancient hunters, who wished to gain magic power over the animals
they hunted or, according to another interpretation, they are records
of successful hunts.
Above and to the southwest of this ridge rises a rocky eminence that
is crowned with the ruins of an old wall that once undoubtedly served
as a protected retreat for these people and gave a good lookout over
the valley below.

San Xavier del Bac Mission (See page 11).

All visitors to Tucson should see this old and celebrated mission.
Its carvings and decorations are rich in color, and old-world know-
ledge of architecture is manifest in the many details so accurately

executed by native workmen. In an excellent state of preservation,

it is used as a church for the Indians nearby on the Papago Reserva-

tion, and resident priests are always glad to show the interesting
features and to interpret its ecclesiastical lore.

The Road turns west (right) from South 6th Ave., beyond
Mission
the Government Hospital. As the Santa Cruz must be forded going
this way, after wet weather it is best to take the paved road the other
side of the river, which is reached by going out West Congress St. to

the four corners at Grand Ave. and turning left.

Martinez Hill Ruin (See page 44).

It is reached by going south on Sixth Avenue to the Mission Road,

turning right and continuing to the road that leads left to the Papago

[22]
hospital. Instead of going toward the hospital, keep directly south
until reaching a fork in the road, take the right branch and continue
a few hundred yards to the mounds.

Yaqui Village of Pascua.

On the outskirts of Tucson, west of the Oracle Road, between the
railroad tracks and the river, is a village of some three hundred
Indians. Originally a small group of political refugees from Mexico,
they are related to the Yaquis of Sonora, one of the strongest tribes
yet remaining in North America, who have never acknowledged
allegiance to theMexican government. Coming over the border for
some forty years, they have brought with them a strong feeling of
independence which has enabled them against odds to maintain com-
munities in which their old life goes on as formerly, except for some
economic adjustments. A similar village, Guadalupe has come into
existence near Phoenix; and still another small settlement can be
found near the southern end of Tucson, on West 25th St. However,
Pascua, named from the Easter dances given annually, is the best
known of the group.

Randolph Park
A municipal project where sport enthusiasts have an opportunity
to see big league baseball, play golf on a grassed course, and practice
shooting on the pistol range.

The Tucson Airport

Five miles east of the city is the eighteen hundred acre municipal
aviation field. Daily passenger and air mail service is maintained. Go
east on Broadway; turn south at Randolph Park.
Fort Lowell See page 13).
Turn north from Speedway on Campbell Ave. to Ft. Lowell Road,
and continue.
River Road Loop
From East Speedway, turn north on Campbell Avenue and, cross-
ing the Rillito, take the next turn right on a winding road which
presently connects with the Sabino Canyon Road, east of the city.

University Ruin
This ruin is reached by following Speedway eastward to Wilmont
Road, then turning left. Just after crossing the Pantano, turn left

[23]
again on a newly built road which continues several hundred yards
to the pueblo gate. (See page 43).

Sahuaro Forest
Recently designated as a National Monument, with a museum and
resident guide. Fifteen miles from town, it is reached by the continu-
ation of Speedway east, or from the Tanque Verde Road turning
right at the Wrightstown schoolhouse, then left on the next crossroad
where a sign is found.

Sabino and Bear Canyons

In the Catalina mountains, about seventeen miles northeast of
Tucson, and easily accessible by good roads. Take Speedway east to
Wilmont Road, turn left and continue to the turn (also left) marked
Sabino. The Bear Canyon road branches off (left) a short distance
farther east. A series of small dams have been constructed in Sabino,
and tables, and out-door fireplaces built for the convenience of pic-
nickers. Bear Canyon is also popular as a play-ground. Mountain
climbers will find interesting trails from these canyons to Mount Lem-
mon and "The Window", a hole worn by wind erosion through a
rocky point on the Mountains.

Redington Road
Continuing from the Tanque Verde Road east of Tucson and
following the old stage route to the San Pedro Valley. Wonderful
views of the valleys are to be had from the summit. Picnic grounds
have been prepared at the base of the Tanque Verde Mountains.

The New Mount Lemmon Road

Now under construction by Federal prisoners, the New Mount
Lemmon Road is nineteen miles northeast of the city and three miles
north of the Tanque Verde Road. On Sundays visitors are allowed
to drive the completed section of the road, which commands a magni-
ficent view.

Oracle
A ranching center forty miles from Tucson on the present route to
Mt. Lemmon. Several ranches cater especially to dudes, and many
out-of-door recreations are offered the year around.

[24]
San Pedro Valley

It is thought most probable that Coronado led his expedition north

by this route rather than along the Santa Cruz. The valley is reached
by Highway 80 (Benson); by the Redington Road; or by going
through Oracle. A beautiful outlook across the Valley may be
had a few miles east of Oracle, on the road to Mammoth, where
gold claims were located in 1881. Farther on, Ray (1870) and
other towns are noted for their copper and molybdenum mines.

White House Canyon

Sought by a small summer colony this canyon lies at the foot
of Old Baldy, the highest peak of the Santa Ritas. It is reached
by going south on the Nogales Highway to Continental turning
left and travelling southeast for seven miles, then following
the road to the right which leads directly to the canyon. A public
camping ground is provided for visitors who wish to remain over night
or longer, and cabins may be available.

Church of Santa-Rita-in-the-Desert
Built by Mrs. Charles Beach of Vail, as a memorial to her late
husband, Dr. Takamine of Japan, and dedicated in 1935, this little

church contains many treasures from over the world.

Colossal Cave

Colossal Cave, in the foothills of the Rincon Mountains southeast of

Tucson, has been compared with The Mammoth Cave of Kentucky
and New Mexico's Carlsbad Caverns for the beautiful formations
and intricacies of the passages. Many are the legends connected with
the cave which Indian tribes are said to have used as a route to San
Pedro Valley on the other side of the mountains, although the actual
extent of the cave has never been learned. Evidence has led authori-
ties to suppose that bandits hid their loot there for a number of years.
Concrete steps and lighting facilitate the visitor's explorations, and
rangers act as guides to those who desire to make the trip. Follow
Highway 80 for eighteen miles to the east, where a sign will be found.

[25]
 Places of Interest in Southern Arizona

TUBAC
On Highway 89, forty-five miles from Tucson. First established
as a Spanish presidio in 1752, Tubac For
has a very colorful history.
some years, dating from about 1764,was under the command of
it

Juan Bautista de Anza (the founder of San Francisco) and had a

population of nearly five hundred. When the garrison was transfer-
red to Tucson ( 1 776-77), the settlers in the vicinity were left exposed
to the pillaging Apaches. After many petitions asking for a restoration

of the presidio, a company of Pima allies was organized and stationed

there.
Tubac was first settled by Americans in 1856,when it was partially
rebuilt under the direction of Charles D. Poston who established
it as his headquarters during the development of rich silver mines
nearby. For town might well be regarded as
several years after, the
the center of civilization in Arizona, for Mr. Poston ruled both social
and civic affairs in the style of a true "don" and gave the place a bril-
liant but fleeting prominence. Here the first newspaper in the terri-
tory, "The Weekly Arizonian", was published in 1859.
When Arizona was claimed as a Confederate territory (February
—
1862), Tubac was the designated capital but never more than in
name. After the Federal troops were withdrawn to the Rio Grande,
the place was partially abandoned and the Apaches grew more daring
in their raids. On one occasion the few inhabitants left kept the
Indians at bay for several days, but finally sent word to Tucson, ask-
ing for assistance.To the rescue went a party of twenty-five
men, and by maneuvering came suddenly upon the Apaches, who
numbered about two hundred, attacking them with such spirit that the
whole band fled to the Santa Rita Mountains. At the same time a

[26]
number of Mexicans, who believed the American government had
lost control, came in from Sonora with the purpose of plunder. Thus
harassed, and without protection, the people of Tubac finally aban-
doned the town.

San Jose de Tumacacori Mission

Three miles south of Tubac, this mission was founded in 1691, near
the site of probably the first Christian services held in present Arizona,
but a church was not completed until 1700, (the year that Father Kino
laid the foundations of the second church at Bac.) The present build-
ing dates from about 1754, following the Pima Revolt. Franciscan
friars took over the mission from the Jesuits after 1767, repairing its

walls and maintaining peaceable possession for over sixty years. In the
early part of the 19th century the place was attacked by the Apaches,
who drove away the priests and disbanded the peace-loving Indians in

the vicinity. When

Tumacacori was first visited by Americans, around
1850, it was already in ruins. It was created a National Monument
in 1908 and since then much has been done to preserve the remaining*

walls and to make the grounds attractive.

