Part - I: Urdu Script
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Rhy PurnamaPart - I: Urdu Script
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Rhy PurnamaPART - I : URDU SCRIPT
(Block I & II)
10
BLOCK I
This block consist of the Urdu alphabet, the letters, the aspirated
sounds, the writing of letters and diacritical marks (E'raab). We have given
the sounds of the letters and the permissible combinations of the aspirated
sounds, etc. The writing of letters is shown with the help of arrow marks
and the use of E'raab and their significance explained.
This block has the following units:
Unit 1 The Urdu Alphabet
Unit 2 Forms of Letters
Unit 3 Aspirated Sounds (Do Chashmi He)
Unit 4 Writing of Letters
Unit 5 Diacritical marks (E'raab)
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Unit 1
The Urdu Alphabet
Structure
Introduction
Letters
Self-Check Exercise - I
Vowels and consonants
Self-check Exercise - II
Sample questions
Introduction
In this unit we will introduce the letters of Urdu and their sounds, along with
the vowels and the consonants. It is important to know that Urdu is written and read
from right to left.
Letters
There are 37 letters in the Urdu alphabet. The name of each letter and its
sound is given below:
Sound Name Letter S.No. Sound Name Letter S.No.
ba Be 2 aa Alif 1
ta Te 4 pa Pe 3
Sa Se 6 ta Te 5
cha Che 8 Ja Jeem 7
12
Kha Khe 10 ha He 9
da Daal 12 da Daal 11
ra Re 14 za Zaal 13
za Ze 16 ra Re 15
sa Seen 18 zha Zhe 17
sa Sad 20 sha Sheen 19
ta Toye 22 za Zad 21
aa Ain 24 za Zoye 23
fa Fe 26 gha Ghain 25
ka Kaaf 28 Qa Qaaf 27
la Laam 30 ga Gaaf 29
na Noon 32 ma Meem 31
ha Chhotee He 34 wa Wao 33
ya Ye (Small) 36 ha Dochashmi 35
He
ya Ye (Big) 37
Self-Check Exercise - I
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
Q.I How many letters are there in Urdu?
………………………………………………………………………………….
Q.II Write the names of the following letters?
(6) (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
13
Vowels and Consonants : (Huroof-e-Illat Aur Huroof -e- Sahih)
As in English and other languages, Urdu also has vowels and consonants. In
this unit we will read about the vowels and consonants.
Vowels are letters which represent sounds which are produced in such a way
that they are not obstructed by the teeth, lips or tongue. There are three full vowels in
the Urdu alphabet.
(a) Alif 1
(o) Wao 2
(e) Ye 3
Consonants are those letters that present the sounds produced when the
outflow of breath through the mouth is blocked by the teeth, tongue or lips in some
way. The following letters are the consonants of the Urdu alphabets.
Apart from the three full vowels there are three short vowels in Urdu. They are
Zabar ( ), Zer ( ), and pesh ( ). We will discuss them in Unit No. 5.
Self-Check Exercise - II
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
Q.i Write any two vowels of Urdu.
............................................................................................................................
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Q.ii. Which are the consonants in the following?
............................................................................................................................
Sample Questions
1. How many letters are there in the Urdu alphabet?
2. Write the names of the following letters?
3. The names of five letters are given below. Write the letters.
Pe, He, Ghain, Laam, Wao
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Unit 2
Forms of Letters :
Structure
Introduction
Forms of Letters
Self-Check Exercise
Sample questions
Introduction
Some letters in Urdu have one form while others have two/three forms. This
unit introduces these forms to you.
Forms of letters
Re Re Zaal Daal Daal Alif
Wao Zoye Toye Zhe Ze
The other 25 letters have usually three forms, initial, medial and final or
terminal. This table shows the different forms of alphabet.
Full
Sound Names Final Medial Initial S.No.
(detached
form)
Ba Be 1
Pa Pe 2
16
Ta Te 3
Ta Te 4
Sa Se 5
Ja Jeem 6
Cha Che 7
Ha He 8
Kha Khe 9
Sa Seen 10
Sha Sheen 11
Sa Sad 12
Za Zad 13
Aa Ain 14
Gha Ghain 15
Fa Fe 16
Qa Qaaf 17
Ka Kaaf 18
Ga Gaaf 19
La Laam 20
Ma Meem 21
Na Noon 22
Ha Chhotee He 23
Ya Ye (Small) 24
Ya Ye (Big) 25
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Self-Check Exercise
Write your answer in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
I. How many letters have one (detached) form?
…………………………………………………………………….……….…...
II. Write the medial forms of the following letters.
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
…………………………………………………………………………………
Sample Questions
1. Write the initial forms of the following letters.
2. Write down the full (detached) form of the following.
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Unit 3
Aspirated Sounds: Do Chashmi He :
Structure
Introduction
Aspirated Sounds Do Chashmi He -
Self-Check Exercise
Sample questions
Introduction
Aspirated sounds are very important in Urdu, but there is no separate letter for
them. In this unit we will introduce the aspirated sounds and their usage.
Aspirated Sounds
Aspirated sounds are formed by using He ( ) which is called "Do Chashmi
He". Do Chashmi He ( ) is joined to a consonant letter such as
The permissible combinations with"Do Chashmi He ( ) are the following
along with the formation of the words.
Hunger Bhook 1
Seldom Kabhi
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Fruit Phal 2
Flower Phool
Tray Thali 3
Hand Haath
Sixty Saath 4
Chill Thand
Flag Jhanda 5
Me Mujh
Roof Chhat 6
Few Kuch
Dust Dhool 7
Ass Gadha
Large Drum Dhole 8
Shield Dhal
Reading Parhna 9
Name of a town Aligarh
Play Khel 10
Millionaire Lakhpati
House Ghar 11
Bell Ghanti
Note: You will notice that the aspirated sounds can occur initially (at the beginning of
the word as in ) medially (in the middle of the word as in ) or
finally/terminally (at the end of the word as in )
20
Self-Check Exercise
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
I. Is there any separate letter for aspirated sound?
……………………………………………………………………
II. Name any four permissible combinations of "Do Chashmi He ( ).
………………… …………………
………………… …………………
Sample Questions
1. What do you know about the aspirated sounds?
2. Which letters are used in combination to form aspirated sounds?
3. Form words with the following:
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Unit 4
Writing of Letters :
Structure
Introduction
Writing of letters
Self-check Exercise
Sample questions
Introduction
Writing letters of the Urdu alphabet is taught in this unit. With some practice
you should be able to write the letters of the Urdu alphabet once you finish this unit.
Writing of letters
We have already learned that Urdu is written from right to left. The arrow
marks are given for direction to make it easy. We are giving here with names of the
letters also.
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Self-Check Exercise
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
I. Write the following letters in Urdu.
1) Wao 2) Ghain 3) Sad 4) Che 5) Te
……………………………………………………………………
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II. Recognise the following letters.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
……… ……… ……… ……… ………
Sample Questions
I. Write the following letters in Urdu.
Hay Kaaf Zhe Daal Pe
II. Recognise the following letters.
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Unit 5
Diacritical Marks : E'raab :
Structure
Introduction
Diacritical Marks: E'raab
Zabar
Zer
Pesh
Tashdeed
Jazm
Madd
Hamza
Tanween
Self-check Exercise
Sample Questions
Introduction
Diacritical marks or E'raab help in the correct pronunciation o a word. Though
they are not vowels in themselves, they represent vowel sounds.
Diacritical Marks: E'raab
Such signs or symbols which are placed either above or below a letter in a
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word are known as E'raab. These symbols help us to pronounce a word correctly. The
following are the E'raab used in Urdu.
Zabar
"Zabar" means 'top'. It is indicated by the sign ( ) over the letter as in.
(Gold, Wealth) Zar :
r za
Ten Das :
S Da
Zabar, as seen in these examples, represents the short 'a' sound.
Zer
'Zer' means 'below'. It is indicated by the Mark ( ) under the letter, as in:
(Heart) Dil :
l Di
(Day) Din :
N Di
Zer, as we have seen in these words, represents the short 'i' sound.
Pesh
'Pesh' is represented by the symbol ( ) over the letter as in:
(Tail) Dum :
m Du
(You) Tum :
m Tu
Pesh, as explained in these examples, stands for the short 'u' sound.
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Tashdeed
Tashdeed is a sign ( ) which we use to stress the sound of a letter
whereby the sound of that particular letter is repeated.
(Rope) Rassi :
si Ras
(Duration) Muddat:
dat Mud
Tashdeed, therefore is a symbol for stress or emphasis, used in order to repeat
the sound of a particular letter in a word.
Jazm
'Jazm' is a diacritical mark represented by the sign (
make it quiescent or inactive as in : ) over the letter to
(Hot) Garm :
m Gar
(Three) Teen :
n Tee
Madd
'Madd' is a prolongation mark represented by the symbol (
Alif ( )to express the sound 'aa' as in: ) over the letter
(Today) Aaj :
j aa
(Mango) Aam :
m aa
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Hamza
When two vowels occur one after the other in a word pattern the sign Hamza (
) is placed over the second vowel to express the short vowel sound (a/e/i/o/u) as in.
(Village) Gaaon :
n o Gaa
(Please Eat) Khaiye :
ye i Kha
Tanween
'Tanween' is a diacritical mark represented by the sign ( ) over Alif ( ) to
express the end sound as 'n'.
(Suddenly) Dafa'tan :
n at fa Da
(Please Eat) Rivayatan :
n ta ya va Ri
Self-Check Exercise
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
I. What is the function of E'iraab?
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
II. How many E'raab are there in this Unit? Explain any two of them with
examples.
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…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
Sample Questions
1. Describe the E'raab.
2. Name the E'raab used in the following words.
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BLOCK II
This block is on two, three and four-letter words, and two-word,
three-word and four-word sentences. The formation of small sentences is
also dealt with. We have given the pronunciation as well as the meaning of
words. The sentences are also transliterated for greater clarity.
This block covers the following seven units:
Unit 6 Two-letter words
Unit 7 Three-letter words
Unit 8 Four-letter words
Unit 9 Two-word sentences
Unit 10 Three-word sentences
Unit 11 Four-word sentences
Unit 12 Small sentences
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Unit 6
Two-Letter Words :
Structure
Introduction
Two-letter words (Separate)
Self-check Exercise - I
Two-letter words (joined)
Self-check Exercise - II
Sample questions
Introduction
In this unit we will find two-letter words and how to write them. The arrow
mark will guide you. We will also find the pronunciation and the meaning of the
words.
Two-Letter words (Separate)
We have learnt how to write letters in initial, medial, final and detached forms.
In this unit we will begin to write words:
a) Two-letter words in which both the letters are in detached form and,
b) Two-letter words in which the letters are in initial or final forms.
