Structured Cabling Pathways

and Spaces (From PEC Book 4

and DPW — DGCS Vol. 6 2015)
 What is Telecommunications Spaces?
*¢ Telecommunications Spaces are the rooms and areas where a
telecommunications cabling systems are terminated and telecommunications
equipment is installed.
° wean nes for the following telecommunications spaces are issued by
TIA/EIA:
Entrance facilities (EF)
Equipment Rooms (ER)
Main Cross-connect (MC)- MDF/MTTC/Open bay rack
Telecommunications Rooms (TR) -floor distribution (to include TTC/LAN/switches/open
bay rack topics)
Telecommunications enclosures (TE) —Wireless Access Point/Satellite distribution
Work Area (WA)
Floor Distributor (FD)
Building Distributor (BD)
 Telecommunication Spaces

5. Horizontal Pathways
4, Telecommunications
Room

Telecommunications “._[B] 6. Work Area in

UTEP PRT URT ERTL EN SST ALOR BURR F BRIER ER EH REET
Outlets
3. Backbone
Pathways

2. Equipment Room

Interbuilding
1, Entrance Facility
Backbone
Pathways
Service Entrance

i. Building Entrance Facillity

ii. Equipment Rooms
iii, Backbone Pathways
iv. Telecommunication Rooms
v. Horizontal Pathways
vi. Work Areas
Design Requirements

¢ During the design phase, there are a number of electronics and

communication infrastructure requirements that must be addressed
by the electronics design engineer and shall be coordinated with A/E
(Architectural/Engineering) for space planning
Room Location

¢ Telecommunications Spaces shall be:

¢ Dedicated to the buildings telecommunications function and related support

facilities.
¢ Located adjacent to vertical backbone pathway and as close as possible to the
center of the area served and preferably in the core area so that the average
horizontal cable run is 50 m or less and no individual cable run shall exceed
90m, minimizing the length of the backbone and horizontal distribution
cables.
¢ Located in a clean and dry area that is not subjected to flooding.
¢ Accessible directly from public hallways and not through offices or other
utility spaces.
Room Location

¢ Telecommunications Spaces shall not:

¢ Be shared with electrical equipment, building services or other equipment

other than those required in direct support of the telecoms equipment and
services.
¢ Contain other building systems, such as fire alarm panels, access control
systems, building management systems, audio-visual (A / V) equipment, etc.
¢ Be located near electrical power supply transformers, elevator or pump
motors, generators, x-ray equipment, radio transmitters, induction heating
devices and other potential sources of electromagnetic interference (EMI)
and radio frequency interference (RFI).
Room Location

¢ Be located near sources of mechanical vibration that could be conveyed to

the room via the building structure.
° Contain equipment not related to the support of the telecommunications
function (such as sprinkler, chilled water, supply and waste piping,
ductwork) shall not be installed in, pass through, pass overhead o enter the
telecommunications space.
¢ Be located below water level unless preventive measures against water
infiltration are employed.
¢ Be located in any place that may be subject to water or steam infiltration,
humidity from nearby water or steam, heat and any other corrosive
atmospheric or environmental conditions.
e Share space in electrical closets, washrooms, janitorial closets and storage
rooms.
Room Size

¢ The size of the Telecommunications Spaces is dependent upon the

size of the area that the room will serve and the variety of equipment
installed within the room.
¢ The Telecommunications Spaces shall provide enough space for all
planned termination and electronic equipment and cables that will be
installed to within the telecommunications room; including any
environmental control equipment, power distribution and
uninterrupted power supply or UPS system.
Doors

¢ The door shall be a minimum of 0.9 m wide and 2.4 m high, without a
doorsill.
¢ Door shall be fire rated to match the fire rating of the wall in which it
is installed, if applicable, or as required by local code requirements.
¢ Doors shall not contain a glass viewing window or panel for added
security.
¢ If it is anticipated that large equipment will be delivered to the
Telecommunications Spaces, a double door without a doorsill and
center post is recommended.
¢ Doors shall open outward (code permitting).
Floors

¢ Floors shall be sealed concrete or tile to minimize dust and static

electricity, removable computer floor or raised flooring shall be of a
tile type surface or compact pressure laminate (CPL) type.
¢ Floor loading capacity in the rooms shall be designed for a minimum
distributed load rating of 100 Ibf / ft?.
¢ If araised floor system is used, then it is possible the space will have
to comply with the requirements of Article 645 Information
Technology Equipment section of the National Electrical Code.
Walls

¢ Interior finishes shall be in a light color to enhance room lighting.

¢ At least one wall shall be lined with plywood backboard and mounted
vertically starting at 6-inches above the finished floor.
¢ All plywood shall be painted with two coats of fire retardant paint.
¢ The plywood shall be securely fastened to the wall-framing members.
Ceilings

¢ For EF and BD, there shall be no suspended ceilings and the walls
must be continuous from floor to underside of the floor above.
¢ Open structure ceilings shall provide the same environmental
conditions as a closed type of ceiling structure.
¢ Hard ceilings shall have IMC or EMT type conduit or pipe sleeves
installed to facilitate the installation and fire stopping of cables.
Ceilings
¢ Wall anchors shall be flush to the plywood surface as to not obstruct
the mounting of cabling hardware. The walls shall be capable of
supporting attached equipment.
¢ Horizontal pathways shall terminate in the Telecommunications
Spaces located on the same floor as the area being served.
¢ Be accessible directly from public hallways and not through offices or
other utility spaces and accessible for the delivery of large equipment
to the room.
¢ Vertically aligned or stacked within a multi-floor building; each FD is
placed above each floor and shall have easy access to distribution
cable pathways.
 Special Design Considerations

¢ Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)

Circuit Conductors Grouped Together
Section 300.3(B)
¢ The Telecommunications Spaces (TS)
shall not be located near electrical
|
power supply transformers, elevators,
pump motors, generators, x-ray hy be
equipment, radio transmitters, radar VIOLATION
transmitters, induction heating COPYRIGHT 2006 Mike Holt Enterprises, inc. 2006 NEC

devices or other potential sources of All conductors of a circuit must be installed in the
electromagnetic interference (EMI). same raceway, cable, trench, cord, or cable tray to
minimize induction heating of metallic raceways
and enclosures, and to maintain a low-impedance
ground-fault current path.
¢ Emergency Back-up Power
¢ Sub-panels shall be connected to an emergency power source
whenever such a source is provided to the building.
¢ Emergency power is especially important in telecommunications
spaces and rooms with emergency or life safety systems and critical
electronics systems for the building operations that are required to
remain operational during power outages that may extend past the
systems battery backup capability.
¢ HVAC Requirements
¢ The special requirement for the TS such as ER and IDF rooms where
telecoms and network equipment are housed-in, the electronics design
consultant must coordinate with mechanical design consultant for the
Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) requirements.
¢ For ER ,the air handling system and environment controls for TS’s shall be
continuous and dedicated and designed to provide positive airflow and
cooling even during times when the main building systems are shut down.
¢ The HVAC unit shall not be powered off the same electrical panel as the
telecommunications spaces.
¢ For specialized area such as Data Center where the room house-in sensitive
electronic components that will generate heat, it shall be provided with
proper cooling to maintain operating performance.
Building Entrance Facility
¢ Building entrance facility is required whenever service provider entrance
cables, public and private network cables, cable television service providers
including Direct Antenna System (DAS) used by mobile service providers
entering the building.
The Entrance Facility (EF) room shall be as close as practicable to the building
entrance point and shall be located in a dry area not subjected to flooding.
The building Entrance Facility (EF) room may be located next to the electrical service
room in order to reduce the length of equipment potential bonding conductors to
the electrical grounding system.
Entrance conduit shall be schedule 40 PVC, corrosion resistant plastic with a 4-inch
inside diameter for underground installations.
Entrance conduit shall be encased in concrete or cement slurry when the minimum
conduit depth cannot be attained and conduits pass under roadways, driveways,
where bend points are subject to movement.
All entrance conduit penetrations or structural changes shall be approved by the
structural engineer of the building
What is Telecommunications Pathways?

¢ Telecommunications pathways are designed for the installation of

backbone and horizontal cables.