San Gabriel de Guevavi Mission

In 1691 Kino passed through the rancheria of Guevavi, where
subsequently he established the first mission on Arizona soil, although
a resident priest was not stationed there until 1701. After the Pima
Revolt in 1751, Guevavi became the head church in the district, with
other villages, even as far as Bac, visitas. The ruins, nearly oblit-
erated, lie seven or eight miles northeast of Nogales, on the east bank
of the Santa Cruz, though the only road approaching is on the west
bank.

Arivaca and Ruby

Once a thriving Pima Village but abandoned for a time after the
Pima Revolt, Arivaca has been the center of some of Southern Ari-
zona's mining and ranching interests. Nearby is Ruby, a picturesque
silver mine town.

Nogales
The twin cities of the same name, straddling the Arizona-Sonora
line, form one of the most interesting places on the southwestern

[27]
border. An hour and a half ride from Tucson, takes the visitor into
another world where he will enjoy unusual places of entertainment,
the Public Market, and shops filled with fascinating Mexican hand-
work. Customs officials allow a certain amount of merchandise to be
brought in, if it is acquired incidentally.

Fort Buchanan and Camp Crittenden

Fort Buchanan, situated on the Patagonia Road, forty-five miles
southeast ofTucson and twenty miles north of the Mexican border,
was established in November 1856 for the protection of the settlers
in the Babocamari, Sonoita and Santa Cruz Valleys, against Indians.
Since this location did not prove to be very healthful, a new camp
was located about half a mile east, (1868) and named in honor of
General J. L. Crittenden. While there are scarcely any traces
of Fort Buchanan, quite extensive ruins of Camp Crittenden remain
although the post was abandoned in 1873.

Fort Huachuca
Camp Wallen, established in 1874, about twenty miles from Camp
Crittenden, was succeeded in 1877 by a camp located on the northern
slopes of the Huachuca Mountains, known as Fort Huachuca. After
any necessity for guarding the settlers against Indians had passed, the
Fort assumed a degree of international importance during a long
period of Mexican revolutionary outbreaks, especially that of 1915.
For many years it was one of the largest posts in the Southwest, re-
cently being changed from calvary to infantry.

Tombstone
The name was given to the place where Ed SchiefFelen located his
silvermine (1877) for he had been told, when he set out to prospect,
that he would "find his tombstone". Consequently the weekly news-
paper was called "The Epitaph". Once the scene of the most pros-
perous activity in Arizona, few of the mines have been worked for
years, although some have recently been re-opened. The town is
best known for its reputation as "Helldorado", the setting of dramatic
feuds and fights between desperadoes, and long-drawn war between
bandits and rustlers, such as Curly Bill and John Ringo, and the
Law. Still standing are the old Bird Cage Theatre and Shieffelen

[28]
Hall, both famed for the theatrical productions they housed when
great names trod the boards far from Broadway. Beside the highway
west of the town has been placed the stone monument to the prospec-
tor who brought Tombstone into being.

Bisbee

Copper mines were first discovered here in 1875, and developed

into the immensely valuable holdings of the Phelps Dodge Corpor-
ation. The town itself clings precipitously to the sides of various
gulches, known as Mule, Brewery, etc.

Douglas
Only twenty-six miles distant from Bisbee, the border town of
Douglas was developed as the site of the Phelps Dodge Smelter.

The Wonderland of Rocks

As a National Monument, four thousand acres have been set aside
in the Chiricahua Mountains because of the peculiar and beautiful
rock formations. Douglas, Bisbee, and Tombstone are key points
to reach this area, through which wind a motor road and bridle trails.

Cochise Stronghold
This naturally fortified "box" canyon in the Dragoon Mountains,
was one of the favorite gathering places of the Indian chieftain.

Baboquivari Peak
A landmark of Pima County, the highest point of the Baboquivari
Mountains has been fabled as the dwelling-place of the Papago gods.
A trail to the summit provides mountain climbers with a test of their

skill and ardor.

S AS ABE

With the local color of the border, the town is seventy-four miles
from Tucson up the Altar Valley; on the American side of the line

is San Fernando.

Sells
This town, sixty-five miles from Tucson, is the official and trading
center of the Papago Reservation.

[29]
 —

The Papago Indian Reservation

Clustered picturesquely around the old San Xavier Mission and
scattered through sixy-five miniature villages between that point and
Ajo, are more than 5000 of Tucson's most interesting neighbors
the Papagos.

Who they are or where they come from no one has yet been able to
say exactly. They speak a tongue distinctly related to the ancient
language of the Valley of Mexico, and some of the artifacts dug up by
the archaeologists in the Gila Valley among their cousins, the Pimas,
give strong indications of Mexican influence. They were first seen by
Europeans when the Spanish conquerors used their friendly services
in the early sixteenth century. At that time they had a few farms,
raising corn, beans,squash, and cotton. Archaeologists now believe
that their ancestors might have built the great irrigation canals of

the Salt and Gila River valleys, lived in the compounds at Casa
Grande, and numbered many thousands before drouth and invading
tribes reduced their population and scattered them over the desert.
Their holdings, finally determined for them in 1916, would be an
empire in another climate — just three times the size of Rhode Island.
Being industrious and thrifty to an unusual degree, they prosper
where their American neighbors would abandon the effort as hopeless,
farming, raising cattle and making baskets.

The Spanish and Mexican culture, with which they came in con-
tact for three hundred years, greatly influenced their habits and cus-
toms, especially in their homes and dress. The houses are usually of
one room with a dirt floor and no windows in the walls of solid adobe.

Roofs have sahuaro rib beams crossed by branches, brush, or grass,

and covered over with mud. As the summer cooking is done outside,
these houses are cool, even on the hottest days, and nearly every one
has its adjacent brush shelter, called a "ramada".

Both men and women dress like Tucson Mexicans, except that the
men add cowboy hats and boots, and the women, in full skirts, usually
have a blanket around their shoulders or hips, a cotton 'reboso' tied
over their heads.

Aside from their crops, beef, and "store goods", the Indians use
many native products for food. The fruit of the sahuaro, gathered
with ceremony each year, makes an excellent wine when fermented.

[30]
Dried, it is stewed like apples, or it may be pulverized and mixed with
meal to form a sort of pudding. Dried mesquite pods and beans are
ground into a sweet-tasting flour.
White, bleached yucca leaves are used for the baskets which are
made in quantities for tourist trade. The designs, in dark brown and
black, are chiefly linear or geometric and usually radiate from the bot-
tom. An interesting carrying basket, called "kiaha", supported by
a tump-line across the forehead, is made from the fiber of the yucca
or sotol, twisted into cord, which is fashioned into a cornucopia-shaped
net. The mouth is held open by a hoop of willow, and the whole
thing is supported by a sahuaro-rib frame.
Each under
village has a ceremonial place, called a "large house",
the care of "theKeeper of the Smoke", the priestly head of the group.
There are two classes of medicine men, those dealing with sickness,
and those dealing with the weather, growing of crops and warfare.
In mid-spring ceremonies are performed to procure good crops and
in the harvest festival, called "Vigita", held in late July or August,
there is held a one-day ceremony, with songs, dances and drinking
of the wine made from the newly gathered sahuaro fruit.

Nature, in the form of rain, wind, sun, moon, thunder, and such
superhuman personalities as the Earth Magician (the Creator) and
Elder Brother (their culture hero), are the chief members of the
Papago pantheon. While these tribal traditions still exist, the Indians
have, of course, been Christianized for years. Protestant schools
and missions have been established, but mainly the people are members
Church which has shepherded them
of the Catholic for more than
two hundred and fifty years.

Ajo
This, the second largest city in Pima County, is famous for
the copper mine owned and operated by the New Cornelia Branch
of the Phelps Dodge Company. Visitors have the privilege of being
conducted down the well, seven hundred feet underground, from
which comes Ajo's water supply.

Yuma
Center of a great district producing citrus, lettuce, live-stock, etc.,

it will benefit by the completion of the Yuma-Gila Irrigation Project,

[31]
and the Imperial Dam (on the Colorado) which also will control the
All-American Canal. Of most historic interest are the remains of
the Arizona Territorial Prison, erected in 1878. They are close to
the highway just before crossing the Colorado bridge.