Two-letter words in which both the letters are in detached form as:
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Self-Check Exercise - I
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
I. How are the following words pronounced?
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
………… ………… ………… ………… …………
II. Write down the following words in Urdu.
(1) Din (2) Dar (3) Ras (4) Ab (5) Aaj
………… ………… ………… ………… …………
Two-Letter words (Joined)
Here are two-letter words in which both the letters are joined, and they are in
initial and final forms, such as:
(Smell) Boo
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(You) Tum
(Wing) Par
(Letter) Khat
(Head) Sar
(Height) Qad
(When) Kab
(Yesterday or Tomorrow) Kal
34
(Lip) Lub
(Tap) Nul
(Nau) Nau
Self-Check Exercise - II
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
I. How are the following words pronounced?
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
………… ………… ………… ………… …………
II. Write down the following words in Urdu.
(1) Par (2) Kab (3) Lub
………… ………… …………
II. Write down the words joining the following letters:
(4) (3) (2) (1)
(5)
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Sample Questions
1. What is the pronunciation of the following words?
2. Write the following words in Urdu.
Das Zan Rab Woh Aas
36
Unit 7
Three-Letter words :
Structure
Introduction
Three-letter words :
Self-check Exercise
Sample questions
Introduction
This unit consists of three-letter words. We will find here that all the letters are
in detached forms, or that the first or last letter is in detached form.
Three-letter words :
We have already learnt how to write two-letter words in Urdu. In this unit we
will be able to write three-letter words in different forms:
(a) All the three letters are in detached form (b) the first letter is in detached
form and the other two letters are joined (c) the first two letters are joined and the
third letter is in detached form and (d) All the three letters are joined.
Now we will start writing. The pronunciation of the words is also indicated.
(Night) Raat a
t a Ra
(First) Awwal
l wwa A
37
(And/More) Aur
r u A
(Pain) Dard
d r Da
(Weight) Wazn
n z Wa
(Secret) Raaz
z a Ra
(Yellow) Zard
d r Za
(Medicine) Dawa
a w Da
(Post) Daak
k a Da
(Lesson) Dars
s r Da
(Way) Raah
h a Ra
b
(One) Aik
kiA
(Last) Aakhir
r khi Aa
(Rope) Rassi
si Ras
38
(Manner) Dhab
b Dha
(Curd) Dahi
hi Da
(Colour) Rang
g n Ra
(Sand) Ret
t Re
(Wound) Zakhm
g n Ra
(Member) Rukn
n k Ru
c
(Four) Chaar
g n Ra
(Dance) Naach
ch a Na
(Man) Mard
d r Ma
(Red) Laal
l a La
(God) Khuda
a d Khu
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(Net) Jaal
l a Ja
(Fairy) Pari
i r Pa
(Name) Naam
m a Na
(Mother) Maan
n a Ma
(Thief) Chore
e r o Ch
(Armi) Fauj
j Fau
(Seven) Saat
t a Sa
(Three) Teen
n ee T
(Eyelash) Palak
k la Pa
(Green) Sabz
z b Sa
(Apple) Seb
beS
40
d
(Morning) Subh
bh Su
(Couplet/verse) Shair
r ai Sh
(Arrow) Teer
r ee T
(Pen) Qalam
m la Qa
(Country) Mulk
k l Mu
(City) Shahr
r h Sha
(Profit) Nafa
a f Na
Self-Check Exercise
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
I. What is the Pronunciation of the following words?
(6) (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
……… ………… ………… ………… ………… …………
(8) (7)
………… …………
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II. Write the following words in Urdu.
(1) Dars (2) Aakhir (3) Ret (4) Chore (5) Pari
………… ………… ………… ………… …………
(6) Seb (7) Qalam
………… …………
Sample Questions
1. Write down in Urdu five three-letter words in which all the letters are joined.
2. What is the pronunciation of the following words?
42
Unit 8
Four-Letter words:
Structure
Introduction
Four-letter words :
Self-check Exercise
Sample questions
Introduction
This unit consists of four-letter words. This unit will help us to read and write
Urdu sentences and passages which follow in the later units.
Four-letter Words: Char Harfi Alfaaz
We have already learnt how to write two-letter and three-letter words. This unit
consists of four-letter words. This unit has different kinds of words in which all the
letters are in detached form or otherwise. Here are some four-letter words.
(Tailor) Darzi
i z r Da
(Grandfather) Dada
(Paternal) i d aD
(Grandmother) Dadi
(Paternal) i d aD
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(Bottle of Ink) Dawaat
t aa w Da
(Milk) Doodh
h d oo D
(Valley) Wadi
i d aW
(Sad) Udaas
s aa d U
(Urdu) Urdu
u d r U
(Tongue/Language) Zabaan
n aa b Za
(Crane) Saras
s ra Sa
(Principle) Usool
l Soo U
(Syrup) Sharbat
bat Shar
(Friend) Dost
st o D
(This side/Here) Idhar
har d I
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(That side/There) Udhar
har d U
(Father) Waalid
lid a Wa
(Bread) Roti
ti o R
(Man) Aadmi
mi d Aa
(Hope) Umeed
d mee U
(Office) Daftar
tar f Da
(Intelligent) Zaheen
n ee h Za
(Cloud) Baadal
al d Ba
(Cold) Sardi
i d Sar
(Bad) Kharab
b a Khar
(Neck) Gardan
n d Gar
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(Uncle) Khalu
lu Khaa
(Husband) Shauhar
har Shau
(Lock) Taala
la Taa
(Boy) Larka
ka Lar
(Girl) Larki
ki Lar
(Grandfather) Nana
(Maternal) na Na
(Grandmother) Nani
(Maternal) ni Na
(Water) Pani
ni Pa
(Moon) Chaand
nd Chaa
(Servant) Naukar
kar Nau
(Monkey) Bandar
dar Ban
46
(Goldsmith) Sunaar
r Sunaa
(Garment) Libaas
s Libaa
(Price) Qeemat
t ma ee Q
(Kite) Patang
g n ta Pa
(Butterfly) Titli
li t Ti
Self-Check Exercise
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
I. What is the Pronunciation of the following words?
(6) (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
……… ………… ………… ………… ………… …………
II. Write the following words in Urdu.
(1) Udaas (2) Saaras (3) Dost (4) Zaheen (5) Naukar
………… ………… ………… ………… …………
(6) Libaas (7) Titli
………… …………
47
Sample Questions
1. Write down in Urdu five four-letter words in which all the letters are in
detached form.
2. Write down in Urdu five four-letter words in which all the letters are joined.
3. How are the following words pronounced?
48
Unit 9
Two-Word Sentences
Do Lafzi Jumle :
Structure
Introduction
Two-Word Sentences :
Self-check Exercise
Sample questions
Introduction
This unit deals with two-word sentences. Most of the words in this unit have
been used in the previous units.
Two-Word Sentences : Do Lafzi Jumle :
In this unit you are shown how to make sentences that have only two words.
These are very simple sentences. You can also make such sentences and show them to
your contact class teacher. The sentences are:
Bring the mango. Aam lao 1
Give the book. Kitab do 2
I came. Main aaya 3
The bride went. Dulhan gayee 4
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The grand mother said. Dadi boli 5
Drink the milk. Doodh piyo 6
Sing a song. Gana gao 7
Change (your) clothes. Libaas badlo 8
Come here. Idhar aao 9
Take the medicine. Dawa khao 10
Self-Check Exercise
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
I. Write the following sentences in the Urdu script
1. Kitaab lao
2. Aam do
3. Dulhan boli
4. Gana gao
5. Idhar aao
II. Translate the following sentences into Urdu.
1. Bring the medicine
2. I came
3. The bride went
4. Drink the milk
5. Change the clothes
50
Sample Questions
1. Write the following sentences in English.
1
2
3
4
5
2. Make two-word sentence with the following words.
51
Unit 10
Three-Word Sentences
Teen Lafzi Jumle :
Structure
Introduction
Three-Word Sentences : Teen Lafzi Jumle :
Self-check Exercise
Sample questions
Introduction
This unit tells us how to make three-word sentences. Most of the words in this
unit have been used in the previous units.
Three-word Sentences : Teen Lafzi Jumle :
In this unit you are taught how to make three-word sentences. These are very
simple sentences. You can also make such sentences and show them to your contact
class teacher.
This is a house. Yeh ghar hai.
The flower is red. Phool laal hai.
Give ten mangoes. Das aam do.
God is one. Khuda aik hai.
Four men came. Chaar aadmi aaye.
Where has he gone? Woh kahaan gaya.
52
Who are you? Tum Kaun ho.
Ahmed is a millionaire. Ahmed lakhpati hai.
The servant has gone. Naukar chala gaya
The gold-smith brought Sunaar zever laya.
the ornaments.
Self-Check Exercise
Write your answers in the space provided. The correct answers are given at the
end of the book.
I. Write the following sentences in the Urdu script.
1. Yeh phool hai.
2. Aam laal hai.
3. Tum lakhpati ho.
4. Naukar kahan gaya?
5. Sunaar chala gaya.
II. Translate the following sentences in Urdu.
1. We are Indians.
2. Give four mangoes.
3. Who are you?
4. The flower is beautiful.
5. The goldsmith brought the ornaments.
53
Sample Questions
1. Write the following sentences in English.
2 1
4 3
5
2. Make three-word sentences with the following words.
54
Unit 11
Four-Word Sentences
Chaar Lafzi Jumle :
Structure
Introduction
Four-Word Sentences: Chaar Lafzi Jumle:
Self-check Exercise
Sample questions
Introduction
In this unit you are taught how to make four-word sentences. Most of the
words in this unit have been used in the previous units.
Four-Word Sentences: Chaar Lafzi Jumle :
You will now learn to make four-word sentences on your own. These are
simple sentences. You can also make such sentences and show them to your contact
class teacher. Take a look at these sentences.
Ahmed is a good boy. Ahmed achcha larka hai.
The flowers are in the tray Thali mein phool hain.
I am feeling hungry. Mujhe bhook lagi hai.
55
My house is big. Mera ghar bara hai.
Mohan wrote a letter. Mohan ne Khat likha.
Urdu is a sweet language. Urdu meethi zaban hai.
The monkey is dancing. Bandar naach raha hai.
Mumbai is a big city. Mumbai ek bara shahr hai.
My friend has not come. Mera dost nahin aaya.
Who will bring the milk? Doodh kaun layega?
It was very cold yesterday. Kal bahut sardi thi.
When will grandmohter come? Dadi kab aayen gi?
Self-Check Exercise
Write your answers in the space provided. The correct answers are given at the
end of the book.
I. Write the following sentences in English.
1
2
56
3
4
5
II. Write the following sentences in Urdu script.
1. Tara, garm coffee lao.
2. Kitaab mez par hai.
3. Gopi, jhoot mat bolo.
4. Barsaat ka mausam aya.
5. Akbar ko anaar do.
Sample Questions
I. Write the following sentences in Urdu
1. Yeh aadmi achcha hai.
2. Ahmed mera dost hai.
3. Chaar lal aam do
4. Seb kaun laye ga?
5. Kal bahut sardi thi.
II. Make sentences with the following words.
57
Unit 12
Small Sentences : Chhote Jumle :
Structure
Introduction
Three-Word Sentences: Chhote Jumle:
Self-check Exercise
Sample questions
Introduction
This unit deals with small sentences. These sentences are also given in
English. This unit will be easy for you to understand.