¢ Types of building pathways include:

° Ceiling spaces
¢ Access flooring systems
¢ Under-floor duct systems
¢ Cellular floor systems
¢ Furniture pathways
 ip Building Pathways
> >

Building Pathways 2L Distributor Room

Horizontal
Backbone Pathways Pathways
INTER-BUILDING PATHWAYS
In a campus environment, inter-building pathways are required to
connect separate buildings. The few main pathway types used are
underground, buried, aerial and tunnel pathways. Distributor
Room
Underground Inter-building Backbone Pathways
relorgreunid pallways consial
pathways cansieh WF wl cordull,
condo shaeys sand troughs preity inc luiling mauhales Direct Buried Inter-building Backbone Pathways

Backbone

Distributor
Room

Aerial Inter-building Backbone Pathways Tunnel Inter-building Backbone Pathways

Work
1, cable support atrand ane support system, Tunnels pravice oathways for conduit, trays, wireways or support strand Area
INTRA-BUILDING (IN-BUILDING) PATHWAYS
Intra-building backbone pathways are used to place backbone cables between
the equipment room and the entrance facility, the entrance facility and the
telecommunications room or the equipment room and the telecommunications
room. Pathways can be either conduit, sleeves, slots or cable trays.
4 TR TR

Vertical Backbone Pathways

3 TR TR
+ Made up of vertically aligned telecommunications rooms
+ Rooms located on separate floors are connected with sleeves or slots
2 TR TR

1 TR TR Cable from Street

0 TR Equipment Room Ent.RiwJCER

X x Horizontal Backbone Pathways

If a telecommunications room can not be vertically alligned with
MT/ER ER the one above or below, or if a room cannot be vertically aligned
with the entrance facility room, a horizontal backbone pathway is
Honzontal Cables TR: Telecommunications Room
used to connect them,
——— Backbone Cables MIT/ER: Main Terminal / Equipment Room

—> Carrier cables ER: Entrance Room

fiom S treet

yv ee i 0 a
 Intra-Building Pathways
Vertical Pathways:
Vertical Pathways provide the means for routing of backbone cabling between floors
Vertical pathways may be in the form of:
- Sleeves
- Slots
- Conduit

/ inch curb LL
Cc> ——=?p LJ CK Ein. (min)
Core Slot Conduit Sleeve

—— oT Junction Boxes
||
DSF Telecom Guidelines
dsf telecom_drawings.vsd\shafts
4 October 2012

[ Vertical Pathways
Pathways (Conduit, Cable tray, Trunking,
Wireway, and Raceway)
¢ The cable must have a defined MUXING ORGAO ICICI ENT
route that will protect it
according
. . ,
to the
.
environment ‘ ontrol, signal,
it. eee,
and communications wiring
7,
in which it exists. Generally must be separated from power and lighting
. . circuits so the higher-voltage conductors
electronics engineers are do not accidentally energize them.
expected to use common Worrarinieeece \ \
sense to ensure the cable is a \
adequately protected at the | Power Conductors SS |
same time all installation shall oe Gol
Class 2 Control en 7
F E -
7
ae e
. . .
be in compliance with PEC or a
NEC and TIA or ISO pathways ee
ee RIGHT 2008

standards. ree a? Fa e |
Vertical Backbone Pathways
- Made up of vertically aligned telecommunications rooms.
- Rooms located on separate floors are connected with sleeves or slots.
¢ Conduit: Conduit is an enclosed tube made of metal or plastic which
provides mechanical protection to the cable.
¢ The cable should not take up more than 50% of the available cross-sectional
area of the conduit.
¢ Maximum pathways capacity shall not exceed a 40% fill.
¢ Conduit fill capacity shall not exceed a 40% fill, refer to cabling manufacturer
for their cable fill chart for various size and type of conduit with reference to
the nominal diameter of their cable.
¢ Conduit systems should be available at intervals of no greater than 12 m.
¢ Maximum of 30 m between pull points and not more than two 90° bends.
¢ The inside bend radius of the conduit must not be less than six times the
inside diameter of the conduit.
¢ Tray, Trunking, Wireway and Raceway: Tray is a cable containment or
pathway type that can hold cables in place as its use implies. The
term cable tray is used as the generic term for enclosed / non-
enclosed, rigid, cable support structures.
¢ The most commonly used form and terminology are:
¢ - Ladder ( the construction looks like a ladder)
¢ - Solid-bottom cable tray
¢ - Perforated or through cable tray
¢ - Wire tray (welded wire construction)
Installation Requirements

¢ General: All installation of the Structured Cabling System or

Information Technology-Generic Cabling for Customer Premises shall
comply with the governing laws and applicable codes and standards.
¢ Personnel Qualification: The installation of SCS, including pathways
and conduit layout, wiring, cable termination and, testing shall be
done by a certified installer under the supervision of a duly registered
Professional Electronics Engineer (PECE) and / or certified designer for
Structured Cabling System.
 Installation practices:
¢ Install all system components and cross-connect hardware according
to manufacturer’s specifications and instruction as well as all
applicable local codes and standards. All horizontal and backbone
cables shall be installed in the following manner:
¢ Cables shall be installed in continuous lengths from origin to
destination.
¢ All horizontal cables shall not exceed 90 meters from the
telecommunications outlets in the work area to the horizontal cross
connect or FD.

¢ The cable’s minimum bend radius of 4 times the cable diameter.

¢ The maximum cable pulling tension of 25 lbs. shall not be exceeded.
Installation practices:
¢ Cable shall be installed above fire sprinkler and systems and shall not be
attached to the system or any ancillary equipment or hardware.
¢ The cabling system and support hardware shall be installed so that it does
not obscure any valves, fire alarm conduit, boxes, or other control devices.
¢ Cables shall be dressed and terminated in accordance with the standards,
manufacturer’s recommendations, and best industry practices.
° cables shall be neatly bundled and dressed to their respective panels or
ocks.
¢ Each panel or block shall be fed by an individual bundle separated and
dressed back to the point of cable entrance into the rack or frame.
¢ Each cable shall be clearly labeled on the cable jacket behind the patch
panel at a location that can be viewed without removing the bundle
Support ties.
* The cable jacket shall be maintained as close as possible to the termination
point.
Labeling

¢ Each piece patch panel and outgoing cable from the patch panels
Shall be labeled. Corresponding labeling and numbering shall also be
provided on the telecoms outlets.
¢ Cables: Horizontal and backbone cables shall be labeled at each
end.
¢ Faceplates: A unique identifier shall be marked on each faceplate.
¢ Rack, Panels & Wiring Modules: A unique identifier shall be
marked on the connecting hardware.
Grounding and Bonding:
¢ Communications grounding and bonding shall be in accordance with
the requirements of NEC and TIA or ISO telecommunications bonding
and grounding standard and shall be observed throughout the entire
cabling system.
¢ Equipment racks or frames and metallic pathways shall be earthed
or connected to the Telecommunications Bonding Backbone (TBB)
of the building
¢ The TBB backbone shall be used to ground all telecommunications
cable shields, equipment, racks, cabinets, raceways, and other
associated hardware that has the potential for acting as a current
carrying conductor.
Firestopping:

¢ All firestop systems shall be installed in accordance with the

manufacturer’s recommendations and shall be completely installed
and available for inspection by the local inspection authorities prior to
cabling system acceptance.
¢ Apply fire-rated materials into penetrations in fire rated barriers such as
penetrations to floor slabs in the telecommunication riser / chase to establish
the fire-resistance rating and also to avoid fumes or gases from escaping or
penetrating thru the barrier.
¢ All penetrations through fire-rated building structures (walls and floors) shall
be sealed with an appropriate firestop system.
Testing, Administration and Documentation

¢ Testing: All cables and termination hardware shall be 100% tested for
defects in installation and to verify cable performance under installed
conditions.
¢ Test and Evaluation Reports: Provide test documentation after the
completion of the project. Summary test results and individual test
results shall be part of the close-out submittals and as-built plans.
¢ Warranty: The contractor shall provide a system warranty covering
the installed cabling system against defects in workmanship,
components, and performance, and follow-on support after project
completion.
Grounding and bonding
From Panduit and PEC Book 4
* Safety
— Shocks
— Fire hazards

¢ Lightning
— Insurance data: $500 million/year due to lightning
damage

* Equipment failure
— ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) responsible for 27-33% of
IT equipment failure

¢ The risk of electrical noise

— Noise degrades the electrical signal Ethernet response
is to retransmit m a \ >
 Electrostatic charges are generated when different
materials come into contact and are then
separated.”