The Boyce Thompson Arboretum

About three miles west of Superior in Queen Canyon, at the foot of
Picket Post Mountain, (landmark of pioneer days). This experimen-
tal station, open to the public, was established by William Boyce
Thompson of Yonkers, New York, and is devoted to growing plants
native to the Southwest and other desert regions of the world,
many of the species being extremely rare.

Superior Highway
Rivaling the Apache Trail, this is a paved route between the min-
ing towns of Superior and Miami.

Miami-Globe
For many years this district was first in mineral production of all the
great camps in the state, the mines being originally located for silver,
copper becoming of more importance later. It is also one of the chief
centers of asbestos mining in the country.

Coolidge Dam
Located at Box Canyon, on the Gila River four miles below the
town of San Carlos, the unusual dome type of construction was used.
The reservoir submerged the old town of San Carlos, which was
established as a military post in 1872.

Tonto National Monument

Some of Arizona's best preserved cliff dwellings.

Roosevelt Dam
Erected to conserve water from the Salt River and Tonto Basin,
for irrigation of the valley below. Named for and dedicated by Theo-
dore Roosevelt.

Apache Trail
Next to the Grand Canyon, of greatest interest to visitors in Ari-

zona. Through canyons of amazing color and formation, the present

road was engineered to transport supplies for the construction of

[32]
Roosevelt Dam. A fascinating side trip is the thirty mile cruise on
Canyon Lake (formed by Mormon Flats Dam, on the Salt River)
where the cliffs rise, even more weird and beautiful, from the
water's edge.

Casa Grande Ruins

One of the most historically interesting of our National Monu-
ments Casa Grande, situated one mile north of Coolidge on High-
is

way 84, about midway between Tucson and Phoenix. (Another

approach is via the Bankhead Highway which goes through Florence.)

There is really a group of ruins, with the four-story walls of the

main building or "Big House" dominating. The present theory of
the occupancy of the pueblo is as follows: the Hohokam, a tribe no-
madic in habit, wandered into this valley at some remote time, grad-
ually built a series of canals from the Gila River, and lived there for
several generations while the slow development of their architecture
took place. Then, harassed by the mountain Indians and suffering
from repeated years of drought, they drifted out, not in one migration
but over a number of years. The first record we have of the Casa
Grande was written by Father Kino. He had heard rumors of the
great house on the bank of the Gila, and finally in November 1694
visited this wonder of which he relates: "The Casa Grande is a four
storey building as large as a castle and equal to the finest churches in
these lands. Close to the Casa Grande are thirteen smaller houses,
somewhat delapidated, and the ruins of many more."
This place was set aside as a Government Reservation in 1892 and
made a National Monument in 1918. The adjacent museum
houses a fine collection of relics. (The State Museum in Tucson has
a small model of the ruins).

Superstition Mountains

A range east of Phoenix, noted for its beautiful colors and strange
pinnacles. Many are the legends concerning it, the Indians believing
that death will be the fate of all who explore it. It still holds the
secret of the "Lost Dutchman Mine."

Florence
Here is located the State Penitentiary. Arizona's first representa-
tive in the United States' Congress, Charles D. Poston, spent several

[33]
thousand dollars building a road to the summit of an eminence several
miles northwest of Florence, where he hoped to build a temple for
sun worship and where a monument now marks his burial-place.

Adamsville
Situated about three miles west of Florence and founded by
Charles Adams in 1866, was once famed as having been the wildest
of wild West towns. Adams irrigated about a quarter section of land
and laid out a town site. He gave land to all who wanted to build,
and soon a lively village sprang up, but like many other small Arizona
towns that for one reason or another have been deserted, it is now a
ghost town.

Mesa
The gateway to the verdant Salt River Valley and the home of the
beautiful Mormon Temple, erected by a group of people who have
pioneered in many fields for the betterment of the state.

Tempe
An educational center, the location of one of Arizona's two normal
schools —Tempe State Teacher's College.

Phoenix
The state capital, a city of culture, industry and beautiful homes;
the agricultural center of the rich Salt River Valley (citrus, cotton,
lettuce, etc.) Since the modern settlement was built on the site of
prehistoric dwellings, it was named after the legendary bird which rose
alive from its own ashes.

[34]
 Places of Interest in Northern Arizona

WlCKENBURG
"The Dude Ranch Capital of the World", is situated in pleasant
hilly country beside the Hassayampa River.
Prescott
The first territorial capital of Arizona. Here are located the Ari-
zona Pioneers' Home, Fort Whipple (now a Government hospital for
veterans) and the Charlotte Hall Museum; also Granite Dells — fan-
tastic formations on Jerome Highway (State 79).
Boulder Dam
Constructed by the Federal government on the Arizona-Nevada
border. On Mead Lake, which is one hundred and nineteen miles
in length, boating and other water sports are possible.
Tuzigoot Ruins and Museum
On the road a short distance southeast of Clarkdale; an especially
interesting collection of ancient structures and relics.

Montezuma's Castle National Monument

A well preserved cliff dwelling with museum.
Natural Bridge
Below Pine, on the road to Payson a short turn-off leads to the
valley of the Tonto Natural Bridge, which spans the creek at a height
of 180 feet, with an alfalfa field covering the top. It has been the
property, since its discovery, of the Goodfellow family, members of
which live in the old ranch house now open to travelers as "Natural
Bridge Lodge."
Oak Creek Canyon
On the road between Jerome and Flagstaff. Here the rich coloring
of the rock walls is enhanced by the surrounding forest.
[35]
Flagstaff
Famous for the beauty of its location beneath the snowy San Fran-
cisco Peaks which command views of five states: Arizona, New Mex-
ico, Utah, Colorado, and Nevada. Here are the Lowell Observa-
tory, the Flagstaff State Teachers' College, the Museum of Northern
Arizona and nearby Indian ruins.

Walnut Canyon National Monument — (Flagstaff)

A hundred cliff dwellings built seven or eight centuries ago.

Sunset Crater National Monument — (Flagstaff)

The most recent volcano in the Southwest with extensive lava

flows and an ice cave.

Wupatki National Monument — (Flagstaff)

A prehistoric Indian pueblo built in the twelfth century.

The Painted Desert

U. S. Highway 60 on Navajo Indian Reservation.
the Sands . . .

of many colored mountain sides merge in a wonderful panorama.

Grand Canyon of the Colorado
The greatest gorge in the world, discovered by Don Garcia Lopez
de Cardenas who accompanied Coronado on his expedition to Cibola
in 1540.

Kaibab Forest
Extending from the north rim of the Grand Canyon, is the largest
soft pine forest in the country, providing grazing land for great herds
of deer under government protection.

Pipe Springs
Now a National Monument, was prominent in Utah and Arizona
history. After the first settler had been killed by Indians, the place
was bought by Brigham Young.
Navajo National Monument
The great pueblo ruins of Betatakin, Keetseel, and Inscription
House.
Dinosaur Canyon
Immense rocks on which are found tracks of dinosaurs.

[36]
Rainbow Bridge National Monument
The greatest and most beautiful natural bridge in the world, in
Utah close to the Arizona border. A pack trip, with guide, is neces-
sary to reach it.

Meteor Crater — (Winslow)

A tremendous crater-like hole in otherwise flat country, made by
the impact of the giant Barringer cluster of meteorites.

Petrified Forest National Monument — (Holbrook)

The remains of a forest that has been turned into stone, some of
the trunks containing crystals of many colors. A very excellent
museum is maintained near the south entrance.

HoTEVILLA, ORAIBI AND WALPI

Three of the best known pueblos, where are held the Snake, Ante-
lope and Flute dances of the Hopi Indians. (See also page 40).

Canyon de Chelly (de shay)

The site of ancient cliff dwellings especially picturesque and im-
pregnable.

KlNISHBA
Near White River and Ft. Apache (U. S. Highway 60), are some
of the most extensive and newly opened ruins in the state. The
excavation and restorations are being done by archaeology students
of the University under the direction of Dean Byron Cummings. (A
model is shown at the Arizona State Museum).

The White Mountains

A popular cool retreat in summer, providing varied interest for the

sportsman in the fishing and hunting seasons.

The Coronado Trail

Supposedly part of the route covered by the Conquistador in 1540.
The present road winds over wild and rugged country which is best

viewed on the descent, from Springerville, through Alpine, Metcalf

(remarkable copper mining operations, now abandoned) to Clifton

and Safford.
[37]
 Trips

Excursions of half a day or less

1. Picture Rocks and Mountain Park (west).
2. San Xavier del Bac Mission, the Papago Indian Reservation
and Martinez Hill Excavations (south). Also may include
Twin Buttes loop road, returning via the Nogales highway.
3. Fort Lowell, University Ruin, Sabino and Bear Canyon;
new Mount Lemmon Road, or Redington Road; Sahuaro
Forest.
4. White House Canyon.