Small Sentences: Chhote Jumle:
In this unit you will learn how to make small sentences. These are simple
sentences. You can also make such sentences and show them to your contact class
teacher. Take a look at these sentences.
1. The girl is singing .1
2. Hamid is my elder brother. .2
3. The moon is beautiful .3
4. I have passed the examination. .4
5. He went to Channai yesterday. .5
6. The month of Ramazan is beginning today .6
7. I will come here tomorrow. .7
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8. I will go to London the day after tomorrow .8
9. Today is my younger brother's birthday. .9
10. I will read the book. .10
11. Our grandmother told the story. .11
12. What will Khalid do there? .12
13. When will you go to Hyderabad? .13
14. I am learning Urdu. .14
15. Ahmed and Mohan are good friends. .15
Self-Check Exercise
Write your answers in the space provided. The correct answers are given at the
end of the book.
I. Write down the following sentences in Urdu.
1. Najma is my elder sister.
2. The building is tall.
3. I will buy the books.
4. Where are you going?
5. When will you return from Patna
II. Fill up the blanks
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
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Sample Questions
I. Write down the following sentences in Urdu.
1. I have seen the film.
2. He came from Delhi last week.
3. I will meet you on Monday.
4. Today is our Independence Day.
5. Ahmed and Akbar are brothers.
II. Fill up the blanks
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
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Answers to self-check exercises
Unit No. 1
Exercise No.I
I. 37
II. (1) Che (2) Daal (3) Zhe (4) Qaaf (5) Noon
(6) Ye
Exercise No. II
I. Alif, Ye
II.
Unit No. 2
I. 11
II. (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Unit No. 3
I. No.
II.
Unit No. 4
I. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
II. (1) Be (2) Daal (3) Seen (4) Meem (5) Hay
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Unit No. 5
I. E'raab help in the correct pronunciation of a word. They are not vowels but
some of them are signs of vowels.
II. There are eight E'raab in this unit. Two of them are as follows:
(a) Pesh is a short vowel (u) indicated by ( ) over the letter.
As
(b) Madd is a prolongation mark represented by the sign
( ) over the letter Alif to express the sound aa, as:
(Hope) Aas :
s Aa
(Water) Aab :
b Aa
Unit No. 6
Exercise No. I
I. (1) Zan, (2) Rab (3) Aam (4) Woh (5) Aas
II. (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Exercise No. II
I. (1) Tum (2) Khat (3) Qad (4) Kal (5) Mah
II. (1) (2) (3)
III. (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
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Unit No. 7
Exercise No. I
I. (1) Dard (2) Raah (3) Zard (4) Dahi (5) Zakhm
(6) Laal (7) Palak (8) Subh
II. (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
(7) (6)
Unit No. 8
I. (1) Sardi (2) Urdu (3) Usool (4) Qeemat
(5) Aadmi (6) Chaand
II. (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
(7) (6)
Unit No. 9
2 1 I
4 3
5
2 1 II
4 3
5
Unit No. 10
2 1 I
4 3
5
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2 1 II
4 3
5
Unit No. 11
I. (1) Radha, take the red mango.
(2) Mohan, go and bring a lock.
(3) I like grapes.
(4) Mala sings a song.
(5) Health is a boon.
1 .II
2
3
4
5
Unit No. 12
2 1 .I
4 3
5
2 1 .II
4 3
5
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PART - II : BASIC VOCABULARY
(Block III)
65
BLOCK III
This block consists of the Urdu names of days and months,
fruits and vegetables, seasons and climate, house and household goods,
some words of common use, functional expressions and numerals.
The names have been given in Roman script wherever though
necessary and in English as well. This block has the following units:
Unit 13 Days and Months
Unit 14 Fruits and Vegetables
Unit 15 Seasons and Climate
Unit 16 House and Household Goods
Unit 17 Market, Post Office, Railway Station, Bank
Unit 18 Some Words of Common Use
Unit 19 Functional Expressions
Unit 20 Numerals
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Unit 13
Days & Months : Din aur Maheenay :
Structure
Introduction
Days: Din:
Self-Check Exercise - I
Months: Maheenay:
Self-check Exercise - II
Sample questions
Introduction
In this unit we will know the Urdu names of the days of a week. We will also
know the names of the months.
Days: Din:
It is necessary for us to know the names of the days of the week. In this unit
we will learn the Urdu names of the days of the week. Here are the names.
Sunday Itwar
Monday Peer
Tuesday Mangal
Wednesday Budh
Thursday Jumeraat
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Friday Juma
Saturday Hafta
Self-Check Exercise
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
I. Write down the names of the following days in Urdu.
(1) Monday (2) Wednesday (3) Saturday
II. Write down the names of the following days in English.
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Months: Maheenay:
The months of the Gregorian calendar which we use in our day to day life, are
written in Urdu as given below.
February
(2 January (1
April (4 March (3
June (6 May (5
August (8 July (7
October (10 September (9
December (12 November (11
The months of the Hijri calendar are written in Urdu as given here.
Safar (2 Muharram (1
Rabee-us-saani (4 Rabee-ul-awwal (3
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Jamadi-us-sani (6 Jamadi-ul-awwal (5
Shabaan (8 Rajab (7
Shawwaal (10 Ramazaan (9
Zil Hajjah (12 Zee Qadah (11
Self-Check Exercise
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
I. Write down the names of the following months in Urdu.
1. Muharram 2. Rajab
3. October 3. Ramazaan
5. May
II. Which are the last two months of the: (a) Gregorian and (b) the Hajira Calendar.
Write in Urdu.
……………………………………
……………………………………
Sample Questions
1. Which are the first three days of the week? Write their names in Urdu.
2. Write down the following names in Urdu
Itwar Mangal Jumerat Juma
3. Write down the names of the following months in Urdu.
1) Safar 2) July 3) April
4) Shabaan 5) Shawwaal
4. Which are the first three months of Gregorian and Hijri Calendars? Write their
names in Urdu.
69
Unit 14
Fruits & Vegetables
Phal Aur Sabziyan :
Structure
Introduction
Fruits: Phal:
Self-Check Exercise - I
Vegetables: Sabziyan:
Self-check Exercise - II
Sample questions
Introduction
This unit tells you the names of fruits (Phal) as well as the names of
vegetables (Sabziyan). Which are a part of our day to day life.
Fruits: Phal:
We use different kinds of fruits in our daily life. Here are the names of
some fruits in Urdu along with the corresponding name in English.
Mango Aam Banana Mauz/Kela
Orange Santra Apple Seb
Guava Jaam/Amrood Pineapple Anannas
Pomegranate Anaar Grape Angoor
Melon Kharboozah Water Melon Tarbooz
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Date Khajoor Custard apple Seetaphal
Fig Anjeer Mulberry Shahtoot
Pear Naaspati
Self-Check Exercise - I
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
I. Write down in the names of the following fruits in Urdu.
(1) Apple (2) Pineapple (3) Pomegranate (4) Melon (5) Date
II. Write down the names of five favourite fruits in Urdu.
Vegetables: Sabziyan:
We use a number of vegetables in our everyday life. The names of some
vegetables are listed here.
Potato Aaloo Tomato Tamatar
Carrot Gaajar Cabbage Gobhi
Cauliflower Phool Gobhi Cucumber Kheera
Pea Matar Onion Pyaz
Pumkin Kaddu Spinach Paalak
Mint Pudeena Brinjal Baigan
Chilli Mirch Arum Arvi
Lady's Finger Bhendi
Ginger Adrak
Garlic Lehsan Bitter Gourd Karela
Ribbed Gourd Turai Coriander Kothmeer
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Turnip Shaljam Bean Sem
Radish Mooli Beet Chugandar
Self-Check Exercise-II
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
1. Write down the names of the following vegetables in Urdu.
(1) Gajar (2) Gobhi (3) Matar (4) Paalak (5) Baigan
2. Write in Urdu the names of five vegetables you like.
Sample Question
3. Write in Urdu names of the following vegetables.
Aaloo Kheera Kaddu Mirch Arvi
4. Translate the following names in Urdu.
TomatoCauliflower Onion Mint Lady's Finger
5. Write down the names of the following fruits in Urdu.
Orange Guava Pineapple Grape Pear
6. Write down in Urdu the names of four fruits not included in
this unit.
72
Unit 15 Seasons & Climate
Mausam Aur Aab-o-Hawa:
Structure
Introduction
Seasons & Climate: Mausam aur Aab-o-Hawa:
Self-Check Exercise
Sample questions
Introduction
This unit focuses on the terms used to describe various seasons and climatic
conditions.
Seasons & Climate: Mausam aur Aab-o-Hawa:
Summer Garma Winter Sarma
Autumn Khizan Dry Khushk
Patjhad Shower Phuwar
Rainy seaon Barsaat Fog Kohra
Flood Sailaab Sunshine Dhoop
Moonlight Chandni Clouds Baadal
Storm Toofan Spring Bahaar
Water Aab/Pani Air/breeze Hawa
Drought Sookha/Qahat Wet Tar/Bheege
Humidity Rutoobat Temperate Motadil
73
Hot Garm Wind Tez Hawa
Snow Barf Dew Shanam
Lightning/ bijli Earthquake Zalzala
Thunderbolt
Self-Check Exercise
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
I. Write down the names of the following in Urdu.
(1) Barsaat (2) Kohra (3) Sailaab
(4) Bahaar (5) Chandni
II. What are the names of the following in Urdu.
(1) Summer (2) Winter (3) Rainy Season
(4) Sunlight (5) Clouds
Sample Questions
1. Which is your favourite season? Write in Urdu.
2. Write in Urdu the names of two seasons.
74
Unit 16 House and Household Goods
Ghar aur Gharelu Cheezen:
Structure
Introduction
Reading Passage
House and Household goods: :
Self-Check Exercise
Sample questions
Introduction
In reading, writing and conversation we come to know about a varied range of
goods and articles. Among them the things found in a house and household are very
common. In our daily life we see house hold furniture wares, tools and implements. In
this unit you will learn the names of some household goods.
Reading Passage
Read the following passage carefully paying attention to the household articles
mentioned in it.
Our House
75
House and Household Goods
Below is a list of words for house and household goods. Read and learn them
by heart.