Electrostatic .
If you see or hear the ESD discharge it is a
discharge minimum of 2,900V

(ESD) Here are some examples of voltages gengegte:

ESD events:
— Walking across carpet: , : ees Sak
1,500 - 35,500 volts od
— Picking up a plastic bag:
1,200 — 20,000 volts
— Crossing your legs:
300 volts ESD Is greatly affected by
Cables can acquire a charge during installation Relative Humidity > 30%
when they are unreeled from a cable reel, or
dragged across a floor. There have also been
reports of cables developing their own charge from
moving air or from building occupants walking over DANDUIT:
Llama. el. ratrea
Telecommunications Grounding
1” Infrastructure
BTU Celiac) . aaee |-STD-607-A

Telecommunications
Grounding Busbar(s)

See Telecommunications
AC i} jee| (© > Bonding Backbone
Feeder lia so= aT (TBB)
GF]
) (=5
and Xe xchi n 4
Telecommunications
Main Grounding
A - Binehar /TMCR\
 Integrated bonding and grounding enhances long-term
equipment reliability and safety
Data center

Telecommunications
room
Entrance and direct
burial

telecommunications
bonding backbones

MCBN Mesh common

bonding networks TGB
Telecommunications
Grounding Busbar

Ground ring
 Watch for this common problem

Common Bonding Network

Jumper Kit (RGCBNJ660P22)

Making this bond was in no one’s scope of work... PANDUIT

(20% of the data centers have this problem)
Grounding and Bonding equipment
 Grounding standards compliance
for operability
Conductor to ground rod

Conductor to
grounding electrodes |
-
-” 4

Conductor to rebar

Conductor to conductor
Supplemental bonding grid construction per
TIA -607-B

Hinged U-bolt design allows for “no

look” installation—saving 67% of
installation time

Example supplemental bonding grid

DAN nUIT:
Visually verifiable
Bonding and Grounding for shielded cables
ee '

pas
The system grounding
e
protection starts at the - oe The patch panel is
jacks module with 360° bonded to the equipment
shielding rack for protection

hee — Tr
; wr
te
2 On
Finally, the entire
The connector is then system is bonded toa
bonded to the patch main bus bar located in
>
panel the floor
Grounded
a a ta Cisco 6500
TS ——“§

MPANDUIT
Implementing tne equipment bonding Screws Nave tnreaa-
forming threads and serrations
grou ndi ng req ulrement under the head that remove the
. e. paint off mounting flanges and
Bond equipment patch panels (RGTBSG-C)
with a jumper
when possible

Bonding cage nuts have

teeth that cut paint when
installed (CBN4K)
Port replication for TOR
¢ UTP28SP8IN** 20cm/8in
¢ UTP28SP8IN**-48 Bulk pack
¢ Switch Port Replication
No wire managers

TIA-942: “Wrist strap ports should be

attached to the rack...”

ATTENTION
ESD PROTECTED AREA
OBSERVE PRECAUTIONS
pe FOR HANDLING b
ELECTROSTATIC
eC 4 DISCHARGE dy 4
SENSHIVE DEVICES
Grounding Problem Detection
.* Finding a grounding problem is
incredibly simple.

¢ Current (Amps) should be reading Zero

(0) on all ground leads, horizontals and
backbones.

¢ What to do about it is the hard part.

Shielded Cable

“2 Nn eo

Local Earth Ground Remote Earth Ground

DAN nIT:
Bond “one-end” or “both-ends” of a channel?
Telecommunications
bonding Ethernet Patch ? Workstation
backbone switch panel 6
Shielded Horizontal cabling| ‘outlet ‘Patch
patch cord (shielded) ‘ cord
= 7 (UTP or a
Telecommunications ! shielded)
grounding busbar 3-prong
[osscsssssses) Pe OAR soo KG pli)
Branch
circuit ae
ground Branch
circuit
AC panel
ground) AC outlet

Power
distribution |
ground
GES Data center ! Workstation

NN Same Ground Potential

 GROUNDING AND BONDING FOR COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS

FOLLOW ANSLATA“El4—6D7 27 OS 26
CIMERCAL BULGING GROUND AMO GROUNDING & BONDING
RHP REGUIREMEWTS

CIMSIGN 27 | DIVISION 26
LONTRACTOR | CONTRACTOR

2 GREEN AWE

12” BATA
mace

}7
% GREEN ART I

13” OATA
Reck

MTF ON

tH
SIERRAS AS
Sg TYP. STEEL BLDG [
kA . a a

t
THE = TELECOM BONDING BACKBONE
TGB = TELEGOM GROUNDING BUSBAR
THGM = TELECOMMUNICATIONS MAIN GROUWMDING BUSEAR

GROUNDING
GROUNDING AND BONDING SCHEMATIC N.T.S.
 Fire Detection Alarm System
(DPWH-DGCS Vol. 6-2015 and
Dept. Order No. 231 Series of
2016 and PEC Book 2)
General Requirements and Design
Considerations
¢ General: The fire alarm system is designed to detect fire at the
earliest time and to give warning or alarm so that proper action can
be taken. It is installed to protect life and property.
¢ Compatibility: All system component of the fire alarm system shall be
made by a single equipment manufacturer to avoid compatibity
issues.
Considerations on Areas to be Protected

¢ Detectors, initiating devices, manual call points and notification devices

Shall be installed throughout the building as required by the relevant
authority or authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) or the local BFP.
¢ All buildings, facilities, structures, and premises, except those locations
where protection is not required shall have a fire detection and alarm
system that complies with the local fire code (FCP) and applicable codes
and standards.
¢ Each room shall be separately protected.
¢ When a room is divided into sections by walls or partitions, each section
shall be separately protected.
Areas where Detection is not Required

¢ Detectors are not required in the following locations:

¢ Toilet or bathroom with a floor area of less than 4 m2.
¢ Exhaust ducts exhausting from toilets or bathroom.
¢ Spaces under raised floor with a height of 250 mm or less.
¢ Spaces above drop ceiling with a height of 1 m or less.
¢ Concealed spaces under the roof with a height of 1 m or less.
¢ Covered paths, balconies, open-sided covered walkways & staircases,
overhanging roof areas, verandas, provided they are not used for
storage of goods.
Area Limitation

¢ A separate zone shall be provided for each 800 m2 of protected floor

area.
¢ The number of detectors required for this area shall not exceed what
is specified by the fire alarm system manufacturer.
Monitor and Control of Other Equipment/
Systems
¢ The requirements for buildings or facilities with sprinkler flow switch,
supervisory switch, fire pump, jockey pump and gas suppression panel
are:
¢ Each sprinkler flow switch shall be monitored by the Fire Alarm and
Control Panel (FACP) as one distinct alarm point or zone.
¢ Each fire pump shall be monitored by the FACP as one distinct alarm
point or zone.
¢ Each jockey pump shall be monitored by the FACP as one distinct alarm
point or zone.
e Each gas suppression panel or pre-action deluge panel shall be
monitored by the FACP as one distinct alarm point or zone.
One-Way Emergency Communications System
(ECS)
¢e A one-way emergency communications system or emergency voice
alarm communications (EVAC) shall form part of the fire alarm
system:
¢ The one-way emergency communications sub-system, when activated by an
initiating device going into alarm, shall automatically send out an alarm tone
and a pre-recorded warning message, alternating with each other, to serve as
the programmed zone alarm.
¢ The microphone shall be secured inside the locked FACP cabinet, and shall be
accessible only to responsible personnel authorized to operate it.
One-Way Emergency Communications System
(ECS)
¢ A one-way Emergency Communications System(ECS) or Emergency
Voice alarm communications (EVAC) shall be a part of the fire alarm
system
¢ Alarm Communication(EVAC) or ESC shall be required for the
following facilities:
* - airports
°- seaports

- transportation terminals with total floor area, including indoor loading /

unloading and parking areas, of more than 10,000 m2.
- office buildings with total floor area of more than 20,000 m2
- buildings classified as high rise building (75 ft or 23 m. above ground level)
Two-Way Telephone Communications System

¢ The two-way telephone communications system or fireman’s

telephone shall be part of the fire alarm system and used by the fire
responders in the event of fire or mergency:
¢ For addressable systems with more than 200 automatic detectors, a
two-way telephone communications system shall be required
¢ The Fire Command Center or FACP shall be capable of individually
selecting the phone circuits for communication and each telephone
jack shall be labeled as specified
¢ The two-way telephone communications sub-system shall operate on
a common talk or conference call mode
Two-Way Telephone Communications System