Excursions of one day

1 . Oracle and Mt. Lemmon or Oracle and the San Pedro Valley.
2. Colossal Cave and Vail (church of Santa-Rita-in-the-Desert).
3. Arivaca, Ruby, Nogales, Tumacacori, Tubac.
4. Tubac, Tumacacori, Nogales, Patagonia, Vail.
5. Vail, Sonoita, Fort Huachuca, Tombstone, Benson.
6. Gila Valley: Coolidge, Casa Grande Ruins, Adamsville,
Florence.
7. Sells, A jo, Gila Bend, Casa Grande Ruins, Picacho.
8. Salt River Valley: Florence, Mesa, Tempe, Phoenix,
Chandler.
9. Altar Valley: Baboquivari, San Fernando, Sasabe.

Excursions of two days

1. Florence, Boyce Thompson Arboretum, Superior, Miami,
Globe (night) Coolidge Dam, Safford, Dragoon, Benson.
;

2. As above to Globe and Coolidge Dam; then over Apache

Trail and return via Phoenix.
3. Tombstone, Bisbee, Douglas (night) ; Wonderland of Rocks,
Cochise Stronghold, Dragoon, Benson.

[38]
 Seasonal Events in Tucson and Elsewhere
in Arizona

La Fiesta de los Vaqueros (Tucson)

The Rodeo, opening with a parade through the city, absorbs the
interest of the entire community for four days around Washington's
birthday. Calf and steer roping and tying, bull-dogging, bronco-
busting and horse racing are participated in by local cowboys and
nationally known experts. One day is devoted to the dances and
feats of the Papago Indians who come in from the Reservation and
perform in their bright native costumes. The Pima County Fair and
Cattle Show is held at the same time. Fair Grounds and Rodeo
Field, combined, are on South 6th Ave., past the Veterans' Hospital.

Baile de las Flores (Tucson)

Formal, brilliant Spanish costumes mark this "Ball of the Flowers"
early in February. It is sponsored by the Lady Board of Visitors to
St. Luke's-in-the-Desert (a sanatorium for men).

Yaqui Indian Dances (Tucson)

In paint, feathers, masks and native garb, the Indians portray the
martyrdom of Christ, just before Easter. (See also page 23).

Papago Dances (Tucson)

The Indians of the San Xavier del Bac village hold ceremonials in
March, preserving their old traditions. Look for announcements in

the paper.

[39]
Mission Services (San Xavier del Bac)

Christmas and Easter services are particularly beautiful, especially

the latter which is held at sunrise, on the little hill beside the old
church.

Pageant of the Superstitions (Mesa)

Presented by the High School in the Theatre of the Hills, ten miles

east of Mesa, usually the last Friday in April or the second or third
Friday in May. It is a great out-of-door drama, with dancing and
chorals.

The Masque of the Yellow Moon (Phoenix)

In celebration of the moon month of April when the yellow flowers

bloom on the desert, three thousand students and teachers of the High
School and Junior College present a pageant based on Arizona
legends and history. The elaborate scale and professional achieve-
ment of this production have spread its fame. All costumes, stage sets,

properties and programs, are made entirely in the schools.

Smoki Dances (Prescott)

To perpetuate the ceremonies of the Arizona Indians in all their

ritualistic splendor and authenticity, these dances are given by the

"Smokis", a group of young business men. Usually in June, the exact
date can be obtained from the Chamber of Commerce.

Frontier Days (Prescott)

Always including the Fourth of July ,several days are given over to
a rodeo,games and displays, with general fun-making.

The Flagstaff Pageant

Presented about mid-summer by the Arizona State Teacher's

College (of Flagstaff).

Hopi Snake Dances (northern Arizona)

High on the mesas, at Hotevilla, Oraibi or Walpi, these famous

dances take place in August to bring rain to the land. During the
strange and sacred rites, rattlesnakes are handled with complete

[40]
safety, the secret being still kept from the white men. The date is

never known very far in advance, but information may be obtained

from the Arizona Automobile Association.

Red Knolls Pageant (Saftord)

The beautiful natural Desert Theatre near Highway 80 is the

setting of a drama by the Gila Junior College, about the second Friday
in May. Dances, choruses processionals, etc., include a cast of
around two hundred.

Snowflake Pageant (Snowflake)

The community dramatizes the story of pioneer conquest in a giant

crater close to the town.

Local rodeos at Florence, Wickenburg, etc., and the Indian Pow-

Wow at Flagstaff, add to the visitor's interest, fun and thrills in Ari-
zona. Exact information as to dates, etc., is best obtained from the lo-
cal Chamber of Commerce or the newspapers.
 Archaeology Notes

Arizona is the center of one of the most interesting, most thoroughly

studied archaeological zones in North America. For nearly fifty
years scientists have delved into the mysteries of the countless ruins
scattered in every section of the state and have been able to determine
dates, cultural areas, and probable migrations.
There were definitely two zones of occupation, containing people
of distinctly different traits. In the north, in the area now occupied
by the Navajos, were the Cliff-Dwellers, who developed from a
simple cave-dwelling, hunting stage, to a civilized state based on in-
tensive agriculture and closely knit village life. This culture also
extended to the Sierra Ancha Mountains and to the Tonto cliff-

dwellings near Roosevelt Lake. To the south (Gila and Salt River
basin areas), there is evidence of another group which, at the height
of its development, occupied the great adobe villages, such as Casa
Grande. Here, the first traces of the people show that they were
already agricultural and established in settlements.

In Northern Arizona the stratified remains found in caves indicate

San Juan culture had its beginning about 1000 B. C.
that the so-called
These people did not have cotton, the bow and arrow, pottery, nor
homes, except the hollowed-out corner of a cave or a crude brush
wind-break in the open. It is thought, principally because the skull
shape changed, that a new people migrated into the area from the
south by 500 B. c. After this time there was a rapid development of
culture. Domesticated cotton, the bow and arrow, stone houses the
cradle board, pottery, and countless other useful articles were develop-
ed. These people, by 900 a. d., started to build the great mesa and
cliff ruins now found in the north. A few hundred years later, either

because of drought, or the entrance into the country of the Navajos

and Apaches, or for both reasons, the people abandoned their cities

[42]
and scattered over the country. It was the remnants of this former
glory that the Spaniards found on the Rio Grande and in the Hopi
country of Northern Arizona.
In Southern Arizona scientists have not yet determined the source
of the high civilization which existed in the most ancient ruins. The
oldest villages uncovered, (dating about 2000 years ago), show that
the people already had a knowledge of house-building, pottery making,
and farming — probably with the use of irrigation canals. It is highly
probable that these people contributed no small part to the great civil-

izations ofMexico and Central America. The connection between

the two areas, is definitely shown by many similar artifacts and cus-
toms. Like the people of the north, these scattered and declined after
1400 A. D., and their descendants are possibly the present occupants of
this same area, the Pimas and Papagos.

Besides these two definite cultures, established for northern and

southern Arizona, archaeologists have discovered numerous remains
that indicate the presence of the earliest people who migrated into
America from Asia. Dr. Byron Cummings of the University of Ari-
zona has found camp sites and crude rubbing stones in southeastern
Arizona that, according to comparison with the data from other sec-
tions, may represent the presence of roving hunters in this section as
far back as 10,000 years ago.

Archaeology in the Tucson Area

University Ruins

Eight miles northeast of the University campus is located a pre-

historic pueblo ruin which now servies as a perpetual outdoor labora-
tory for the advanced students of archaeology at the University.

Two periods of occupation are plainly indicated: a surface pueblo,

and a pit-house village that seems to belong to the later stages of the
Pithouse period, dating around 500 to 700 a. d. The buildings of
this time were probably only one story high, with floors sunken
beneath the surface, and the side walls built up with clay and strength-
ened with pounded caliche and gravel to a height sufficient to carry

a roof above the heads of the occupants.

The roofs consisted of supporting cross-beams, over which were
laid poles, then brush and grass, with a final coating of adobe clay.

[43]
Entrances were chiefly at the side, and rooms were arranged around
open spaces or courts. The higher mounds, which have not as yet
been excavated, indicate a structure of the later, or Surface Pueblo

period,which existed about 900 A. d. to 1000 A. d. The surface

pueblo dwellings have massive walls of clay and caliche, and un-
doubtedly were carried up two and three stories in height.