Home Hall
Bedroom Drawing Room
76
Dining Room Bathroom
Kitchen Store Room
Plate Hammer
Dish Saw
Knife Fork
Oven Crowbar
Utensils Spade
Spoon Chisel
Bowl Scrap
Saucer Mat
Gate Door
Window Bolt
Courtyard Floor
Ceiling Roof
Wall Fan
Ventilator Tap
Stairs Threshold
Lock Key
Almirah Foundation
Basement Plastering
Construction Labour
Broom Cobweb
Dust Cleaning
77
Washing Boundary Wall
Garden Verandah
Tank Corridor
Breakfast Lunch
Supper/Dinner Drinking water
Soap Towel
Comb Portico
Mirror Dressing Table
Cot Bed
Mattress Pillow
Vase Bread
Fountain Marble
Carpet Teak
Cold water Hot water
Tooth powder Wood
Rice Wheat
Vegetables Egg
Pudding Fish
Curry Soup
Gardening Repair
Tree Plants
Flower Guest
Host Feast
Cook Servant
78
House-maid Drain pipe
Garbage Rent
Self-Check Exercise
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
I. Write the Urdu names of the following.
(1) Drawing Room (2) Gate (3) Fountain (4) Soup (5) Bread
II. Write the following in English
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
III. Give the names of five articles found in the drawing room.
IV. Mention five things found in the dining room.
Sample Questions
1. Give the brief description of your kitchen.
2. Think of some of the things you would need if you were to furnish your
drawing room/bedroom. List them out.
79
Unit 17
Market, Post Office, Railway Station, Bank
Structure
Introduction
Market, Post Office, Railway Station, Bank:
Self-Check Exercise
Sample questions
Introduction
In our daily life very often we visit certain public places for our needs Among
them market, post office, railway station and bank are very common. The business at
each place requires a particular vocabulary. It is essential to gain some common over
this vocabulary as it helps us in conversation and interaction. We can express our
thoughts and understand the ideas of other people with the help of this vocabulary. A
brief list of words used in these public places is given here.
Market, Post Office, Railway Station and Bank
We go to the market, post office, railway station and bank often. At these
places we need to know certain words which are commonly used. Without the
knowledge of these words we cannot perform any business or take part in any
transaction. So a few lists of such common words are given below. So that you may
learn and practice the vocabulary at these public places.
80
a) Market:
sale
buy
customer article
small change
shopkeeper
Rate rupees
bad/defective costly
much/more/very cheap
advance account
less/short standard
weight trust
balance discount
correct measure
reasonable wrong
paisa receive
bargain payment
too much pure
market shopping
hawker pack
dozen pair
retailer
wholesaler
cash credit
spend adulterated
many some
percentage price
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wage earn
imported deal
reduction business
In the above list we have given certain words which are commonly used in
market. Below we give some sample sentences so that you may use them on the
similar lines.
I have to buy.
I have to sell.
What is this?
The shopkeeper is an honest man.
There is no small change.
What is it's price?
This is very costly.
This will not go bad.
Cheap things won't be good.
This is very ordinary.
Can you reduce the price?
May I trust you?
Show me the weight.
The balance is faulty.
The weight is correct.
The measure is wrong
Quote a reasonable price.
Is this Indian or imported?
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Pay the price.
I want something pure.
Our prices are fixed.
Bargaining is bad.
Do you have small change.
Keep a correct account.
Settle the wages.
How is your business going?
Advance money has to be paid.
Don't spend more than you earn.
I don't have any cash.
All the money has been spent.
Do you have any dealings with him?
How much is your bill?
Anything else.?
b) Post Office:
Post office post
telegram postman
quick delivery
reach delay
letter postal charges
envelope registration
postal stamp receipt
83
gum safe
money order post box
address sorting
open affix
air mail surface mail
We have given a classified vocabulary pertaining to the post office. Below we
give simple sentences so that you may learn and practice them.
The post/mail hasn't come.
Where is the post office?
The post office is quite near.
The postman delivered the mail and went away.
A telegram has come.
There is no delivery on account of the holiday.
The mail moves fast by speed post.
Do write the PIN code.
The envelope is torn.
A registered letter has come for you.
Where is the receipt for the money order?
Postage stamps must be affixed on the envelope.
How much does your envelope weight?
Post the letter in the postbox.
84
b) Railway and Bus Station:
Bus rail
urinal time
platform arrival
seat reservation
journey luggage
destination traveller
fare mile
path/way near
man security
tea ladies
book seller
books
magazine book stall
information newspaper
coolie/porter chain
passenger
goods train
lodge boarder
whistle hotel
announcement beware
return stay
first class bridge
One has to go the railway or bus station either to travel oneself or to receive or
see off friends and relations. At these places the most common words which are used
are listed above. Here are a few expressions which are generally practiced in these
places.
85
When is the bus due?
A train journey is comfortable.
The train has arrived at the platform.
The bus is approaching.
When will you travel?
How long do we have to wait for the train?
By which train are you travelling?
Where is the urinal?
Where is the waiting room?
A seat can be reserved.
Passengers should take care of their luggage.
How long is your journey?
How far are you going?
Beware of thieves during the journey.
There are separate rooms for men and women.
Seats are reserved for women.
Tea is available on platform.
There are book sellers on the platform.
The newspaper has become a necessity for people.
There are porters to carry the luggage.
A room has been reserved for you in a hotel.
When does the Dakshin Express leave?
When does the Dakshin Express arrive?
I am going to the station to see off my friend.
86
I am going to the station to receive my friend.
The next station is Delhi.
The train stops here for a short while.
How far is the railway station from here?
They missed the train.
They could not board the train.
You will reach in time.
On which platform does the train arrive?
What is the fare to Delhi?
d) Bank:
Money disbursement
bankrupt coin
count rupees
torn counting
manager curency notes
chque exchange
cashier
cheque book
settle expenditure
saving token
identification accountant
pass book receipt
signature account
draw credit
security pick-pocket
87
fresh new
open loose change
timings closed
holiday holiday
debit half-day
watchman guard
loan
joint account
interest surety
date
Banks have become a part and parcel of our life. We take the services of the
bank in respect of various money matters - to deposit and withdraw the money, to
encash a cheque, to make a demand draft or to keep our valuables in the safe lockers
of the banks etc,. Through the above list we have learnt a number of words generally
used in the banks. Below are give some phrases and sentences which are used during
bank transactions:
How much money do you want to draw?
Always count the money that you draw.
Count carefully.
Torn currency notes are accepted in the banks.
Correct information about bank transaction is important.
What are the charges of the exchange?
Give me a token.
I have to credit some money.
88
I have to draw some money.
Beware of pick pockets.
Give me some new currency notes.
Loose change is not available.
The bank is closed.
Bank observe timings.
The bank is closed today.
Banks work half-a-day.
Self-Check Exercise
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
I. Write the meanings of any five words in English.
(4) (3) (2) (1)
(8) (7) (6) (5)
II. Make sentences using the following words.
5 4 3 2 1
Sample Questions
1. Write a few words from section d. (Bank)
2. Write five sentences using words from Market or Post Office.
3. Write some words connected with the Railway Station or the
Bus Station in Urdu.
89
Unit 18
Some Words of Common Use:
Structure
Introduction
Parts of the Body
Features
Clothes and footwear
Family Relations
Jobs and Professions
Food and Drink
Colours
Shapes
Expressions of times
Animals and Birds
Flowers
Materials
Metals
Self-Check Exercise
Sample questions
Introduction
Language is the chief means of our communication. Words carry ideas.
Without words we cannot express any concept. Even simple ideas require words to be
expressed. The ability to use a language or the "four skills" of language - speech,
90
comprehension, reading and writing depend upon the number of words we know in
that language. In this unit you will be introduced to a number of useful words which
are related to various topics of our day to day life and common conversation. Learn
these words thoroughly so that you may use them in your speech and writing
confidently.
Parts of the Body
hair head face
forehead eyebrow eyelash
eyelid nose mouth
ear cheek chin
neck throat tooth
gums shoulder chest
back waist arm
armpit elbow wrist
hand finger thumb
nail thigh knee
shin ankle
foot
toe hip skin
bone muscles flesh
brain lungs heart
blood rib skull
kidney liver Intestine
Features
fat lean lame
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dumb bald blind
mad deaf handicapped
tall short
Clothes and Footwear
cap hat tie
shirt collar pyjama
trousers shoes gloves
skirt
socks sandal
lace gown veil
Family Relationship
brother
sister
parents
child
husband
wife
father
mother
son
daughter
grandson (maternal)
grandson (paternal)
92
granddaughter (maternal)
granddaughter (paternal)
grandfather (paternal)
grandmother (paternal)
grandfather (maternal)
grandmother (maternal)
nephew (brother's son)
nephew (sister's son)
niece (brother's daughter)
niece (sister's daughter)
uncle (father's younger brother)
uncle (father's elder brother)
uncle (mother's brother)
uncle (husband of father's sister)
uncle (husband of mother's sister)
aunt (father's sister)
aunt (mother's sister)
aunt (wife of father's younger brother)
aunt (wife of father's elder brother)
aunt (wife of mother's brother)
sister in law (sister of wife)
sister in law (brother's wife)
brother in law (brother of wife)
brother in law (husband's younger brother)
93
brother in law (husband's elder brother)
wife of husband's younger brother
wife of husband's elder brother
in laws
a wife's maternal home
great grandfather (paternal)
great grandfather (maternal)
great grandson (paternal)
great grandson (maternal)
ancestors
Jobs and professionals
actor actress architect
artist dancer dentist
lawyer musician sailor
soldier student baker
butcher cook gardener
barber jeweller
shoemaker
tailor carpenter blacksmith
goldsmith farmer washer man
teacher
Food and Drink
mutton beef chicken
fish prawn crab
milk cream curd
94
salt pepper mustard
vinegar oil sauce
soup porridge toast
bread honey rice
wheat pulses/cereals barley
tea coffee egg
butter food water
fruit ice sugar
vegetables juice cheese
onion garlic ginger
Colours
red blue yellow
purple green
orange
brown pink white
black grey golden
Shapes
circle oval square
rectangle triangle round
Time expressions
time
today occasion
tomorrow week midnight
yesterday year century
Past present future
day night morning
95
afternoon evening
millennium
fortnight decade
One O'clock
quarter past one
half past one
quarter to two
quarter to one
quarter past two
half past two
half past three
ten minutes to four
ten minutes after four
Animals and Birds
dog cat tortoise
mouse monkey pig
horse donkey cow
sheep goat hen
duck rabbit goose
deer
fox
tiger
lion elephant camel
bear leopard jackal
hyena wolf snake
squirrel bat hippopotamus
animal bird shrew musk-rat
96
crow kite parrot
crane cuckoo swan
peacock woodpecker nightingale
vulture eagle pigeon
dove grasshopper moth
crow lizard
chameleon
panther
Flowers
Rose Lotus Sunflower
Jasmine Marigold Lilly
Bud
Materials
stone wood glass
metal leather brick
sand cotton wool
silk paper diamond
Metals
gold silver copper
steel iron lead
zinc tin mercury
Self-Check Exercise
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
I. Give the Urdu words for the following
97
1) honey 2) gardener
3) lotus 4) gold
5) artist 6) dentist
7) circle 8) gloves
9) blind 10) wheat
II. Give the Urdu equivalents for the following words.
1) brother's son
2) sister's daughter
3) father's elder brother
4) husband of mohter's sister
5) father's sister
6) a wife's maternal home
7) great grandfather
8) sister of wife
9) husband's younger brother
10) grandson (paternal)
III. State these expressions of time in Urdu.
1) yesterday 2) year
3) morning 4) quarter to one
5) quarter past two 6) half past two
7) half past four 8) five minutes to ten
9) ten minutes to three 10) afternoon
98
Sample Questions
I. Give the names of five different colours in Urdu.
II. Give the opposites of the following words.
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
III. Complete the following.
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
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Unit 19
Functional Expressions :
Structure
Introduction
Greetings
Seasonal Greetings
Good Wishes
Telephone Conversation
Saying thank you
Apologies
Appreciation
Attracting Attention
Permission
Introducing Oneself
Introducing Someone else
Replying to introduction
Response to the above replies
Directions
Saying Goodbye
Asking for personal details
Self-Check Exercise
Sample questions
100
Introduction
While interacting with others on various occasions and at various places. We
exchange some polite words. We offer greetings, condolences and compliments,
depending on the occasion. Similarly, we express our good wishes, gratitude,
apologies and regrets. We welcome and see people, seek permission or apologies. In
all languages, there are certain expressions that are commonly used on all such
occasions. A knowledge of these expressions in Urdu will be very useful for you to
interact with people and respond to their comments in a civilized and polite manner.