¢ If telephone jacks are used instead of telephone stations, at least two

portable handsets shall be stored at the Fire Command Center or FACP
for use by the responsible authorized personnel or emergency
responders
e At least one telephone jack shall be provided at the following locations:
e - Each floor level
¢ - Each alarm zone
¢ - Each elevator lobby
¢ - Each elevator machine room
- Generator set room
- Fire pump room
- Inside the enclosed exit stairwell at each floor level
Pressurization Fan, Exhaust Fan, Snoke Damper,
HVAC, Elevator, Security System, Smoke Control
system
¢The requirements for buildings or facilities with
pressurization fan, exhaust fan, smoke damper, HVAC,
elevator, security system, smoke control system are:
¢ Each pressurization fan shall be controlled by the FACP as one
distinct output point or zone.
¢ Each exhaust or ventilating fan shall be controlled by the FACP as
one distinct output point or zone.
¢ Each smoke damper shall be controlled by the FACP as one distinct
Output point or zone.
¢ Each air handling unit (AHU) shall be controlled by the FACP as one
distinct output point or zone.
¢ Each elevator shall be controlled by the FACP as one distinct output
point or zone.
¢ Each elevator shall be controlled by the FACP as one distinct output
point or zone.
¢ The electrically-controlled doors of the security access control system
Shall be controlled by the FACP as one output group.
¢ Each smoke control door, wall, or partition shall be controlled by the
FACP as one distinct output point or zone.
Power Supply and Battery

¢ Power for the fire control panel and the fire alarm battery charger
Shall be obtained from the main supply and in accordance with
Chapter 4 - Fundamentals of Fire Alarm Systems of the National Fire
Alarm Code (NFPA 72), Article 7.60-Fire Alarm Systems of the
Philippine Electrical Code and Design Guidelines, Criteria and
Standard, Volume 6.
Primary Power Supply

¢ The primary power supply to the fire alarm control panel and the
entire system shall be from the electric utility company, normally
direct or derived 220 ~ 240 VAC single phase.
¢ The primary power supply circuit shall be terminated to the integral
power supply inside the FACP cabinet and no external switch shall be
installed between the circuit breaker at the electrical distribution
panel and the FACP.
¢ The primary power supply shall come from a dedicated and exclusive
branch circuit.
Secondary Power Supply/ Battery Capacity
¢ The secondary power supply, normally use a gel cell or nickel cadmium
batteries with an automatic charger.
¢ The secondary power Supply shall have sufficient capacity to operate the
system under normal non-alarm condition for a minimum of 24 hours, and at
the end of that period, capable of operating all alarm notification appliances
and emergency communications systems for a period of 5 minutes.
¢ The changeover from primary to secondary power supply on primary power
failure, and from secondary to primary power supply on primary power
restoration, shall be automatic.
¢ The system operating on secondary power supply is considered a trouble
condition.
¢ For continuous operation of the system, checking of rechraged batteries (12
volt DC and 2-sets 12 volt DE) should be done yearly, or necessary
replacement of batteries.
Building Management System

¢ A building management system (BMS) shall not control the functions

of the FDAS but can only monitor it. It shall not be used to replace in
whole or in part the FDAS.
¢ The FDAS shall be capable of operating independently at all times.
System Components, Device and Equipment

¢ All components shall be listed (UL) by institutions recognized by

relevant authorities and suitable to use in the locality or region.
Fire Alarm Control Panel

¢ The FACP shall be programmable equipped with panel mounted LCD

text display which will indicate the location of the alarm and fault and
resets events showing the date and time with the zone and loop
number.
Location and Environment

¢ The FACP or network display shall be located in the fire command

center of the building or complex.
¢ In the absence of a fire command center, it should be located ideally
in a position clearly visible from the main entrance or lobby of the
building.
¢ If the fire alarm panel is located in another location acceptable to the
AHJ, an annunciator or repeater panel that fully mimics it shall be
installed in a position clearly visible from the main entrance of the
building.
Smoke Detectors

¢ The installation of smoke detectors shall comply with the listed

spacing specified in the code (NFPA 72) as applicable and appropriate.
Smoke detectors shall be designed for detection of abnormal smoke
densities by the photoelectric or ionization principle and shall have a
time delay to prevent false alarm.
¢ The placement of smoke detectors is very important. Sleeping areas
need the most protection.
Location and Spacing of Smoke Detectors

¢ Smoke detector shall be located on the ceiling. If installed ona

sidewall, it shall be located at a point not more than 300 mm from the
ceiling to the top of the detector.
¢ The quantity of smoke detectors connected on a single zone of a
conventional system, or to a zone monitor module in a semi-
addressable system shall not be more than 20.
¢ For flat ceilings with a height of not more than 4 m, the following
shall be complied with:
¢ - Smoke detector spacing shall not be more than 9 m and all points on
the ceiling shall have a detector within a distance of 6.4 m.
¢ - Spacing of detectors from walls or partitions shall not be less than
300 mm and not more than 4.5 m.
¢ Smoke detectors shall not be installed less than 500 mm from any air
supply diffuser or outlet, or any other ceiling devices or fixtures that
may cause electromagnetic induction.
¢ For ceilings with a height of more than 6 m, spot-type smoke
detectors shall not be used, instead, beam-type smoke detectors shall
be used.
Heat Detectors

¢ Heat detectors are normally used where the speed of operation of

smoke detectors is not required or where, for environmental or other
such reasons, moke detectors cannot be used in the system. In such
circumstances, heat detectors can provide an acceptable, though less
sensitive alternative.
¢ Heat etectors are designed to operate when the temperature rises
abnormally quickly or when a pre-selected temperature is reached.
Location and Spacing of Heat Detectors

¢ Heat detector shall be located on the ceiling. If installed on a sidewall, it shall

be located at a point not less than 150 mm and not more than 300 mm from
the ceiling to the top of the detector.
¢ For flat ceilings of not more than 4m, heat detector spacing shall not be more
than 7.5 m.
¢ Therefore, all points on the ceiling shall have a detector within a distance of
5.3m.
¢ Spacing of detectors from walls or partitions shall not be less than 150 mm nd
not more than 3.75 m.
e A heat detector shall not be installed in a location wherein the ambient
condition is such that the relative humidity is above 93%.
Beam Type Smoke Detector

¢ This type of detector is specifically designed for interior use in large

open-type areas, such as warehouses, workshops, etc. where the
installation of point—type detectors would be difficult.For ceilings with
a height of more than 6 meters, beam-type smoke detectors shall be
used in place of spot type smoke detectors:
Location of Beam Type Detectors

¢ The beam length and width coverage shall not exceed the maximum
permitted by the manufacturer’s published specifications and
instructions.
¢ Beam-type detectors and mirrors or reflectors shall be mounted on
stable surfaces to prevent false operation or trouble occurrences due
to movement.
¢ Beam-type detectors and mirrors or reflectors shall be mounted on
stable surfaces to prevent false operation or trouble occurrences due
to movement.
Duct Type Smoke Detector

¢ For centralized air-conditioning systems, the return air duct of all air
handling units (AHU) shall be equipped with a duct-mounted smoke
detector.
Location of Duct Type Detectors

¢ The duct smoke detector shall be listed for use with the air velocity
present in the duct. Further, it shall be listed for use over the
complete range of temperature and humidity expected at the
detector when the AHU is operating.
¢ The duct smoke detector shall be installed in such a way as to obtain
a representative sample of the airstream. To achieve this, the
detector shall be installed outside the duct with rigidly mounted
sampling tubes protruding into the duct.
Manual Pull Station