Martinez Hill Ruin

This is a large ruin similar to the University Ruin. It also gives

evidence of two periods of occupation — and later
the earlier Pithouse
Surface Pueblo structure and consists ofmounds, each
several
covering a group of apartments built with massive walls of caliche and
clay. These mounds, with their intervening structures, cover an
area of more than twenty acres. Two of them have been uncovered
and a partial restoration of the major portion of the buildings has been
completed by archaeology students.

[*4]
 Natural History Notes

The environs of Tucson offer an interesting and varied abundance

of animal and plant life, of which only a few examples may be given
here. It is a state law that native plants are not to be dug up without

permission, or destroyed.

Cacti

These peculiar members of the vegetable world prove more inter-

esting to people than almost any other plant family. Their grotesque
shapes, their protective devices and extraordinary flowers, and their
ability to live under them apart as a strikingly
difficult conditions set

distinct group. Most species do not have leaves, but nearly all have
spines. Most ofthem produce fruits and seeds, but many increase
rather by the breaking and rooting of their brittle joints. The flowers
are usually showy, of almost every shade except blue and violet.

Bisnaga or Barrel Cactus, from which candy is made, is shaped ac-

cording to its name, heavily ribbed and armed with vicious 'fish-hook'
spines. It is sometimes called the Compass Cactus, because it usually
leans toward the south. The flowers are yellow, circling the top, the
fruit resembling miniature pineapples. Phonograph needles have been
made from the spines and the moist pulp has helped save the lives of

men stranded without water.

Cholla y
or Walking-Cane Cactus is closely related to the Prickly
Pears, but can be distinguished by the fact that the joints are cylindri-
cal rather than flat. The woody skeleton of the plant is often cleaned
and polished to make canes, lamp-stands and other articles.

[45]
 Hedgehog Cactus appears in groups of heavily spined cylinders
about a foot high. The blossoms are earliest in the spring, of brilliant
rose-magenta shades.

The Night-blooming Cereus, or Reina de Noche (Queen of the

Night) is held sacred by the Mexicans and Indians who give homage
to this strangest, rarest and most beautiful of the desert flowers. Its

root is like a large beet, holding food and water for one or two years
growth; its stem resembles a crooked, blackened stick. The flowers
are seven or eight inches long, fragrant, graceful, with spreading,
recurving ivory-white petals. These appear for onlv one night, in
the early part of June, opening at sunset and closing soon after they
are touched by the morning sun.

The Prickly Pear y or Tuna. There are many species and varieties
of the flat-jointed "pear". Some seem to be almost spineless, but
careless fingers will be irritated by an abundance of fine, stiff hairs

which easily drop from the plant. The blossoms range in color from
clear yellow to shades of red, with fruits also varying from yellow to
red. One species, the Santa Rita, differs from the common green
color, being blended rose and violet, and hence is called the Purple
Pear.

The Rainbow Cactus is a single, cylindrical type, not over fifteen

inches high, so named from the reddish bands of color which encircle
it. The flowers are bright pink.
The Sahuaroy or Giant C actus y
(Arizona State flower), is the
largest species of cactus in the United States. It grows as high as
forty or fifty feet, and exceptionally large plants will weigh several
tons. Although a few of these are scattered to the west of the Colo-
rado River in California, this magnificent giant will be found in no
other state. It lives to be several hundred years old, but grows so

slowly that it is not much larger than an ordinary match by the end of
two years.
The small flowers are wax white, wreathing the tips of the branches
in the spring; the fruit is bright red and full of shining black seeds.

Trees and Shrues

The Creosote Bush, also called greasewood, is marked by fine, dull
foliage, oily in appearance. Tiny yellow blooms in spring and late

[+6]
summer turn into equally tiny, grey, furry balls. The bushes have a
distinctly agreeable pungent odor, especially after summer rains.
Iron Wood from a distance might be mistaken for mesquite but is

recognizable by its dark, almost black bark. It is the hardest of

Western woods.
Mesquite is most characteristic of the desert; irregular and pictures-
que, it varies between bush and tree in form. The foliage is light
green, delicate, and fern-like. The heavy, reddish brown wood has
for many years been the chief source of fuel for southern Arizona
burning slowly and pungently. The flowers, which grow in dense
spikes, cream colored and fragrant, and are highly valued for
are
honey production. The beans, found in clusters of cream colored
pods, are used by the Indians for cattle feed, and flour.

Ocotillo not a cactus, although the stems which grow unbranch-

is

ing, directlyfrom the root, are stoutly thorned. Small leaves appear
in season, and in the spring the long wands are tipped with a graceful
'pennon' of vermillion flowers. Often single stems are planted in
rows and wired together to form a kind of wattle fence, which is very
effective when in bloom.
Palo Verde is recognizable by its green trunk as well as branches.
It has a soft twiggy, rather than leafy, look. In April and May the
trees are a mass of golden blossoms.

Flowers
Agaves, Mescals y or Century Plants often regarded as cacti;

actually belong to the lily and onion family. Some of the larger
species have been called century plants because it was thought they
bloomed only once every hundred years and then died. The smaller
plants take three or four years to bloom, while in the largest it may
be as long as twenty-five years.
The thick flower stalk which grows rapidly, often over a foot a day,
causes the death of the plant if allowed to develope. The Indians cut
this flower stalk when it is only a foot or two high and roast it for food,
while in Mexico, this and other fleshy parts of the plant are fermented
and distilled to make many kinds of drink.

Datura, a roadside plant, has large dark green leaves and flowers
like huge white morning glories.

[47]
 Fairy Dusters, whose blossoms look as if they were spun from rose-
colored silk, give a pink hue to parts of foothill slopes where it is thick-
est in spring. The bush is made up of shrubby, gnarly stems with
very fine green leaves.

Encelia grows about eighteen inches high, a plant with hairy dull
leaves and brilliant yellow daisy-like flowers in open clusters. An-
other type of encelia is of shrubby growth with gray green foliage
whose leaves have a half open look. The loosely clustered flowers
have yellow rays with deeper centers, making a vivid effect.

Larkspur is similar to the cultivated garden plant, but with smaller

flowers, in both the dark and pale blue varieties.

Lupine has violet-blue spikes of pea-like flowers with finely cut

silvery green leaves. It is usually found on sandy, rocky slopes.

Desert Mallow is one of the earliest plants to blossom. Often

found along the roadside, it is identified by the numerous graceful
stems bearing pale orange to flush-white flowers.

Wild Marigold is a plant about one foot tall, which has a wooly
stem and leaves. The blossom is lifted distinctly from the rest of the
plant, and resembles a small yellow daisy.

The Mariposa Lily, a delicate tulip-like flower, grows from a bul-

bous root. The three petals are commonly white or lavender-white
with dark spots at the base, but there is also a brilliant orange variety.
They appear profusely in open high country, gracefully swaying in
the wind.

Paper Flowers make a yellow ball when in bloom, as the plant is

compact, about twelve inches high, with inconspicious gray-green

downy leaves. The flowers have five or six bright petals whose tex-
ture becomes papery as they fade.

Penstemon are usually found on rocky slopes, but some varieties

thrive only in the higher altitudes. The leaves are grayish-green, and
the stalks are long, hung with bell-shaped pink or scarlet blossoms.

California Poppy, most famous of western flowers, varies in size,

but the plant is usually about a foot in height. The flowers, bright
yellow shading to orange at the base, open only in the sunlight, and

[+8]
close with the dusk. The leaves and stems are of a light bluish green.
Very similar to this is the Mexican Poppy.

Poffy Thistle is a large prickly gray-green plant of roadside and

field with an open white flower, yellow centered.

Desert Verbena is similar in low matted growth to the garden

verbena. The leaves are a warm green, and hairy. The flat flower
clusters, two or three inches across, are lilac color, often tinged wtih
pink.

Vervenia a low plant with hairy soft green leaves. Flowers formed
in a curly spike are violet and particularly noticeable when a mass of
them makes a pool of deep color on the desert.

Yucca is long, narrow

another distinct type of desert plant. The
leaves are bunched hang down close
at the top, while the dried ones
to the stems. Out of this clump grows the tall flower stalk, on which
is found a cluster of waxy, white bells. Sfanish Bayonet is similar in
many respects, but grows more compactly and not so tall; while the
flowers, in proportion, are larger.

Birds

Four hundred species of birds are to be found in Arizona at one

time or another.

The Buzzard, a bird as large as an eagle, is usually seen circling high

over head. A black patch like a shadow is conspicuous beneath the
wings.