Given below are some such formal expressions. Study them carefully and use them in
your communication.
Greetings :
.1
.2
.3
Seasonal Greetings :
.1
.2
.3
.4
101
.5
.6
Good Wishes :
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
Telephone Conversation :
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
102
.6
.7
Saying Thank You :
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
Apologies :
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
Appreciation :
.3 .2
.1
.6 .5 .4
.9 .8 .7
.11 .10
103
Drawing (someon's) attention :
.1
.2
(If one is interrupting) .3
.4
.5
Permission :
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
Introducing Oneself :
.1
.2
.3
Introducing Someone else :
.1
.2
.3
Replying to Introduction :
.1
104
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
Response to the above replies :
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
Enquiry :
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
105
Saying Goodbye :
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
Asking for Personal details :
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
Self-Check Exercise
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
i. How will you greet your friend who has got a first class in the examination?
ii. Write five "Functional Expressions" to convey "Good Wishes".
iii. How will you introduce your friend Kunal to your brother Arif.
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iv. Write five expressions of "appreciation".
v. What are some functional expressions used in seeking personal details.
Sample Questions
1. A stranger in enquiring a bout the museum. How will you direct him?
2. Write five ways of conveying "thank you".
3. What are some ways of drawing (someone's) attention.
4. List a few functional expressions under "apologies".
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Unit 20
Numerals : Aadaad :
Structure
Introduction
Numerals :
Fractions :
Self-Check Exercise
Sample questions
Introduction
This unit deals with numerals in Urdu. The symbol used to represent numerals
in Urdu have been listed along with their equivalents in English.
Numerals :
Take a close look at the single-digit numerals in Urdu .
108
0-Sifar 9-Nau
However, it must be borne in mind that as we move into two digit or higher
numerals,we write them from left to right in English. Read these examples carefully.
Ten Das
Twelve Barah Elenen Giarah
Fourteen Chauda Thirteen Terah
Sixteen Solah Fifteen Pandrah
Eighteen Atharah Seventeen Satrah
Twenty Bees Nineteen Unnees
Twety Two Baa'ees Twenty One Ekkees
Twenty Four Chaubees Twenty three Ta'ees
Twenty Six Chabees Twety Five pachchees
Twenty Eight Athaa'ees Twenty Seven Sta'ees
Thirty Tees Twenty Nine Untees
Thirty Two Battees
Thirty One Ektees
Thirty Four Chauntees Thirty Three Taintees
Thirty Six Chhattees Thirty Five paitees
Thirty Eight Artees Thirty Seven Saintees
Forty' Chhalees Thirty Nine Untalees
109
Forty Two Bayalees Forty One Iktalees
FortyFour Chawalees Forty Three Tentalees
Forty Six Chhayalees Forty Five paintalees
Forty Eight Artalees Forty Seven Saintalees
Fifty Pachaas Forty Nine Unchaas
Fifty Two Baawan Fifty One Ekyawan
Fifty Four Chawwan Fifty Three Tirepan
Fifty Six Chhappan Fifty Fiive Pachpan
Fifty Eight Atthaawan Fifty Seven Satawan
Sixty Saath Fifty Nine Unsath
Sixty Two Baasath Sixty One Eksath
Sixty Four Chaunsath Sixty Three Tiresath
Sixty Six Chhayaasath Sixty Five Painsath
Sixty Eight Arsaath Sixty Seven Sarsath
Seventy Satter Sixty Nine Unhattar
Seventy Two Bahatter Seventy One Ekhattar
Seventy Four Chauhattar Seventy Three Tehatter
Seventy Six Chhiatar Seventy Five Pachattar
Seventy Eight Athhattar Seventy Seven Satattar
Eighty Assee Seventy Nine Unaasee
Eighty two Bayaasee Eighty One Ekyasee
Eighty Four Chhauraasee Eighty Three Tiraasee
110
Eighty Six Chhayaasee Eighty Five Pachaasee
Eighty Eight Athaasee Eighty Seven Sataasi
Ninety Nawwe Eighty Nine Nawaasee
Ninety Two Baanwe Ninety One Ekyanwe
Ninety Four chauranwe Ninety Three Tiraanawe
Ninety Six chhayaanawe Ninety Five Pachaanawe
Ninety Eight Athaanawe Ninety Seven Satanawe
Ninty Nine Ninnaanawe
As explained earlier in case of two -digit or higher numerals, we write them
in Urdu. Following the same system that we do in English i.e., from left to the right.
One Hundred and One Aik sau aik
One Hundred and Two Aik sau do
Two Hundred Do sau
One Thousand Aik Hazaar
One Thousand and One Aik Hazaar Aik
One Thousand and Ten Aik Hazaar Das
Ten Thousand Das Hazaaar
,
One lakh Aik Laakh ,,
Ten lakhs /One million Das Laakh ,,
One Crore/ Ten million Aik Crore , ,,
Fractions
In Urdu language the fractional values are expressed as in English. The main
number comes first then come the decimal numbers. In English the decimal is shown
111
with a (.) in Urdu it is shown as a particular sign Look at the following examples
and note how Ashaaria is read.
1.5 (Aik Ashaariya Panch)
2.7 (Do Ashaariya Saat)
5.95 (Paanch Ashaariya Nou Panchh)
7.04 (Saat Ashaariya Sifar Chaar)
12.3 (Bara Ashaariya Teen)
25.8462 (pachees Ashaariya Aath Chaar che Do)
0.432 (Sifar Ashaariya Chaar Teen Do)
The values which are less than one"are denoted as 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 and designate
as quarter, half and three fourths respectively. The corresponding Urdu equivalents of
such values are given below:
1/4 = (Aik chouthayi/Paau)
1/2 (Nisf / Aadha)
3/4 (Teen Chauthayi/Pone)
1/3 (Aik Tehayi)
2/3 (Do Tehayi)
(Sawa)
[Strictly speaking, it is (Sawa Aik) but is commonly used and the
word Aik is dropped.]
(Sawa Do)
(Sawa Teen)
(Dairh)
112
(Dhai)
(Derh) and (Dhai) are the special expressions for one and half and
two and half respectively. From 3 onwards the value of (half) is expressed as
(Sarhey). Look at the following example.
(Sarhay Teen)
(Sarhay Das)
(Sarhay Giarah)
Numbers 1,2,3,4 etc. are known as cardinal numbers . There are also
ordinal numbers which show position or sequence .They are given below
First (Pahla) Second (Doosra )
Third (Teesra) Fourth Choutha)
Fifth (Paanchwan) Sixth (Chata)
Seventh (Saatwan) Eighth (Aathwan)
Ninth (Nawan) Tenth (Duswan)
Eleventh (Giyarhwan) Twelfth (Barhwan)
And so on
Self- Check Exercise
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book .
I. Write down the following numerals in Urdu :
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
113
(10) (9) (8) (7) (6)
II. Write the corresponding numerals (in English) of the following :
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
(10) (9) (8) (7) (6)
Sample Questions
1. Write down the following numerals in words (in Urdu):
2. Write down the following in figures (in Urdu ):
Twelve Nineteen Twenty Seven Fifty Sixty
Seventy Eight Eighty Five Eighty Nine Ninety One Ninety Five
114
Answers to self-check exercieses
Unit No. 13
Exercise No.I
I. (3) (2) (1)
II. 1)Sunday 2) Tuesday 3)Thursday 4) Friday
Exercise No.II
I. (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
II. (b) '(a)
Unit No. 14
Exercise No.I
I. (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
II. (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Exercise No.II
I. (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
(4)
II. (5) (3) (2)
(1)
Unit No. 15
I. (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
II. (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
115
Unit No. 16
I. (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
II. Cot (5) pillow (4) Wall (3) Roof (2) Bathroom(1)
III.
IV.
Unit No. 17
I. 1 Price
2 = waiting
3 = post
4 = account
5 = weight
6 = Shopping
7 = Customer
8 = Destination
= .II
=
=
=
=
116
Unit No. 18
.5 .4 .3 .2 .1
.10 .9 .8 .7 .6
.5 .4 .3 .2
.1
.10 .9 .8 .7 .6
. .5 .4 .3 .2 .1
.8 .7 .6
.10 .9
Unit No. 19
1 .I
2 1 .II
4 3
5
.III
-5 -4 -3 -1
-2 .IV
1 .V
2
3
4
117
5
6
7
Unit No. 20
I. (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
(10) (9) (8) (7) (6)
II. (1) 11 (2) 25 (3) 27 (4) 39 (5) 68
(6) 70 (7) 82 (8) 90 (9) 93 (10) 100
118
PART - III
GRAMMER AND SPECIMENS OF
PROSE AND POETRY
(Block IV & V)
119
BLOCK IV
This block deals with grammer, which is very important in
language learning.
In this block we will discuss the noun, the pronoun, the verb, the
adjective, plurals of noun, verb and adjective, gender and idioms and
proverbs. The units are illustrated with examples explaining each
feature.
The units included in this block are:
Unit 21 Noun
Unit 22 Pronoun
Unit 23 Verb
Unit 24 Adjective
Unit 25 Plural of Noun, Verb & Adjectives
Unit 26 Gender
Unit 27 Idioms and Proverbs
120
Unit 21
Noun : Ism :
Structure
Introduction
Noun :
Self-Check Exercise - I
Common Noun and Proper Noun
Some Useful Nouns
Self-check Exercise - II
Sample questions
Introduction
To make a sentence and for reading, writing and speaking correctly it is
necessary to know a little grammar. In this and in the following few units we will
discuss the Noun, the Pronoun, the Verb, the Adjective and the Gender.
Noun : Ism :
A noun i s a word used as the name of a person, place or thing, as in the
sentence: (Chennai is a big city.) Chennai aik Bara Shahr Hai.
In this sentence Chennai and Shehr both are . Here are a few examples ragarding
the (noun).