¢ Manual fire detection is achieved through the activation of fire alarm

manual pull station or call point. The basic principle of manual pull
station is that no one should be able to leave a building or a storey of
a building, without passing a manual pull station or call point.
¢ The fire code recommends that manual pull stations should be
located on escape routes or fire exits.
Location and Mounting of Manual Pull Station
¢ Manual fire alarm stations shall be located within 1.5 m of each exit door on
each floor.
¢ Manual fire alarm stations shall be installed at a height of 1.4 m above the
finished floor level and shall be located at easily accessible points, free from
obstructions.
¢ Manual fire alarm stations shall be mounted on a background of contrasting
color, and in a well-lighted location, so that they can be easily seen.
¢ Additional manual fire alarm stations shall be so located that from any point
within the building, the travel distance to activate the alarm shall not be more
than 30 m, measured horizontally on the same floor.
¢ Manual fire alarm boxes or pull stations shall be constructed with clearly
visible operating instructions provided on the cover and the word ‘FIRE’ shall
appear on the front of the stations.
 Notification Appliances
¢ The alarm sound from audible notification appliances shall be clearly audible
throughout the floor and / or building in which they are installed. It should be
sufficient to warn and initiate evacuation of all occupants for whom the alarm sound
is intended. Alarm bells shall be a cast or pressed steel underdome type, finished in
red, and a trembling type with a gong diameter of 150mm.
¢ Audible and visible notification appliances that produce audible and visible alarm
signals, such as horn strobes or speaker strobes, shall be used in all public building. A
strobe light shall be a high intensity flashing type with a flash rate of 50 to 80 flashes
per minute. The lens cover of the light shall be red or amber in colour.
¢ Any other facility that does not use audible or visible notification appliances shall be
subject to the approval of the AH)J.
¢ A sufficient number of audible notification appliances shall be used to produce a
minimum sound level of 65 dBA, or 10 dB above the ambient noise level and having a
duration of at least 30 seconds.
¢ The sound level produced by audible notification appliances and the
ambient noise combined shall not exceed 115 dBA.
¢ The horizontal spacing between notification appliances shall not be
more than 30 m.
¢ Trouble conditions in the system shall not cause the automatic
activation of any notification appliance.
¢ For facilities that use the bell sound as part of regular operations,
such as schools, horns or sounders shall be used instead.
Annunciator Panel

¢ For all buildings or facilities, at least one secondary display, such as a

LCD display that annunciates the exact information shown at the FACP
primary display, shall be installed in another appropriate location
within the protected premises.
¢ The zone annunciator shall be directory type or graphical type, wherein the
display or indicator lamp would represent one alarm zone.
¢ In buildings or facilities where people sleep, such as hospitals, or the like, at
least one zone annunciator per floor level shall be installed so that occupants
get immediate information on the location of the fire detection.
¢ In office buildings, hospitals, or the like, wherein the automatic detectors
inside the rooms or units on the same floor are connected as a zone, an
indicator light or annunciator shall be installed outside the room and clearly
visible from the corridor to indicate the actuation of the detectors.
Installation Requirements

¢ All installation of the fire alarm system shall comply with the
applicable codes and requirements referred herein and approved by
the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ). The installation of FDAS,
including conduit layout works, wiring, equipment mounting and
installation, equipment connection and termination, programming,
testing and commissioning, shall be done by qualified personnel or by
installers under the supervision of qualified personnel.
Fire Alarm Cable:

¢ NEC Article 760 covers the installation of wiring of fire alarm systems,
including all circuits controlled and powered by the fire alarm system.
¢ Wiring shall be in accordance with local and national codes and as
recommended by the manufacturer of the fire alarm system.
¢ All wire and cable shall be UL listed and approved by a recognized testing
agency for use for fire alarm and protective signaling system.
¢ Number and size of conductors shall be as recommended by the fire alarm
system manufacturer, but not less than 18 AWG (1.02 mm) for Initiating
Device Circuits, Signaling Line Circuits and Notification Appliance Circuits.
¢ Initiating devices shall be installed in all areas, compartments, or
locations where required except for the following:
Conduits and boxes:

¢ All conduits and boxes shall be in accordance with the Philippine

Electrical Code (PEC), NEC and local code requirements. All boxes and
cabinets shall be approved particular use and purpose.
¢ Where required, all wiring shall be installed in conduit or raceway.
¢ Conduit fill shall not exceed 40% of interior cross sectional area where three
or more cables are contained within a single conduit.
¢ Cable must be separated from any open conductors of power, or Class 1
circuits, and shall not be placed in any conduit, junction box or raceway
containing these conductors.
Testing Documentation and Administration
¢ Testing:All installation shall tested in accordance with the requirements of the
code the tests should be conducted by in the presence of the authorized
building representative and Engineer On Record (EOR) .The test results should
be entered in the log or record.
¢ Final Inspection:At the final inspection, a factory-trained representative of the
manufacturer of the major equipment shall certify and demonstrate that the
system functions properly in every respect.
¢ As-built Plans and Drawings:As-built plans and drawings of the complete
installation including all floor plans and a single line diagram of the system
shall be provided to the user before final inspection by the AHJ. A copy of the
as-built drawings shall be on hand at the Fire Command Centre or near the
FACP at all times.
¢ Operation and Maintenance Manuals:
Building Telecommunication
System-Distributed Antenna
System
Indisputable Fact
No matter how many towers
the carriers erect or

How many repeater sites

counties install
4G - Fourth generation of cellular standards
A 4G cellular system must have target peak data rates of
up to approximately 100 Mbit/s for high mobility such as
mobile access and up to approximately 1 Gbit/s for low
mobility such as nomadic/local wireless access,
according to the |!TU requirements

Data not voice is primary concern

Must get receiver closer to donor antenna
Absolute bonanza for outdoor and indoor infrastructure
providers
COVERAGE
What is DAS? (from PEC Book4)

¢ DAS- Distributed Antenna System

¢ DAS is an In-building solution comprising of a number of pico cells to
provide wireless coverage and services using present and future
wireless access technology.
¢ Telecom facility is one of the major parts of the building utility to
provide communication. The building owner shall provide space to
house the telecom facility of the building. The distributed antenna
system is part of the telecom facility of the building.
¢ With the increasing number of high-rise residential buildings built in
accordance to the updated National Building Code poses a unique
challenge to all cellular mobile operators.
What is DAS?

¢ A distributed antenna system, or DAS, is a network of spatially

separated antenna nodes connected to a common source via a
transport medium that provides wireless service within a geographic
area or structure.
¢ DAS antenna elevations are generally at or below the clutter level,
and node installations are compact.
¢ A distributed antenna system may be deployed indoors (an iDAS) or
outdoors (an oDAS). (Wikipedia)
¢ The two technologies that DAS will support are:
¢ Data networks such as IEEE 802.11 networks, WIMax networks, and
BlueTooth networks.
¢ Telecommunications networks such as personal communications
system -PCS, GSM-cellular , GPRS, iDEN, UMTS (3G)
DAS Components

¢ Antennas
¢ Antenna Mounting Components
¢ Cabling Distribution
* Active Distribution Equipment
¢ Passive Distribution Equipment
In Building-DAS Infrastructure

In Building-Das Infrastructure is compose of three major components:

¢ Antenna Systems.
— Omni Directional
— Directional
— Leaky Coax
¢ Active Distribution Equipment
— Head End
— Back End
* Passive Distribution Equipment.
— Directional Couplers
— Bias Tees
— Hybrid Couplers
— Power Splitters
 Directional
Antenna

Coaxial
Cable

Coaxial
Cable

Signal Booster

j<«---->
iil Inside
Antenna
Distant Portable
Repeater Site
Building
 DONOR (ROOF) ANT

|| ANTENNA TAPS
[=| OR SPLITTERS

BASIC RF DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM COMPONENTS COAX CABLES
INDOOR ANTENNAS
Typical Distributed Antenna System schematic
diagram
How It Works = Single Site
~
Donor |J/ | yg gt ee AO Ie,
Antenna . *} t ‘b

Public Safe
Donor Sitq
In-building
Antennas —~

Coax
Cabling

Fiber Distribution
Remote Unit

Bi-directional
Amplifier or Repeater
Fiber -
Distribution (ey ae Fiber
Head- End net cE cl ole Cabling Distribution
Equipment
quip oRCll lhe System
y

e Signal
Source
Head-end oe nail Cellular
a gi A mw oe.
Equipment Room ms Signal .
Source Basic DAS Structure
¢ Definite number of antennas constitutes one single sector; this means
that these set of antennas are strategically installed inside a
building/compound to serve targeted objective as one entity.
 Distributed Antenna Systems

Campus Distribution
In Building Services

YW)

Cellular Back Haul

Im a passive DAS, all components which
are used for the cistribution of the source
sianals throughout the indoor location are
passive devices. A passive indoor system
consists of 4 main lewels:

4. Siqnal source
The signal supphy for the indoor
system can be fed into the building in
different wrerys:
a. Donor antenna + repeater
b. Standard base station (BTS)
c. Baseband unit (BBL plus Remote
Radia Head (RARH)

Combiner (Point of Interface, POT)

The different source signals anc cdiffe-
rent frequencies are interconnected ta
a common interface

3. Signal distribution
Alectrical accessories like splitters
and tappers are used to achieve the
correct siqnal lewe! on the cifferent
antennas

4. Indoor antennas
Mhulh-bancd antennas are used for the
cistribution of the signal in the building
 Building
Wired Coax Cable
DAS
First Responder ene ny
Head End
Command &

.,
Control
DAS Antenna * |
—_— a

cellular cellular
~
U
Senice Cellular Service Phones
Provider #1

Lede
L
Cell
Phone
First Responders

First Responders

Active
Splitter
aN aN AN
=

E911 Emergency
Response
Internet
ProvidService
rovider
Leow 0
Cell 0 0
0.0 Cell
First Responders. Phone

Senice Building
Ethernet
Provider Router Data
Center LAN
WAP [YT Tal WAP

Figure 2.1.1: Passive/Active DAS Network Architecture for In-Building Cellular,

Wireless, and Emergency Services
 Multi Carrier DAS

|
Bi-directional
Passive Distribution
Amp

Bi-Directional Splitter / Combiner

b- Coax Cable

Active ee < Coax Cable

RF to Optical
converter

Optical Splitter

tif
.