The Arizona Cardinal is a brilliant red on the head and crest, a

darker red on the body. It is a shy bird of thickets and brushy places;
the song is very spirited.

The Sonoran Dove, or ground dove, is a friendly little bird which

stays wherever it can find seed or grain. The call is distinctly: "No
hope, no hope."

The White-wing Dove provides hunting sport during the season.

It is a fairly large species, grayish brown in color with a distinct white
patch on the wings, visible when flying. The doves nest in colonies
among thickets.

[49]
 The Vermilion Flycatcher is one of the rare Mexican birds found
in Arizona. Its glowing scarlet body can often be seen in mesquite,
palo verde, or Cottonwood trees where it usually builds its frail and
flimsy nest.

Humming Birds in many varieties are native to Arizona. They

feed on desert flowers, but with a flash of color and a blur wings,
often come into the gardens for a taste of imported fare.

The Western Mocking-bird is of a dull gray color and is recog-

nized from the clear trilly song in which there seems to be no pause for
breath. It is also distinguished for its mimicry of other birds. The
nest is built in yuccas, thorny trees, etc.

The Arizona Hooded Oriole may be recognized by the lovely

yellow plumage of the male and the clear rhythmic whistle of its call.

It hides in the chaparral and sings when out of sight.

The Gambel Quail is usually abundant, and less timid than eastern
quail, even coming to the edge of town if fed and protected. The
male is mottled brown, black, and white, with several black feathers
forming a top-knot, which dangles over his head. The female is less

distinct in color with a smaller crest. These birds remain in coveys

most of the time. Although as many as eighteen eggs are laid in a

nest, there is always a great loss of young due to skunks, rats, etc.
Mesquite beans are a chief source of food, and seeds of wild grasses
and cacti contribute also. Their grassy nests are from five to seven
inches across and very hard to locate.

The Road Runner, or Chapparal Cock, has been called "a carica-
ture of a bird." It is large, with an exceptionally long tail and coarse
bluish gray and black plumage. It has an amusing, or annoying habit
of running along the road in front of a car, then darting across, with
a final flying leap to safety. Its diet consists of grasshoppers, mice,

small snakes, etc.

The Palmer Thrasher is a large bird, slate gray in color, with a

pronounced beak. It is locally named the "Pretty Quick" from its
distinctive call, although some of its other notes might be called those

of a mocking bird.

[50]
 The Cactus Wren, "the most unwrenlike of wrens", is a brownish
bird with streaks of black dots on a pale breast. The nests, like bun-
dles of dried grass are made in cactus branches or other well-protected
places, whence its voice is heard, a sharp, scolding chatter.

Animals
The Badger occupies as his favorite home the grassy, bushgrown
plains where there is an abundance of rodents. Low, broad, short-
legged, powerfully built, this animal, though shy, fights viciously
when brought to bay.

The Coyote, (from the Aztec Coyotl) is a slinky sandy-gray

creature resembling a fox. It lives upon smaller animals and plants,
and is seldom seen in the open though the shrill yapping is often heard
at night.

The Arizona White-tailed Deer are slight and graceful animals,

so small that hunters often ride into camp with a full-grown buck tied
back of the saddle. They are grey in winter and rusty in summer.
The small antlers are shed in winter and renewed before the end of
the summer.
Mule Deer, commonly found on the plains, are larger than the
white-tails, with stockier form.Their most outstanding character-
istics are the large double-branching antlers, broad ears, and rounded

whitish tail with a brush-like black tip. In summer they have a rich,
rusty red coat, which turns dusty-brown in winter.

The Desert Fox, is a beautiful species, slender in form and extra-

ordinarily quick and graceful in its movements, but seldom seen by
the desert traveller. When one is encountered abroad by day, it

usually "freezes" by any small object which breaks the flatness of the
desert, but if the intruder indicates by any action that he has seen it,

the fox darts away at great speed, with a smooth, floating motion.

The Gopher, frequently called the 'tent peg gopher', is about the
size of a chipmunk and is of a dusty brown color. Recklessly it

scampers across the road or sits up with paws held before its stomach.

The Jack-Rabbit, sl devastating forager, can develop amazing

speed propelled by his hind legs. If he could jump any farther, he

might be mistaken for a young kangaroo!

[51]
 The Skunk, or polecat has the same appearance and habits here as
elsewhere. Old Timers will tell of the "hydrophoby" skunks they
have encountered, rabies evidently being prevalent among the
animals.

The California Ground, or Rock Squirrel makes its home in the

mountain regions immediately surrounding Tucson, living among
live-oaks scattered on the open slopes or among the denser chaparral,
scrub oaks, pinon pines, and junipers. It has prominent ears, bushy

tails,and gives the appearance of a heavy-bodied gray tree squirrel,

but in reality is close kin to the marmot. It eats omniverously, insects
and flesh on occasions, but mainly seeds, fruits.

The Round Tailed Ground Squirrel, erroneously called a gopher,

is pale brownish buff, and about nine inches long. When green
vegetation is obtainable, leaves and buds are eaten voraciously, the
usually slender squirrel distending its stomach until it can hardly
crawl away. It makes a peculiar, low, hissing whistle, which sounds
more like the note of some bird.

Reptiles:

(Usually found only during warm weather.)

The Gila Monster, (pronounced "hee-la"), belongs to the lizard

family. With a maximum length of twenty inches, it is striking in
appearance from the orange and black "beaded" pattern on its back
and tail. Seemingly sluggish, it can move quickly and has a bull-dog
grasp of its jaws. The young are hatched from large tough-shelled
white eggs. In the blunt tail is a nourishing reservoir of fat upon
which the monster can live for months if necessary, hence its fabulous
ability to survive apparently without food.

The Horned Toad also belongs to the lizard family. It has a flat,

brown, mottled body, and unlike true toads, runs instead of hops; an-
other distinguishing feature is the tail. The body is fringed with
pointed scales, and back of the head is a ruff or "crown" of triangular
horns. They are very destructive to ants which they devour.

The Bull Snake grows about the size of a rattler, but is lighter in

color, brownish, with less distinct markings. It is harmless and

[52]
 —

sometimes becomes quite domesticated. The head is oval, not the

flat, arrowhead type of the poisonous snakes.

The Coral Snake, venomous snake in this region is rarely

the most
seen. It is a timid and beautiful little reptile which has been compared
to a necklace of black, ivory and coral-colored beads.

The Desert Diamondback Rattlesnake is long, dark, and heavy

with diamond-shaped markings of yellow-gray. The rattles are
hollow segments of horny skin, which form when the snake moults
usually two or three times a year. These rattles are usually shaken
as a warning before the snake strikes, but this signal is not always
given. The Hopi Indians regard rattlesnakes as "the little brothers
of the gods".

Insects:

(Seldom seen except in the warm season.)

The Centipede is sometimes found a foot long. The pale body,

dark streakeddown the center, is fringed with legs (but not a hun-
dred! ). The poisonous sting, located in each leg, is not particularly
dangerous, but decidedly irritating.

The Millipede is a non-poisonous animal frequently confused with

the centipede. It has a segmented, cylindrical body with a smooth,
hard covering. To each segment are attached two pairs of legs.

The Pepsis, or tarantula hawk, is one of the most interesting of

native insects. It is wasp with a black body and reddish wings. To
a
feed its young it stings tarantulas, which it may drag hundreds of feet
to the nest.

The Scorpion, whose pale yellow body is shaped like a miniature

crawfish and whose tail is carried curved up and ready to flip a bad
sting, carries a poison which is dangerous in some cases and always
extremely painful in effect. It is usually found under rocks or other

objects lying on the ground.

The Black Widow Spider has a small, satiny black body and is

identified by little reddish-orange "hour-glass" spots on the abdomen.

It carries a very dangerous venom.

[53]
 The Tarantula^ a large, black, hairy, spider which attains a size
of from three to four inches in diameter, is fierce looking but not

an attacker unless provoked. It nests in the ground, the top of the

hole being surrounded with a tiny wall of web and grass.

Vinegarone is the name commonly applied to near relatives of the

spider. With four pointed jaws on a hairy, light brown body, they are
unusually quick in pursuing their prey. A sting from a vinegarone
may prove unpleasant but not necessarily dangerous.

[54]
 The University of Arizona; Museums, Schools and
Cultural Organizations of Tucson

The University , founded in 1885, has grown into one of the lead-
ing universities in the West, with an exceptional teaching staff and
many fine buildings both old and modern. On its campus also is a
cactus garden which contains many kinds of desert plants, shrubs and
trees, and is of particular interest to visitors. In the large stadium
evening foot-ball games are of special attraction during the fall. The
University Polo Team meets teams from the east and west in bril-
liant matches on the field located on Vine St., north of Speedway.