Self-Check Exercise - I
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
121
Q.I What is a noun?
…………………………………………………………………………….……
Q.II Write five nouns?
………………………………………………………………………………….
Common Noun and Proper Noun
In the above sentence
Chennai and Shahr both are nouns. The noun “Chennai” refers to a particular
city but the noun “Shahr” might be applied to any other city as well as to Chennai. We
call Chennai Isme Khas (Proper Noun) and City Isme Aam (Common
Noun).
A common noun (Isme Aam : ) is a name of given in common to every
person, or thing of the s ame c lass or kind.
A proper noun (Isme Khaas : ) is the name of some particular person, or
thing. Examples are given below.
Commnon Noun : Isme Aam :
Proper Noun : Isme Khas :
122
Some Useful Nouns
memory fear War
Peace poet
gun
fan Watch road
way school office
happiness hope patience
duty
zeal desire
anger agony pain
love hatred need
rest greed voice
noise queen crown
king
minister prince
princess government
court
palace capital kingdom
throne poet
successor
crown prince population scholar
principle gift insult
honour crime award
punishment piece scissors
loyalty labour
wage
news information knowledge
training mosque temple
church gurudwara prayer
prophet awatar graveyard
123
funeral pile method
marriage
foreigner address
advertisement age agent
adult widow bachelor
petal garden thorn
fragrance vase garland
creeper park
Self-Check Exercise - II
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
I. Define Common Noun
II. Which are the (proper nouns) in the following. Write in Urdu.
Sample Questions
1. Define proper noun?
2. Which are the common nouns in the following?
3. Define common noun and give examples.
124
4. Find the common nouns in following sentences.
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
5. Find the proper noun in the following sentences.
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
125
Unit 22
Pronoun : Zameer :
Structure
Introduction
Pronoun :
Self-Check Exercise
Sample questions
Introduction
This unit discusses what a pronoun: is and how it is used in a sentence.
Pronoun :
Read the following sentence
: Hamid ghair hazir hai kyun-ke Hamid
beemaar hai.
Hamid is absent because Hamid is ill.
In this sentence instead of repeating the noun Hamid we can say:
: Hamid ghair hazir hai kyun-ke woh beemaar hai.
Hamid is absent because he is ill.
In this sentence (woh) is
Zameer is a word used instead of a noun.
Read the following sentences.
1. Main aaraha hoon I am coming.
126
2. Tum kya kar rahe ho What are you doing?
3. Woh ameer hai. He is rich.
4. Hum hindustani hain. We are Indians.
5. Aap kaise hain How are you?
In the above sentences and are pronouns (Zameer)
Some other pronouns (Zameer) in Urdu are :
Tu Uss Iss Tujh Un Mujh Tumhara Hamara Mera
Self-Check Exercise
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
1. Define : Zameer (Pronoun)
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
2. Write down any five : Zameer (Pronoun)
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
3. Find the : Zameer (Pronouns) in the following sentences.
1
2
127
3
4
5
6
Sample Questions
1. What is Zameer (Pronoun)?
2. Find the Zameer (Pronoun) in the following words.
128
Unit 23
Verb : Fail :
Structure
Introduction
Verb: Fail :
Some useful verbs
Self-Check Exercise
Sample questions
Introduction
(Fail) is the most important word in a sentence. In this unit we will define
(Fail) (Verb) and its use in a sentence.
Verb : Fail :
A (Verb) is a word which represents or signifies action in a sentence.
Read the following sentences:
1. Mohan Aa raha hai. (Mohan is coming.)
2. Sawaal bahut mushkil thha.
(the question is very difficult)
3. Hamid kal Shahr jayega.
(Tomorrow Hamid will go to the city.)
In the above sentences (Hai), (Tha) and (Jayega) are the verbs,
because these verbs tell us something about mohan, question and Hamid. There are
three kinds of verbs.
129
1. Fail-e-Mazi (Past Tense)
2. Fail-e-Haal (Present Tense)
3. Fail-e-Mustaqbil (Future Tense)
Past Tense : : Fail-e-Mazi
A verb that tells something which happened or occurred in the past is the Past
Tense as
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Present Tense : : Fail-e-Haal
A verb that tells something which is happening now is the Present Tense.
(1)
(2)
(3)
Future Tense : : Fail-e-Mustaqbil
A verb that tells something which is going to happen in the Future is the
Future Tense.
(1)
(2)
(3)
130
Some Useful Verbs
describe go eat
drink read write
speak tell listen
see understand run
run jump lie
laugh smile weep
cough watch play
sleep dream give
take get sell
buy walk comeback
go ahead think believe
like love hate
throw catch cry
sneeze yawn hiccough
sit stand show
remain forget remember
send receive teach
learn call wear
cook prepare repair
boil break know
hide steal beg
wash keep die
131
born mix swim
sink feed kill
squeeze open close
save exit
enter
fly sail select
leave make build
sweep flow expect
meet marry
carry
pull push clean
Self -Check Exercise
Write your answers in the space given below thequestions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
I. Define the Verb.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
II. Find out the verbs in the following.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
Sample Questions
1. Define the past tense and give examples
2. Find the verb (Future Tense) in the following.
132
Unit 24
Adjective : sifat :
Structure
Introduction
Adjective: sifat :
Some useful Adjectives
Self-Check Exercise
Sample questions
Introduction
This unit is about sifat (Adjective). Here we will define sifat and
discuss ways in which it is used.
Adjective : Sifat :
A word which qualifies a noun or which describes a quality (in a person, animal
or place) is called an adjective as in the sentences given below. It is also used for
description of quantity or numerical value.
1. Rahim achcha larka hai (Rahim is a good boy)
2. Mujhe nayi kitab chahiye (I want a new book)
3. Sabz ghar mera hai. (The green house in mine)
4. Woh panchveen jamaat ka talib-e-ilm hai.
(He is a student of the fifth class. The adjective here describes the
numerical value.)
133
In sentence No. 1 (Good) shows what kind of a boy Rahim is
In sentence No. 2 (New) points out the nature of the book.
In sentence No. 3 (Green) refers to the colour of the house.
In sentence No. 4 (5th) tells us about the class in which a student is
studying.
Therefore and are adjectives.
There are some more sentences in which is used.
3
2 1
5 4
In the above sentences, in sentence No.1 (bara), in sentence No. 2
(gole) in setence No. 3 (doosre), in sentence No. 4 (tez) and in setence No.
5 (Motey) are adjectives.
Some Useful Adjectives
bright bold careful
cautious cheerful childish
dark/deep clever faithful
foolish glad good
great right ill
keen wrong polite
slow fast smooth
soft hard big
sweet bitter sore
134
hot warm cold
tell short long
high low expensive
difficult fresh stale
proud humble live
dead old young
original duplicate real
true false natural
artificial useful harmful
fake last miserly
generous strong weak
mortal lucky unlucky
hidden kind wicked
handicap solid liquid
fat thin some
a few full empty
greedy selfish honest
dishonest punctual regular
heavy light religious
beautiful ugly independent
liberal hungry thirsty
135
healthy sick sharp
blunt hardworking idle
ideal difficult easy
wise educated illiterate
lovely pretty stupid
cowardly timid clean
dirty neat calm
noisy nice sad
virtuous evil open
close vast narrow
far near
special
common poor wealthy
noble major minor
old new Mischievous
Self-check exercises
Write your answers in the space given below thequestions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
I. Define (Adjective) ?
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
136
II. Give five examples of (Adjective).
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
Sample Question
1. What is an (Adjective) ?
2. Find out the adjective in the following sentences :
1
2
3
4
5
3. Write down five adjectives of your choice.
137
Unit 25
Plurals of Noun, Verb and Adjective
Ism, Fail aur sifat ki jama :
Structure
Introduction
Nouns : Singular and Plural
Self-Check Exercise - I
Deriving the plural from the Singular
Self-Check Exercise - II
Verbs : Singular and Plural
Self-Check Exercise - III
Adjectives : Singular and Plural
Self-Check Exercise - IV
Sample questions
Introduction
In English we find plurals of nouns like boys, men, flowers etc., but there is no
plural form of verbs (except in the present tense, eg., reads, read, plays, play) and
adjectives. In Urdu we find the plurals of verbs and adjectives too. This is a peculiar
feature of Urdu and many other languages. In this unit we will discuss the plural forms
of nouns, verbs and adjectives and learn how to use them.
138
Nouns : Singular and Plural
A ( ) noun is either one or more than one. This is called i.e., number or
singular and plural :
Singular: (Wahed) : When a noun refers to one person or thing it is
known as a singular noun, e.g.
Plural : (Jama) : When a noun denotes two or more than two persons or
things it is know as plural noun e.g.
Self-check exercise - I
Write your answers in the space given below thequestions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
I. What is a singular noun ?
............................................................................................................................
II. What is a plural noun ?
............................................................................................................................
III. Identify the plural nouns in the following.
Deriving the plural from the singular :
There are certain methods by which we can form the plural forms of singular
nouns. Some of these methods are given below.
1. All such singular nouns that end in Alif or
he ( ) will become plural if the last Alif or he ( ) is replaced by Ye
e.g.
139
However there are some nouns which end in Alif but are not governed by this
rule e.g.,
They remain the same both in the singular and the plural form.
2. Such singular nouns that have masculine gender and end in Alif +
noon-e-ghunna (nasal 'n') will become plural when the Alif is
replaced by Ye e.g.
The plurals of nouns with feminine gender are made differently as
indicated here.
1. All singular nouns in the feminine gender that end in Ya-e-Maroof will
take the plural form when Alif and noon-e-ghunna are added at the end
e.g.
2. All singular nouns in the feminine gender that end in Ya-Alif become
plural if noon-e-ghunna is added at the end e.g.
3. If a singular noun in the feminine gender ends in Alif / Wao / He
we put i.e., Hamza ye noon-e-ghunna to make it plural e.g.
4. There are some singular nouns in the feminine gender that don't have any letter
in the end that would come under the above three categories. In order to make
their plurals we incorporate Ye + noon-e-ghunna in the end. e.g.,
140
Self-Check Exercise-II
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
I. How do singular nouns ending in Alif or He become plural?
............................................................................................................................
II. How can the word be changed into plural form?
............................................................................................................................
III. Write the plural form of the following.
(1) (2) (3) (4)
............................................................................................................................
IV. How will you change the singular nouns in the feminine gender that have
in the end into plural?
............................................................................................................................
V. Give the plurals of the following words:
(1) (2) (3) (4)
............................................................................................................................
VI. What is the method by which the word can be changed into the plural
form?
............................................................................................................................
Verbs : Singular and Plural :
In Urdu unlike English, the verbs are also used in singular and plural form.
The plural form of verb is used in two ways: sometimes it agrees with the subject and
sometimes it agrees with the object. If the subject is singular the verb would also be
singular and if the subject is plural the verb would be plural too. e.g.
141
Where the verb agrees with the object. If the latter is singular former would be
singular, and if the latter is plural the former too would be in plural form e.g.