Fiber Cable
1

=
.

-
Optical to RF “7;\>
|
converter

Figure 2.1.2: Passive/Active DAS multi-carrier support

 Passive DAS Physical Equipment View

7OOMHz ( (Head End Equipment Room) OY (Distribution)

wl

Antenna
Be Hz
4
VHF 7
a

ue” Tap

S Cellular SM Fiber Remote Remote

me: Unit || Unit
Sprint »
a Cellular

verizon
=,
‘T - «Mobile-

yy,
Fiber R

Figure 2.1.3: A physical view of the equipment used to implement Passive/Active DAS
 Wired Coax Cade

Wieo Goa Cable

Whed Ethemet

Wied Ethemet

Ethernet Whed Ethemet

Enterprise
{Indu strial}
Router

Whecd Ethemet

Wied Fitene

Figure 2.2.1: DAS, Small Cell (SC) and Wi-Fi distribution within a building
Unique Challenges by Application (Verticals)

Z,
iS
Healthcare =
&
S
oy =
“ORCEMEN ©
Government
& Education

ee
Hospitality
Bicsi
Distributed Antenna System.....DAS
Fiber Cabling
Coaxial cable called Heliax/ Radiax
v
Floor/Segment
Distribution

Couplers, power dividers

Internal spot antennas
Access points @)
Vertical/Building

Signal Boosters Distribution

Bi-Directional Amplifiers, BDA’s

Roof Top Antenna Systems eT ly Wireless Portal
External Antenna Arrays Base-Stalion Equipment

Multi-Service Mesh Networks

Three main parts to the network.

Drop to remote
Product choices include:

Bulk cable TAKE A CLOSE LOOK

Uemura
Pre-connectorized
drops to remotes
Field installable con-
nectors
E#-Bend® and AllWave® FLEX+ Bend Insensitive go
Fibers
E?-Bend? InvisiLight™ Drop Solution

=
Cabling Distribution Systems
Product choices include:

* V-Linx™ Terminals
* SlimBox™ Terminals.
OUTTA TTT TTT Th * Home Run Indoor and Outdoor
fe
Cabling Solutions

In the DAS Base Station Closet

Product choices include:

* Rack-mounted panels or wall-mount inter-

connects
E68 Structure of a passive DAS

ns peater
[ro BTS Signal sources

Ly 5
Solutions: Large Building/High Fiber Count Neutral Host

V-Linx Spool and Play System

The V-Linx Solution is designed for dense, multi-floor
buildings.
V-Linx Solution Significantly speeds installation and requires less labor to install
on, EG in High Rise the backbone by using our short length spool-and-play
ogy.
technol-
Building
Drastically reduces number and length of
cables, and riser space required versus
other installation systems

V-Linx Terminals: V-Linx Combiner — Used for larger build-

ings

« 60 fiber pre-stubbed aggregation point

* Minimizes cables in the riser and installation time
* Available in bare or pre-connectorized ver- »
sions
V-Linx Combiners. * Simply place and spool out cable to the elec- i {
tronics closet E RN

V-Linx Terminal — Used for large or small build-

ings

* 6 or 12 fiber connector terminals for drop cables

* Available in bare or pre-connectorized versions on the
electronics side
Inside Distribution: * Integrated fiber management
+— 2p ge V-Linx FDH
« Simply place and spool out cable
= Outside Service Eniry Point:
—_ SlimBox CSP

V-Linx Solution
For the base station closet
in Low Rise
Building

Shelf Mount
Wall Mount 400A Up to 36 remotes
Up to 36 remotes

Items Needed to Specify: Inside Distribution:

For terminals: EDE
VEE
1) Connector type, both ends a, = a
+e oO utside Service Entry Point:
SlimBox CSP
2) Tail length
3) Number of ports for drops (6 or 12)
 DAS Coverage
Antenna

Coax Cable from

RU to Antenna

Fiber Link to
RU

Remote Unit
in Telco Closet

Operator 1 Radio
Equipment
Operator 2 Radio
Equipment

Operator 3 Radio
Equipment

Head end DAS Equipment

 Lape @

Figure 6. Example of attenuation trays at the headend

Figure 10. DAS coverage antennas

Figure 8. Example of a remote access unit

Figure 9. Splitter and combiners

Key design outputs:

1. Design drawings, like the one shown in Figure 25, are highly detailed and accurately depict equipment placement, including riser diagrams and floor-
by-floor layouts.

Operator 1 Sect 1

BS Mite - Cantlaatome
Coma

1900 Mite - PCS

TE
Srector
of cht

Figure 25. DAS design

Primary Antenna types in DAS configurations are:
¢ Omni Directional
— Broadcasts in all directions
* Examples are whip, helical and dipole
¢ Directional
— Broadcast in a single direction
* Examples are Yagi, and parabolic
¢* Leaky Coax
— Broadcasts along path of the coaxial cable
* Coaxial cable with the closely spaced slots in the outer conductor
allowing signals to penetrate to the core
 Antennae Types
Antennae Types

Directional
— Broadcast in a single direction
* Examples are Yagi, Panels, and parabolic antennas
Main Antenna System Components

* Lighting Protection
° Cabling
¢ Cabling Distribution
* Building or Tower Mounts
« Antennas
 ~ Internet’
~~. Intranet

wien CUT
a ; i Splitters and Antennas

a Cf

ipHe
1a a
GSM
Feeder cable : 00/1800

WCDMA

Discrete Antennas Leaky Coax

Project Status - DFW Airpo 3

most
2. RF “heat" maps, like the one shown in Figure 26, are a color-coded representation of predicted RF levels received.

lil

Figure 26. Design heat map

 Peon
HUB/Group
DAS Headend/
TelecomRoom
RF Over Fiber
4 or Digital DAS
Fiber Fronthaul

IP Backhaul
RF to Optical

Coupler/Spliiter

2eee Single-mode fiber

«eee Single-mode or Multi-mode fiber
wee (CO-AX- 50 0r75 ohm
———= Twisted Pair Car 5/6/6A, 7/7A
Figure 3. Typical DAS architecture
Partnering with Connectivity Wireless

Connectivity Wireless specializes in-building wireless systems.