Steward Observatory On Tuesday night each week, the Observa-

tory, located on the University campus, is open to the public; and
lectures are scheduled a number of times during the winter. The
principal instrument is the reflecting thirty-six inch telescope, one of
the largest on any campus, and chiefly used for photography.

University Library contains about 90,000 volumes, besides 12,000

federal documents several thousand unbound bulletins and reports.
As a depository, the library receives documents and publications of the
Government and the State of Arizona, publications of the Carnegie
Institute, and many university exchanges. It is located immediately
to the left of the 3rd St. entrance to the campus.

Arizona State Museum. Here may be seen an excellent collection

of pottery, artifacts, jewelry and other relics of the prehistoric inhab-
itants of the Southwest, as well as rugs and baskets of modern Indians.

The museum was moved in 1936 to the new archaeology building on

the University campus, just to the right of the 3rd Street entrance, off
Park Avenue.

[55]
 Meetings of the Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society
held in this building on the evening of the third Monday each month

are open to the public. The Society publishes a monthly bulletin

called "The Kiva" (the name of the ancient Indian ceremonial
house or chamber).

Arizona .Pioneers' Historical Society Library and Museum.

Housed in the University Stadium just off east Sixth Street on Vine,
this museum is open to the public between the hours of one-thiry and
four-thirty every day except Sunday. It contains a large collection

of Southwestern historical data in the form of diaries, relics, letters,

mining and industrial reports, pictures, etc.

Public Schools include a finely equipped high school, three junior

high schools, and seventeen elementary schools.

Private Schools. Over a dozen private schools, covering a variety

of needs and ages, are located in, or within a short distance of the city.

The Arizona School for the Deaf and the Blind is located west of

the city, on Speedway, just beyond the Santa Cruz crossing, with
attractive grounds, well-planned buildings, swimming pool, etc.

The Indian School. A project of educational interest maintained

by the Presbyterian Church for Indians from all over the Southwest,
is located on Indian School Road west from South 6th Ave. (Highway
89).

The University of Arizona Fine Arts College. This College

sponsors each year a series of lectures on various subjects, in conjunc-
tion with a number of concerts by well-known artists. Faculty and
student recitals are also included in the program each season. Infor-
mation concerning tickets or programs may be secured by calling the
office of the University College of Fine Arts.

The Saturday Morning Musical Club. The club sponsors a course

of performances by nationally known musicians, and other artists,
and also has special departments with efficient teachers for Juveniles
and Juniors. Choral work for adults is presented through a number
of groups, and each year the members produce an opera. Twice a
month on Sunday afternoons at 4:15, free concerts are given for the
public. All concerts and activities are held in the Temple of Music
and Art, four blocks south from Congress on Scott Street.
[56]
 Tucson Symfhony Orchestra. This group is an organization of
unusual merit giving at least three concerts each season in the Temple
of Music and Art. Guest artists are often presented on the program.

Tucson Fine Arts Association. Exhibitions of paintings and draw-

ings by local artists or loaned from various parts of the country, are
hung each month during the winter in the Temple of Music and Art.
(Gallery on the second floor). Hours are from 2 until 5 o'clock
every afternoon. A museum case is also maintained by the Junior
League, where rare and interesting articles are on display. Member-
ship in the Association gives the additional advantage of lectures and
group-work.

Y. M. C. A. Established in Tucson in 1915, this organization has

a large number participating in its many activities. The building,
located at 125 West Congress St., has an excellent pool among other

accomodations.

Y. W.C. A. Organized in Tucson in 1918. Situated on North 5th

Avenue, near 3rd St., the attractive building houses offices, accomoda-
tions for thirty-four residents, dining room and swimming pool.
Branch work, assisted by other agencies, is carried on at the Oury
Park Mexican center, where a children's library and mothers' club are
located.

Garden Club. Though only recently organized the Garden Club

of Tucson has already influenced interest and activity toward more
attractive homes and improvements for the city. Meetings, to which
visitors are welcome, are held at the Y. W. C. A. at ten o'clock, the

first Wednesday of each month.

The
Little Theatre. Each season this ambitious organization gives
playsfrom the pens of distinguished authors. Productions are in
Cathedral Hall, which may be reached by going south on Stone
Avenue from the Valley Bank to Ochoa Street, then one half block
west.

The Children's Theatre. Children's productions are given several

times a year by this group in the Temple of Music and Art.
 Commonly Used Spanish and Indian Words

Key to Pronunciation
a as in father
e as in let
o as in cone

adios, a-dee-os', good-bye

agua, a'wa, water
Ajo, a'ho, garlic j name given to town in Pima County because of the wild
onion growing there
alamo, a'la-mo, cottonwood tree
amado, a-ma'do, loved or beloved
amole, a-mo'le, soap root (a desert plant)
Apache, a-pa'chee, Zuni word meaning 'enemy'
Arizona, a-ree-zo'na, meaning 'little spring'; this name was given to the
present section probably as early as 1754
Arivaca, a-ree-va'ka, Papago word meaning 'little marsh'
arroyo, a-rro'yo, creek, wash
Baboquivari, ba-bo-kee'va-ree, Papago word meaning 'pinched below the
middle'. Name
of the sacred mountain of the Papagoes.
Bac, bak, meaning 'marsh' or 'where there is water'; site of San Xavier
mission
baile, by'le, ball, dance
banqueta, ban-kee'ta, a little bench

buenos dias, bwe'nos dee'as, good morning

buenas noches, bwe'nas no'ches, good evening
buenas tardes, bwe'nas tar'des, good afternoon
cabeza, ca-bay'sa, head; Cabeza de Vaca, 'head of a cow'.
calabasas, ca-la-ba'sas, squash or pumpkin
caliente, ca-lee-en'te, warm
calle, ca'ye, street
Canada, ka-nya'da, glen

[58]
canoa, ka-no'a, a trough, or flume for irrigation
Casa Grande, ka'sa gran'de, big house
Cascabel, kas-ka-bel', a very small bell, snake's rattle; name of a town in
Arizona
cazuela, ka-swe'la, Mexican baking dish; also name of a kind of food,
centavo, sen-ta'vo, cent
cerro, se'rro, hill
chapparal, shap-a-ral', brush, thicket; a term sometimes applied to the
creosote bush
charro, cha'rro, Mexican cowboy
chili con carne, chee'le kon kar'ne, a mixture of meat, frijoles and pepper
chocolate, cho-ko-la'te, Mexican chocolate (made with cinnamon)
cholla, cho'ya, 'jumping' cactus, one of the opuntias
cibola, see-bo'la, buffalo
cienega, see-en-e'ga, marsh
ciudad, siu-dad', city
Colorado, ko-lo-ra'do, red
concha, kon'cha, shell; used also for silver ornaments made by the Indians
conquistador, kon-kees'tador, conqueror
dulce, dul'see, sweet, candy
encanto, en-kan'to, enchanted, charming
enchilada, en-chee-la'da, a variety of Mexican food
fiesta, fee-es'ta, festival, fete; Fiesta de los Vaqueros, rodeo
flores, flo'res, flowers
fresnal, fres'nal, ash tree
fria, free'a, cold
Mexican beans
frijoles, free-ho'les,
Geronimo, he-ro'nee-mo, Apache leader
hacienda, a-see-en'da, ranch home
we meet again
hasta la vista, as'ta la vees'ta, until
Huachuca, wa-chu'ka, thunder; name of mountains and a military post in
Arizona
maguey, ma-gay', a species of century plant; used for making distilled drink
manana, ma-nya'na, tomorrow
mescal, mes-kal', century plant
mesquite, mes-kee'te, a desert tree
mimbre, meem'bre, willow tree
muchacho, moo-cha'cho, small boy: muchacha, little girl
ninos, nee'nyos, young children
Nogales, no-ga'les, walnut trees; name of a border town
nopal, no'pal, prickly pear cactus
ocotillo, o-ko-tee'yo, desert plant
olla, o'ya, an earthen vessel for holding water
padre, pa'dre, father, title of priest
palo verde, pa'lo ver'de, green stick, name of a desert tree

panaderia, pa-na-de-ree'a, bakery

[59]
peso, pe'so, dollar
pichacho, pee-ka'cho, pointed or peaked
Pima, pee'ma, Indian tribe
pinto, peen'to, painted, spotted, often applied to horses
presidio, pre-see'dio, fortified, garrisoned place
pueblo, poo-eb'lo, town village
que ora es, kee-o'ra es
quien sabe, kee-en-sa'be
queso, ke'so, white Mexican cheese
ramada, ra-ma'da, brush shelter, arbour
rancheria, ran-che-ree'a, group of habitations; Indian village
reboso, re-bo' so, shawl, or head covering
represo, re-pre'so, dam, reservoir
rillito, reeyee'to, little river