.2 .1
Pl Pl Sing Sing
.4 .3
Pl Pl Sing Sing
.6 .5
Pl Pl Sing Sing
.8 .7
Pl Pl Sing Sing
(This rule is applicable when (ne) is used after the subject.)
In this above examples you might have observed that in sentences 1, 3, 5and 7
the objects are singular hence the verb is also in singular form. Likewise in sentence 2,
4, 6 and 8 the objects are plural so we use the verbs in plural form.
Note: The use of also governs the gender of the verb i.e., the gender of the verb
is governed by the gender of the object and not by the gender of the subject.
Self-check exercise - III
Write your answers in the space given below thequestions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
I. Write three examples of plural verbs that agree with the subject.
............................................................................................................................
142
II. Give three examples of plural verbs that agree with the object.
............................................................................................................................
III. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verb.
............................................................................................................................
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
Adjectives: Singular and Plural:
As in the case of verbs the pluralization of adjectives is also a peculiar feature
of Urdu. Unlike English in which the adjective is constant and does not change with
the number and the gender of the noun. e.g.
a good boy; a good girl; good boys; good girls;
Some adjectives don't have the plural form but most adjectives have the plural
form. However, there are a good number of adjectives which remain the same in both
the singular and plural forms. Now read the following sentences carefully.
.2 .1
Pl Pl Sing Sing
.4 .3
Pl Pl Sing Sing
.6 .5
Pl Pl Sing Sing
143
In the above examples you would have noticed that the words , and
are adjectives. They are singular in number. The plural forms of these adjectives are
made by replacing the last Alif by Ye in each word. Some more
examples are given below:
Self-Check Exercise-IV
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
I. What is the method by which certain singular adjectives can be
changed into plural forms?
............................................................................................................................
II. Write the plurals of the following:
(9) (8) (7) (6) (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
............................................................................................................................
III. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the adjectives.
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
144
Sample Questions
1. What is a plural noun ?
2. Change the following into plurals?
3. How do we change the singular nouns with feminine gender that end in
into plural forms.
4. Give examples of plural verbs that agree with the subject.
5. How can we change the adjectives ending in into plural?
6. Complete the following with the correct form of adjectives
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
145
Unit 26
Gender : Jins :
Structure
Introduction
Nouns : Gender :
Some more examples
Self-Check Exercise - I
Verbs : Gender :
Some more examples
Self-Check Exercise - II
Adjectives : Gender
Some more examples
Self-Check Exercise - III
Sample questions
Introduction
Our speech comprises a number of words in which the gender varies -- some
are used as masculine and some as feminine. This is called Gender . This unit
deals with Gender , Gender of verbs and Gender of Adjectives
.
Noun : Gender :
A noun that represents a male object is a i.e., Masculine noun
e.g.
146
A noun that represents a female object is a i.e., feminine noun.
e.g.
Mard (man) Aurat (Woman)
Larka (Boy) Larki (Girl)
Baap (Father) Maan (Mother)
Bhai (Brother) Bahen (Sister)
Some more Examples :
Here are some more examples of (Female) and (Male):
Bail (Bull) Gaye (Cow)
Kutta (Dog) Kutya (Bitch)
Shauhar (Husband) Biwi (Wife)
Badshah (King) Malika (Queen)
Beta (Son) beti (Daughter)
Sheir (Tiger) Sheirni (Tigress)
Zameendar (Landlord) Zameendarni (Land Lady)
Shahzada (Prince) Shahzadi (Princess)
Ghora (Horse) Ghori (Mare)
The examples of Male and Female in non-living things are given
below:
Qalam (Pen) Ghar (House)
Shahr (City) Mez (Table)
Chaand (Moon) Daftar (Office)
147
Bagh (Garden) Suraj (Sun)
Darakht (Tree)
Rikabi (Plate) Kitaab (Book)
Kursi (Chair) Roti (Bread)
Sarak (Road) Piyali (Cup)
Self-Check Exercise-I
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
I. What is a masculine Noun?
............................................................................................................................
II. What is a feminine Noun?
............................................................................................................................
III. Make separate lists of and from the following.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
Verbs : Gender :
Read the following sentences:
B A
.1 .1
.2 .2
148
.3 .3
.4 .4
.5 .5
In column a "A" are masculine nouns.
According the verbs and are also in the masculine gender. In
column "B" and are feminine nouns and hence the verbs
and are in the feminine gender. It may be repeated here that in
Urdu just as in the case of noun, verbs also have gender. From the above examples it
is clear that if the subject in a sentence is masculine the verb will use the same gender.
But the sentences of past indefinite tense do not come under this category. In the past
tense where the subject is followed by the gender of the verb will be determined
by the object not by the subject. If the object is feminine the verb will be feminine. If
the object is masculine the verb will be masculine. Read the following sentences.
(4) (3) (2) (1)
In sentence No. 1 the object is (Feminine) hence the verb is also
feminine though the subject is masculine. In sentence 2 the object is
(masculine) hence the verb is also masculine though the subject is feminine. In
the same way in sentence 3 and 4 the gender of verbs is determined by the gender of
the objects.
Some More Examples :
Following are some more examples of setnences with in which gender of
verb depends upon the gender of the objects.
(3) (2) (1)
(6) (5) (4)
149
(9) (8) (7)
(12) (11) (10)
(15) (14)
(13)
Self-Check Exercise-II
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
I. Explain how gender applies to verbs?
............................................................................................................................
II. Write five sentences in which the gender of the verb agrees with the gender of
the object.
............................................................................................................................
III. Fill in the blanks with the correct gender of the verb:
(2) (1)
(4) (3)
(5)
Adjectives : Gender :
In Urdu the adjective also has gender i.e., it is used either as masculine
or feminine. When the noun qualified is masculine the adjective is masculine, and
if the noun qualified is feminine the adjective too is feminine. Read the following
sentences.
D C B A
4
3
2 1
8 7 6 5
150
12 11 10 9
16 15 14 13
In the above sentences you might have observed that each sentence under
column "A" has a masculine noun, and accordingly the adjectives are also in
masculine gender. On the other hand all the sentences in Column "B" have feminine
nouns. Hence their adjectives do not have gender. A large number of adjectives remain
the same whether the noun qualified is masculine or feminine. Read the following
sentences.
B A
You would have noticed that the nouns qualified in the sentences under
column "A" are masculine and in the sentences under column "B" are feminine. But
the adjectives in both the columns are the same.
151
Some more examples :
Following is the list of some more adjectives that do not modify their gender
according to the noun qualified.
We are giving you a brief list of adjectives that have two genders. Read their
masculine and feminine forms carefully.
152
Self-Check Exercise-III
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
I. Write (5) examples of masculine adjectives?
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
II. Write (5) examples of adjectives that remain the same with both masculine
and feminine forms.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
III. Write the feminine gender of the following adjectives.
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Sample Questions:
1. Define the feminine noun and give (5) examples of it?
2. When does a verb take on the masculine gender?
3. When is the gender of a verb determined by the gender of the object?
4. If the noun qualified is female what will be the gender of its adjective?
153
Unit 27
Idioms and Proverbs :
Muhaaware Aur Zarbul Amsaal:
Structure
Introduction
Idiom :
Proverbs :
Self-Check Exercise
Sample questions
Introduction
Every language has a stock of idioms and proverbs. Idioms and proverbs are
descriptive forms of expression which express our ideas. Idioms and proverbs add to
the beauty of language. In this unit you will learn some idioms and proverbs widely
used in Urdu.
Idioms : Muhaaware :
In Urdu idioms are called (Muhaaware). The term Muhawara is appleid
to those verbs which together with the noun are used in figurative contexts instead of
the literal meaning. eg., the literal meaning of the word is to alight or dismount or
bring down carge etc. like:
to make the rider dismount from the horse.
154
: to take down the cloth from the peg.
: to take down the cot from the upper storey.
In the above examples the word is used in its literal sense.
However, the examples given below illustrate the metaphorical or figurative
use of the expression
To draw a map
- To draw a picture
To lessen one's respect or love
Similarly (to eat bread) is not a Muhaawara but (To suffer) or
endure grief : feel sympathy) an idiom.
To take an oath.
To be cheated.
are Muhaawaras because neither nor nor is something that can be
eaten. So the word (to eat) is used along with the word in a metaphorical
context.
A brief list of Urdu idioms which are commonly used in conversation
and writings is given below. Read them carefully and try to use them in your
communication.
Idioms : : Approximate meanings
1. cherish a snake in one's bosom/
to nurture a relationhsip with someone
capable of betraying one.
2. : be overwhelmed with trouble
3. : to be intensely hot
155
4. : to pour oil on the flames/incite further
5. : to hold someone in the highest regard.
6. : fall in love.
7. : to make someone dance to one's tune
8. : to make no distinction (between good
and bad for example)
9. : to blow one's own trumpet.
10. : to cut off one's legs
11. : dew to fall / to put a damper on
12. : to treat all equally.
13. : to exult, to rejoice exceedingly
14. : to split hairs.
15. : to enjoy great prosperity.
16. : to proceed cautiously
17. : to venerate; to worship
18. : to become unbearable
19. : to feel very hungry
20. : to be a time-server
21. : to quarral with
22. : to feel relieved
23. : not getting benefit inspite of closeness
24. : to put someone's teeth on edge
25. : to find something wrong/suspicious
156
26. : to pamper
27. : adding to beauty or elegance
28. : to lose one's senses
29. to stick to the same line
30. to recognise one's merits
Proverbs : Zarbul Amsaal :
As in the case of idioms , proverbs or are also a
group of words which are used metaphorically. Proverbs carry in them the
distilled wisdom of several centuries. Unlike idioms, proverbs are complete sentences
which are used in an appropriate context or situation. Because of the inherent wisdom
they contain, proverbs are universally accepted and are used to expresss ideas
imaginatively.
Given below is a list of proverbs commonly used in Urdu. Try to use some of
these proverbs in your day to day communication.
Proverbs Approximate Meanings
1. : self effort is the best effort
2. : big show but little substance
3. : hybrid, mongrel
4. : the thief threatening a policeman (literally)/
to make a counter charge.
5. : kill two birds with one stone.
6. : you cant clap with one hand
7. : lawlessness
157
8. : to have a double benefit
9. : a grain of cumin seed in the mouth of a
camel (literally) / to be insufficient
10. : might is right
11. : a small straw in a thief's beard (literally)/
a needless, mispleaded sense of guilt.
12. : God's generosity has no limit
13. : pure gold does not fear the flame
14. : distant drums sound sweet /
distance lends enchantment to the view
15. : a good-for-nothing person
16. : to be in the river and have enmity with
the crocodile.
17. : If one trades is coal, one's hands are bound
to get blackened.