Why is indoor coverage poor?
¢ The building is acting as an RF shield
— Fortified Construction; Hospitals, Government buildings, etc...
— Highly tinted windows; Energy efficient, green building efforts
— Lack of coverage in below grade floors
— Elevators and center areas of the building

¢ High rise buildings (typically over 25 floors)

— Above cell site tower coverage footprint
— Bottom and below grade floors often shadowed and need a DAS
— No dominant mobile control channels on upper floors

¢ The building is blocked from the tower by other buildings

¢ The WSP/PS Network Cell Site Tower is too far away

— Some WSP tower locations may be closer than others
Common DAS Venues
High-Rise
Hospitals Buildings
Universities, Arenas, Stadiums
Government Buildings
Multi-tenant High-Rise
Hotels and Casinos Coverage
Corporate Offices and Campuses Problems

Deep Cavernous Buildings

/il
Coverage

\
Problems
gi Coverage
Coverage Probleris’ > \Problems
Below Grade
DAS System Configurations
* Passive DAS - Coax used to distribute RF signals
— Only active component — BDA/Repeater
— Ideal solution for smaller venues <150K ft?
— Limited growth or expansion capability
— Parallel systems required for carrier and public safety

* Active DAS - Adds RF & FO conversion, fiber, and distributed amplifiers

— Scalable — Single to multi-band/operator installations
— Cost effective multi carrier coverage over 150,000 ft?
— Flexible for growth and expansion
— One system for both Cellular Carriers and 700/800/900 Public Safety
 ® Multi-band
oo LS antennas

Donor a
Site err
EG
“, Floors 1 through 4 distribution
4?
| twork
On [ | ~—— Filter combiner
— «— Hybrid
combiner

RFc | ol 54 <«<—
7
Hybrid
combiners
THIRX Rx ae
‘ Signal
urces

Figure 7 - Passive DAS combining techniques

RRH

Figure 6 - Passive DAS configuration

 antenna network required
|©© to support MIMO operation

Repeater
or BDA

RRH
MIMO eNode-B

Figure 8 - MIMO Passive DAS configuration

Multi-band Radio Units D Multi-band antennas

Fiber optic
distribution
network Ss!

a”
RF Signal sources

Head-end unit “ er
YO RRH

POI Trays

Figure 9 - Active DAS configuration

 Separate head-end v )
equipment, fiber optic
cables, radio units and
antennas required to
support MIMO operation

BBU

MIMO eNode-B

Figure 11 - MIMO Active DAS configuration

Hybrid DAS

RF distribution network

© Multi-band antennas

s
Multi-band 2
—_
radio units
a
_®)
Fiber optic
distribution
network Se
Oo
>
—
oN ®
oT
a
RF signal sources

BTS
BBU

Head-end unit = “oon

POI TraysPa

Figure 12 - Hybrid DAS configuration

 gital DAS

=
LAN cable distribution within zone

Multi-band Radio Units

Expansion Unit with integrated
. — antenna

Fiber optic
distribution
network ™,

C-RAN

3
WDM fiber
ring na RF and digital
3 yw Signal sources

~ SS “4 BTS

BBU

Head-end unit

Figure 13 - Digital DAS configuration

Distributed Radio Systems (DRS)

LAN cable distribution within zone

Expansion unit

Fiber optic
distribution
network NEM Radio Units
with integrated
antenna

NEM base band

unit (BBU) as signal
source Sa

Figure 14 - Distributed Radio System (DRS) configuration

Distributed Small Cells (DSC)

Ethernet switches Small cell

PSI Pa base stations

LAN cable distribution network

~
Core network Aw?
WY

Local controller we

Figure 15 - Distributed Small Cell (DSC) configuration

Coverage Needs Analysis
¢ Two main factors that demonstrate signal
— RSSI- Received Signal Strength Indicator
¢ Measured in dBm
¢ -85 dBm is the typical threshold
¢ Lower dBm (e.g. -95 dBm) = lower signal
— Quality
* Typically a Signal to Noise based ratio — Ec/lo, SQE, C/I
* Thresholds vary per service provider
¢ Noisy room example (high rise)
Coverage Needs Analysis
2%° FLOOR

Green @ >-85
Yellow -85>-95
Red @ <-95
Site Survey
¢ RF Obstacles such as stairs and elevators
¢ Interior wall materials
— Concrete vs. drywall
¢ Ceiling heights and type
— Drop-tile or hard ceiling
¢ Purpose of building
— Dense or open environment
¢ Vertical chases
— Between floors
Design: Wireless Thresholds
Applies to 800/850/900/1900 MHz Voice
-85 dBm mobile RSSI generally accepted over 90% of the area
Higher RSSI levels required to overcome outside influences
Typical radius can vary from 50 ft in dense environments to 100+ ft in open
areas
1900 MHz typically limiting factor if WiFi or AWS not included (2100 MHz)
Design: Link Budget

Tx Antenna Rx Antenna
Gain Sy
ao Gain
Clear Line of Sight

No Fresnel Zone Encroachment

O55 O55
Tx Power Rx Signal i

Transmitter or Receiver or
Amplifier Amplifier

Free Space Loss = 20L0g,.(MHz) + 20Log,,(Distance in Miles) + 36.6

Design: Keys to Link Budget
¢ Power output at repeater or fiber remote
¢ #of channels per service provider
¢ Splitter and cable loss
« Free Space Path Loss
¢ #of wall penetrations
« Fade Margin
¢« Use link budget as guide for RF design
alg De (wel 8) aie ee u 7

ie
Caer! 6h6h[lUCUCUd
Pee eee! 6=6—hClUlUSO
CLC
Prieta |
Be ee ere
Se ee h6h6lUCUCUSCY
Tick aa! 6h CU
Thc LCC
hh
# of Glass Window Penetrations: (I ee
Additional Gutter/ Wall Loss (dB): |
eet
eee LUT
preci ge ten Ped tere
Fade Margin
(5 0B normal, 8 dB dense):
i Pee ner ee

ee eta te e e e -74.6
Design: Clutter Loss

Typical Losses”

Clutter Type 800/900 MHz | 1800/1900 MHz 2.4 GHz 5.8 GHz

Drywall 2 25 3 3
Plywood | 25 4 8
Cubicles 1 15 2 2
Glass (no shielding) 2 2.9 3 3
Concrete 18 ?0 30) unk
Lead 45 50 60 unk
Design

Ei

LORS]
Hoss]

a
Panel antennas in Panel antennas at Omni antennas in
corridor facing out windows facing interior corridor or within tenant
towards exterior COre Spaces
Design
Design
Design

cORMER Head-End and located in

em 1st floor Room # 100
4.00 ft

Tire] Riser Diagram SaNEA

G ectivity’: Hikon Bonnet Creek Frank Pulido
‘aint tes CMAN] pare
Connectivity Wireless Solutions 9/25/2003
Design

Hilton Lobby

[roe] Riser Diagram PEnGNER

Comet COMPA
Hitton Bonnet Creek Frank Pulido

4
Connectivity Wireless Solutions "25/2003
Design

Convention Center 1st Floor

rime] Riser Diagram

Connectivity Feourme7]
Hifton Bonnet Creek Frank Pulido

3
28/2009
Installation
¢ Install In-Building Distributed Antenna Systems of All
Sizes (5k - > 5M ft2)
¢« Offer Turn-Key or Stand-Alone Installation Services
¢« Manage Standardized Installations Nationwide
¢« Provide On-Site Project Management for Each
Installation
« Maintain “Professionalism is Paramount to
Connectivity” Motto
— Professional Attire (Connectivity Logo Shirts,
Brown/Black Steel Toed Boots, Khaki/Brown Pants)
— Professional Treatment of Customers’ Facilities (Daily
Work Site Clean-Ups, Minimal Ceiling Tile Openings,
etc.)
— Professional Installations (Cabling is professionally
dressed, building and local codes exceeded)
¢« Create As-Built Documentation for Each Project
« In-House Installation Team
Se gaae
es ay

ale ee claim
rT Tu
Installation: Sample Donor Antenna

Weight : 2.2 kg (5 Ib)

Dimensions (LXWxD) : 787 x 152 x 25 mm
(31 x 6x 1 in)
Max. Wind Speed : 201 km/h (125 mph)
Hardware Material : Galvanized Steel
Connector Type : N - Type Female
(1, Bottom)
Color : Gold
Standard Mounting Hardware : V-Bolts
Installation: Sample Roof Mount
Non-Penetrating Flat Roof Mounts Material —Pre galvanized Design: Designed for
Included: mast, base and DSS support
C2 hardware
Order Rubber Mat Mounts to: n/a

ee Pte tie
een
an

oa | a
ces ERRNO | ona
et PRATT ON | ai
Installation: Sample Repeater

General Specifications

Dimension (Wx H x D) 1900 14.6 « 19.3 x 9.0 inches (370 x 490x 228 mm)

1900-1W
14.6
x 19.3 x 9.9 inches (370
x 490 x 250 mm)
1900-2W
1900 47 Ibs (21.3 kg)

1900-1W
60 Ibs (27.2 kg)
1900-2W

RF Connector N-Type (Female)

RS232

Weather Resistance NEMA 4, IP65

90-130 V, 45-65 Hz

OPERATING TEMPERATURE -22 °F to +140 °F (-30 °C to +60 °C)