Rincon, reen'kon, corner; name of mountains east of Tucson.

rivera, ree-ve'ra, brook, creek
robles, ro'bles, oak trees
rodeo, ro-day'o, round up of cattle
sacate, sa-ka'te, grass, or hay
sacaton, sa-ka-ton', tall grass
sahuaro, sa-wa'ro, giant cactus
Santa Cruz, san'ta kroos', Holy Cross; name of river in Arizona.
San Xavier, san ha-vyer', name of the mission at Bac
Sasabe, sa'sa-be, echo, name of town in Mexico
senor, se-nyor', Sir, Mr.
senorita, se-nyo-ree'ta, Miss
senora, se-nyo'ra, Madam, Mrs.
serape, se-ra'pe, Mexican blanket
sonora, so-no'ra, musical
Sopori, so'po-ree, corruption of Spanish name for Papagoes
taco, ta'co, a Mexican dish made of tortilla, meat, lettuce, cheese
tamale, ta-ma'le, mixture of meat, chili and corn, prepared in corn husks
tanque verde, tan'ke, ver'de, green tanks, or springs
tortilla, tor-tee'ya, unleavened flat corn cake
tostados, tos-ta'dos, tortillas fried in deep fat until brittle
Tubac, too-bak', adobe house
Tucson, too-san', at the foot of the black mountain
Tumacacori, too-ma-ka'ko-ree, curved peak; name of mission site

vaquero, va-ke'ro, cowboy

branch of a mission
visita, vee-see'ta,

view
vista, vees'ta,
Yaqui, ya'kee, one who yells, name of an Indian tribe in Mexico
yucca, yuk'ka, a desert plant

[60]
 A List of Boo\s About Arizona and the
Southwest

Fiction

Arizona Nights —Stewart Edward White

Beyond the Blue —Hon W. Morrow
Sierra ore
Blood of Conquerors— Harvey Fergusson
the
Conquest—Jack O'Connor
Death Comes for the Archbishop—Willa Cather
Dust of Desert—Jack Weadock
the
Eagle the Sun— Hoffman Birney
in

Home Ranch—Will James

Indian from the Pueblos— Frank G. Applegate
Stories

Laughing Boy- —Oliver LaFarge

Long Ago Told— Harold Bell Wright
—
Mine with the Iron Door The Harold y
Bell Wright
—
One Smoke Stories Mary Austin
Out Yonder— Gypsy Clark
Plumed The—D. H. Lawrence
Serpent,
Pueblo Indian Folk —Charles Lummis
Stories

Storyof Cowboy, The— Emerson Hough

a
Three Mustangeers—Will James
Wedge, The— Herman Deutsch
Windsinger— Frances Gillmor

Non-Fiction

—Emily C. Davis
Ancient Americans
—Edgar Hewett
Ancient Life in the Southwest L.
Apache Agent—Woodworth Clum
Arizona —Mary G. Boyer
in Literature
Arizona Names—Will Barnes
Place
Arizona Wonderland— George Wharton James
the
Beyond Rainbow— C. Kluckhohn
the
Cattle—William McLeod Raine
[61]
Conquest of Mexico, The —
(2 vol.) William H. Prescott
—
Cowboy Ross Santee
Cowman's Wife, The Mary Kidder Rak—
—
Dancing Gods Erna Fergusson
Days on the Painted Desert —Harold Colton S.

Delight Makers, The —Adolf Bandelier

Desert —
Drums Leo Crane
Desert, —
The John Van Dyke
Designs on the P re-historic Pottery of Arizona —Eleanor P. Clark

—
Digging in the Southwest Ann Axtell Morris
Fiesta in Mexico —Erna Fergusson
Franciscans in Arizona — Fr. Zephyrin Engelhardt, O. F. M.
Helldorado —W. M. Breckinridge
Historical Memoirs of Pimeria —Herbert Eugene
Alta Bolton
IdolsBehind — Brenner
Altars Anita
Indian —George Wharton James
Basketry
Indian Book, The— Natalie Curtis
Indians of Enchanted
the The— Leo Crane
Desert,
Indians of Painted
the —George Wharton James
Desert
Introduction to Southwestern Archaeology — Kidder V. A.
Land of Journeys Ending— Mary Austin
Land of Poco Tiemfo— Lummis
Charles
Life of Bishof Machebeuf—W. Howlett J.
Life Mexico — Mme. Calderon de
in la Barca
Log of an Arizona —John Rockfellow
Trail Blazer A.
March of Mormon
the The— Frank A. Golder
Battalion,
Mesa, Canyan, and Pueblo— Lummis Charles
Mesa Land—Anne W. Ickes

Mexico— Chase
Stuart
Mexico and Heritage—
Its GrueningErnest
Mexican — Joseph
Interlude Henry Jackson
Mexican Maze— Carlton Beals
Mexican Odyssey — Bowman and Dickinson
Mission of San Xavier The—
del Bac, Estelle Lutrell

Mormon The—James H. McClintock

Settlement in Arizona,
Mornings Mexico — D. H. Lawrence
in

Mountain —Mary Kidder Rak

Cattle

Navajo The— Mary Robert Coolidge

Indians,

[62]
New Trails in Mexico — Carl Lumholts
Odyssey of Cabeza de Vaca, The —Morris Bishop
Old Mother Mexico —-Harry Carr
—
Our Hisfanic Southwest Ernest Peixotto
Outpost of Empire— Herbert Eugene Bolton
Padre on Horseback— Herbert Eugene Bolton
Pioneer Days Arizona— Frank
in Lockwood C.
Pioneer Padre; The Life and Times of E use bio Francisco Kino—Rufus
Kay Wyllys
Rainbow Bridge — Bernheimer
Charles
Rainmakers; —Mary Robert Coolidge
The
Red Mexico— McCullagh
Francis
Renascent Mexico— Herring and Weinstock
Riata and —
Spurs Charles Siringo
Rim of Christendom {Kino) — Herbert Eugene Bolton
Roads toRoam— Hoffman Birney
Romantic Coffer— Joralemon
Ira B.

Saga of Billy theKid, The—Walter N. Burns

Sam Houston—Marquis James
Scouting on Two Continents— Major R. Burnham Frederick
Soldiers of — Bishop
the Cross J. B. Salpointe
Spanish Pioneers — Lummis
Charles
Story of American
the The—
Indians, Seymour Flora
Story of Spanish
the Missions
of Middle Southwest— Frank C.
the
Lockwood
Through Grand Canyon from Wyoming
the Mexico— and Kolb
to E. E.
Tombstone—Walter N. Burns
Tombstone's —Lorenzo D. Walters
Yesterday
Traders Navajos—
to the Gillmor and
Frances Wetherill Louisa
Trailing Cortex through Mexico— Harry A. Franck
Trailing Geronimo—Anton Mazzaanovitch
Tucson, Old Pueblo — Frank
the Lockwood and Donald W. Page
C.
Under Turquoise —W. H. Robinson
Skies

Viva Mexico— M. Flandreau

Charles
West Wild, The— Harry Carr
Is Still

When Geronimo Rode — C. Hooker F.

When theWest Was Young— Bechdoldt

Frederick R.
With Padre Kino on — Frank C. Lockwood
the Trail

[63]
 Wyatt Earf — Stuart N. Lake
Yaqui Indian Dance of Tucson, Arizona, The —Phoebe M. Bogan
Miscellaneous
Cactus and Its —Laura A. Armer
Home, The
Cowboy Songs and Other — A. Lomax
Frontier Ballads J.

Denizens of theDesert — Edmund Jaeger

Desert Mavericks and
{verses —Eve Ganson
sketches}

Fantastic Clan, The — Thornber

(cacti) J. J.

Field Book of Western Wild The— Margaret Armstrong and

Flowers,

J. J. Thornber
Guide Book toWestern Wild —Chester A. Reed
Birds
Poisonous Animals of Desert— Charles T.
the Vorhies
Sun and Saddle Leather— (cowboy poems) Badger Clark

MA.

0*0