18. : familiarity makes one ignore the virtues of
people (close to us)
19. : a confidant of a house may bring ruin upon
the house
20. : all cannot be equal
21. : impose impossible conditions
22. : all that glitters is not gold
23. : to be at the tail-end of the work
158
24. : achieve one's purpose without incurring
any expenditure
25. : obvious truths need no proof
Self-check Exercise
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
I. Give the meaning of the following idioms.
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
II. Use the following Idioms in sentences.
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
III. Explain the meaning of the following proverbs.
.1
.2
.3
159
.4
.5
Sample Questions
1. What are idioms? Give some examples.
2. On what occasion may these proverbs be used.
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
160
BLOCK - V
This block consist of passages, poems and a story. Difficult words
and their meanings are given. The accompanying paraphrase of the in
understanding couplets will help them easily. Related questions and
answers will enable you to comprehend the units better.
This block covers the following three units
Unit 28 Passages
Unit 29 Poems
Unit 30 Story
161
Unit 28
Passages : Ibaratain :
Structure
Introduction
Passage - I : Ibarat
Difficult words and their meanings
Self-Check Exercise - I
Passage - II : Ibarat
Difficult words and their meanings
Self-Check Exercise - II
Passage - III : Ibarat
Difficult words and their meanings
Self-Check Exercise - III
Sample questions
Introduction
This Unit deals with (passages). In the earlier units, you learnt about
sentence formation in Urdu. Now you will learn how sentences can be combined to
form a paragraph, dealing with a single topic. Study the passages and answer the
questions that follow.
162
Passage - I Ibarat :
Difficult words and their meanings :
.2 .1
.4
.3
.6 .5
Self-Check Exercise-I
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
.I
............................................................................................................................
.II
............................................................................................................................
Passage - II Ibarat :
163
Difficult words and their meanings :
.2 .1
.4 .3
.6 .5
Exercise-II
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
.I
............................................................................................................................
.II
............................................................................................................................
Passage - III Ibarat :
Difficult words and their meanings :
(Medal) .1
164
.2
.3
.4
Exercise-III
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
.I
............................................................................................................................
.II
............................................................................................................................
Sample Questions
.1
.2
.3
165
Unit 29
Poems : Nazmein :
Structure
Introduction
Poem - I : : Tarana-e-Hindi
Difficult words and their meanings
Paraphrase :
Self-Check Exercise - I
Poem - II : : Garmi
Difficult words and their meanings
Paraphrase :
Use of Zer-e-Izafat & Wao-e-atf
Self-Check Exercise - II
Sample questions
Introduction
This unit consist of two poems "Tarana-e-Hindi" and "Garmi".
Difficult words from the poems and their meanings are also given. Additionally, the
use of Zer-e-izafat and Wao-e-atf is explained.
Poem - 1 : : Tarana-e-Hindi
1
2
3
4
166
5
6
7
Difficult words and their meanings :
(Garden)
(Better than Heaven) (Alien)
(Enmity) (Mountain)
(Existance) (Neighbour)
(Cycle of time)
(Guard)
(Hidden Pain) (Garden)
Paraphrase :
1. Our country India, is the most beautiful place on earth. Our relationship with
our homeland is like that of the nightingale to the garden. (It may be relevant
to bear in mind that symbols like bulbul - Chaman are traditional symbols
which are expressed in Persian and Urdu Poetry.
2. We love our country so much that even when we are in an alien land, our heart
constantly remembers it. Therefore, we belong to that place where our heart is.
167
3. Referring to the mountain range of the Himalayas, the poet says that the
Himalayas appear to be the neighbours of the sky. The Himalayas are like a
guardian who protect us.
4. There are many rivers which flow through our country and whose life-giving
waters have turned India into a land of plenty - a beautiful garden, which
seems better than the gardens of paradise.
5. No religion preaches hatred. We are Indians no matter to which religion or
region we belong.
6. There is something about our country that refuses to be stamped out although
the entire world has been our enemy of centuries.
7. Iqbal says that there is no one in whom he can confide, with whom he can
share his innermost thoughts. Who can ever know his hidden pain? He asks.
Self-Check Exercise-I
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
I. Paraphrase the following couplets in Urdu.
.I
.1
168
.1
II. Write the meaning of the following.
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Poem-2 : Garmi
Difficult words and their meanings :
(World)
(Dull Market) (Hot Breeze)
(Suffering) (Sorrow)
(Assault) (Leaves & fruit)
169
(to become hot) (Autumn)
(Aquatic) (Calamity or Anger)
(Buyer, Customer)
Paraphrase :
1. Summer has come and the whole world has changed.
2. The season of winter has ended and that is why there is no nip in the air.
3. Every thing is becoming hot due to the heat of summer. The whole world is
getting hot-both earth and sky are becoming hot.
4. The breeze is also getting hotter. It appears as though the entire landscape is
burning.
5. A person attacked by the hot wind is the victim of hardship.
6. The heat has warmed the waters of rivers and aquatic creatures are restless and
agitated on account of the heat.
7. The heat has kept everyone indoors and the markets are therefore, dull, with
no buyers or customers.
170
8. Leaves and fruits have withered because of the heat. Autumn seems to have
set in and the gardens have become dry and desolate.
9. Everything is letting out heat and even the breeze from the fan is hot.
10. June has become a month of intense hardship. Because of the heat the blood of
the body seems to have turned into sweat.
Self-Check Exercise-II
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
I. Write down the meanings of the following couplets in Urdu.
171
II. Write down in Urdu the meanings of the following words.
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Use of Zer-e-Izafat & Wao-e-atf:
1- In the first poem you have come across the compound word . It is
pronounced Daur-e-Zaman. Which means "Cycle of time". The diacritical mark ( )
used here is called zer-e-izafat. It gives the meaning of ownership or
possession. It acts an apostrophe or the preposition 'of' i.e., ka, ki, ke. Some
more examples of "zer-e-izafat" are as follows:
Nishan-e-manzil Mark of the destination
Hukm-e-Ustaad Teacher's order
Raunaq-e-mehfil Radience of a gathering
Gulshan-e-hind Garden of India
Malik-e-makan Owner of the house
Taqreer-e-Sadr Presiden't speech
Dard-e-dil Agony of the heart
Tasveer-e-gham Picture of sorrow
Taleem-e-niswan Women's education
Awaz-e-dost Friend's voice
2- In the second poem you have read the word it is pronounced as
Barg-o-Bar means "Leaves and Fruits". This is also a compound word made by
using " " (Wao). The wao here gives the meanings of : and. This is called
(Wao-e-atf). Some examples of wao-e-atf are given here.
172
Nek-o-bad Good and bad
Mard-o-zan Men and women
Raqs-o-moosiqi Dance and music
Khwab-o-khayal Dream and thought
Dar-o-deewar Door and wall
Maal-o-zar Wealth and gold
Aamad-o-raft Coming and going
Mulk-o-qaum Country and nation
Gul-o-bulbul Rose and nightingale
Ustad-o-shagird Teacher and student
Sample Question
1. Write the meanings of the following couplets in Urdu.
1
2
3
4
2. Write down the meaning of the following words.
173
Unit 30
Story : Kahani :
Structure
Introduction
Story : Kahani : - Ehsaan ka badla Ehsaan :
Difficult words and their meanings
Self-Check Exercise - I
Use of "ne"
Self-Check Exercise - II
Sample questions
Introduction
This Unit consists of a story written by Dr. Zakir Hussain.
Difficult words from the story are listed and their meanings given. There is also a
detailed note on the use of "ne" illustrated with examples from this story.
Story : Kahani : - Ehsaan ka badla Ehsaan :
174
175
Difficult words and their meanings :
To cheat, trick
Oppression, cruelty
The sound of hooves of horses
The oneset of blindness
A disabled person/cripple
Good deed
Groom (of horses)
Stable
Judges in village/a community court
Self-Check Exercise-I
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
I. Write down the meanings of the following couplets in Urdu.
I
176
II
Use of "ne"
In this story you have come across the following sentences:
While reading these sentences you might have noticed that "ne" is used
in these sentences. This is a peculiar expression, Which is often employed in the
sentences of past indefinite tense with transitive verb. Some more examples of such
sentences with "ne" are given below so that you may get a better idea of the use of
"ne".
177
However, please note that is not used in case of intransitive verbs. Look at
these examples closely.
Self-Check Exercise-II
Write your answers in the space given below the questions. The correct
answers are given at the end of the book.
I. Rewrite the following sentences using "ne" wherever necessary.
Sample Questions
178
Answers to self-check exercises
Unit No. 21
Exercise No.I
I. A noun is a word used as the name of a person, place of thing.
II.
Exercise No.II
I. A common noun (Isme Aam ) is a name given in common to every
person, place or thing of the same class or kind.
II.
Unit No. 22
Exercise No.I
1. Zameer (Pronoun) is the word used instead of a noun.
2.
3. (6) (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Unit No. 23
Exercise No.I
I. A (verb) is a word which represents or signifies action in a sentence.
II.
179
Unit No. 24
1. A word which qualifies a noun or which describes a quality (in a person,
animal, place or thing) or which is used to describe a numerical value or
quantity is called Sifat (Adjective).
II. (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Unit No. 25
Exercise No.I
I. When a noun refers to one person or thing it is known as a singular noun
II. When a noun denotes two or more than two persons or things it is called a
plural noun
III.
Exercise No. II
I. The signular nouns ending in or would become plural if the last
letter or is replaced by .
II. If the in is replaced by the word will become a plural noun.
III. (1) (2) (3) (4)
IV. The singular noun with feminine gender ending in can be made plural by
adding in their end.
V. (1) (2) (3) (4)
VI. The plural of the word can be made by putting at the end of the
word.
Exercise No. III
I.
II.
III. (3) (2) (1)
(6) (5) (4)
180
Exercise No. IV
I. The signular adjectives ending in can be changed into plurals by
replacing the by .
II. (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
(9) (8) (7) (6)
III. (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Unit No. 26
Exercise No. I
I. A noun that represents a male object is a masculine noun.
e.g.
II. A noun that represents a female object is a feminine noun.
e.g.
III. : Masculine nouns
: Feminine nouns
Exercise No. II
I. Like nouns, verbs in Urdu are also used a masculine and feminine. This is
called verb gender.
II. (1) (2) (3)
(5) (4)
III. (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
181
Exercise No. III
I. (5) (4) (3) (2)
(1)
II. (5) (4) (3) (2)
(1)
III. (1) (2) (3) (4)
(5)
Unit No. 27
to cut off one's leg. .1
to exult. to rejoice exceedingly .2
to feel very hungry .3
to put someon'es teeth on edge. .4
to be friend by with someone who is capable of betraying .5
one later
.II
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.III
One's own possessions are not valued. .1
all cannot be equal .2
lawlessness .3
182
kill two birds with one stone .4
might is right .5
Unit No. 28
Exercise No. I
1
2
Exercise No. II
3
4
Exercise No. III
5
6
Unit No. 29
Exercise No.I
.1
.2
5 4 3 2 1 .II
183
Exercise No.II
.I
.1
.2
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1) .II
Unit No. 30
Exercise No. I
.I
.2
Exercise No.II
2 1
4 3
6 5
8 7
10 9
184
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