External Convection
Installation: Sample 2” Coax
Premium Performance Cable
Mechanical Characteristics
Center Conductor
The canter conductor of the cable comscts ofa coppardad gacticd Min. Bend. Radius, in (mm) — Single 2 (50.8)
grade auminom wen.nominad MG copper by vole wich coonrs:
fo ASTM BSS6 coe: 104. Ths iphtvwaght conductor provides both Min. Bend. Radius, in (mm) — Multiple 5 (127)
haph qualtty and strongth.
Cable Weight, lb/ft (kg/m) 0.129 (0.192)
Conductor Adhesive
Tha canter conductor 5 cozind with a propmetary adheave that Bending Moment, ft.lb (Nm) 1 (1.4)
ensurs the discs are sacurmiy bonded to the cantar conductor.
Tensile Strength, lb (kg) 250 (114)
Dielectric Discs ;
Tha ddacine discs are inaction molded from wrpn polyaihylona a Flat Plate Crush, Ib/in (kg/mm) 78 (1.39)
(ASTM DL 248). These dias aro regularty spond to pronade structural
intagrty wha manning athanuaion. Number of Bends, minimum 15
Aluminum Outer Conductor Number of Bends, typical 25
The outer conductor& 2 continuoudy formed corrugated and webdad
@loctnicd grade aluminum tube. in-process monitonng asaures weld Temperature, °F (C)
Intagety, mantzuns proper alurunum ticks, and comects physcal
Gmarsores. Recommended Install +5 to 194 (-15 to 90)
Jacket Recommended Storage +5 to 194 (-15to 90)
The jacket i compered of a highly Feeno retarcant, low sriake
Matera? menting the fru retract provisons for plenum applica, Operating +5 to 194 (-15 to 90)
Corspquently ths cabo & cortded according to tha tet methods
of UL $10 and the Sstng requremertsof NEC 10-5! and NEC
E57 fa) for CAT VP cobs. fn aciction,it oxcmect. FS provgons
of the (Canadan Gectric Goda.
Installation: Sample Distribution Antenna

CELLMAX-O-25
Cell-Max™ Omnidirectional In-building Antenna, 806-960 MHz and 1710-2700 MHz

Mechanical Specifications
Mounting Thru-hole ceiling mount (optional)
Pigtail Length 254.0mm | 10.0in

Environmental Specifications
Application Indoor
Operating Temperature -40 °C to +60 °C (-40 °F to +140 °F)
Relative Humidity Up to 100%

Dimensions
Diameter, maximum 165.00 mm | 6.50 in
Height 85.00mm | 3.35in
Length 165.00 mm | 6.50in
Net Weight 0.30kg | 0.66 Ib
Width 165.00 mm | 6.50in
Commissioning

Commissioning Services

— Coaxial Cable and Fiber Testing

¢ Coaxial Cable Sweeps
¢ Fiber OTDR Results i

— Active Component Commissioning

¢ Bi-Directional Amplifier Set-Up ee
¢ Fiber DAS Commissioning (LGC, Andrew) NDREW.
¢ Measure and Record RF Input/Output Levels for A Commscope Company
All Active DAS Components

— Customer Defined “Checklists” é ee OkLESSs

Donor Antennas

One or more antennas are

connected by diplexers and
transmit signal back to a
nearby tower.

DAS
DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
Installation of Distributed Antenna System in
Building
 REFLECTED

fe RF INGy wenw
ereciveRf
pnecisert
oon RFOUT
DUAL DIRECTIONAL COUPLER

Figure 6: Directional Coupler

Figure 3: 2-Way Splitter

Figure 5: 4-Way Splitter

Figure 4; 3-Way Splitter

Design Layout — Antenna Locations

it
Figure 9; Antenna Locations
Design Layout — RF Coverage Design

1900 MHz, 4RF Carriers @ 10 dBm/carrier

Figure 10: RF Coverage

 4-4 Way Splitter
. 3-3 Way Splitter
2-2 Way Splitter
(13.22) Omni | Figures in red indicate the power at
that particular location (in dBi)
67.038m

(14.04) Omni | 60.83m

60.83m (15.35) (21.62)

(14.04) Omni

67.08m

}
(13.22) Omni| 128.06m
L |

(14.35)|O™™!
50m

a 5. || Omni
41.23m
z a. @s.55) _—
] (22.10) 120m (29.30) [ 4 1 SY ee
r
41.23m__ | 4 4 +
| a - (15.88) =. : .
(15.38) Omni |
- | on 36.06m

i io 148.66m Jf QT714)
(14.85)| Omni ce 2 |
|

a 63.25m siiee mae x

(20.38) : \36.06m
= —____, (20.10) (22.54)
| | 20m f 4 |
(14.93)| Omni | | ; 3| | 4 (16.29)
— 774-13) AT 4-85) Sar
28.25m“ 20m 28.25 28.28m“ 20 28.28m i => ees 36.06m
- Ni 36.06m —~ 3236m 2236m
i] | [ Be [ ae ieey ci or a cies }
Omni | ) Omni | Omni | Omni omni | Omni) Omni | Omni; | Omni) | Omni
L J I L ! | | l | L = | pe L J
(14.43) (14.93) (14.43) (15.15) (15.65) (15.15) (16.13) (16.95) (16.95) (16.13)

Figure 11: Plan of the topmost floor

 LP6530PCB-MIMO

ag
LP425R

a
\
cE
LP6560PCB

Typical office setting for a DAS application

 RF Source
i i
From
Combiner Amplifier
Base Station

Figure 1: Block diagram of an Active DAS System

RF Source
ie Soir.
From
Combiner eevaerlly =| veleliiiley
sickiome lela (ele

Figure 2: Block diagram of a Passive DAS System

RF Source
RF it Splitters &
From
Combiner rat ya e litier (Ger) aG-le)iay fh Coax has
Base Station

Figure 3: Block diagram of a Hybrid DAS System

The HetNet Reality
In the stone age of cellular phones, back when voice communication was the only offering, network design focused on
coverage, not capacity. Today’s phones have morphed into portable, application-oriented, internet-enabled computers,
greatly increasing the strain on network capacity. Unfortunately, adding new macro sites, microcells and picocells
simply won't cut it. A better way to augment the macro layer is by adding low-power nodes like femtocells, remote
radio heads/units (RRHs/RRUs) and distributed antenna systems (DAS). This enhanced macrocellular network is
called a heterogeneous network, or HetNet.
From humble beginnings, small cells are now
flourishing.
> Femtocell: A small base station designed
for residential use.
Macrocell:
> Picocell: A base station that is larger than > 256 users
a femtocell, but smaller than a microcell.
These stations can typically handle 10 to
60 simultaneous callers, but in some cases
are capable of servicing over 100 callers.
Picocells are deployed both indoors and Microcell:
outdoors. > 100 users

Microcell: A base station larger than a Ferntocell:

v

picocell, but with a smaller coverage area < 30 users

and capacity than a macrocell. These Picocell:

stations are often used to support cellular 30 to 100 users
service in large buildings, conference
centers and shopping malls. In high-rise
buildings, they feed the DAS to extend
coverage to multiple floors.
 '
r
an Se
_

Shopping mall equipped with Kathrein antennas

Kathrein indoor antenna on the passenger deck

Donor antenna on the ferry's deck

Lobby of Nexteracom office building with Kathrein antennas

1.2 RRH
A remote radio head is a single, outdoor unit with RF front-end functionalities only, and that connects to the baseband
processing part of a distributed base station via a point-to-point, bidirectional, analog or digital interconnection link.
However, other links are possible, namely star, ring and daisy chain.
Analog links, due to their linearity requirements, require a highly linear system to maintain their spectral emission
properties when transporting low-level RF composite signals. Although optical-fiber interconnection cables offer high
linearity, they require very expensive optical lasers and drivers.

1.3 DAS
Today, DAS is considered a multiple-airlink, multiple-frequency-band and multiple WSP system that is mostly fiber-optics-
or coax-based. Designed to distribute cellular signals throughout buildings, active DAS equipment uses head-end and
remote units to exploit the expensive part (i.e., the base station) as much as possible.
Since a DAS enables the independent operation of multiple frequency bands and protocols across a single access
network, multiple operator network sharing is supported. This capability is the secret to its success in the US market.
1.4 DAS vs. RRH
DAS and RRH architectures are similar in a number of ways. They both centralize the baseband processing of the
base station at one location, and use strategically located radio modules to satisfy coverage or capacity requirements.
Both also use optical fiber to run very high data rates and high-capacity backhaul needs at baseband-unit locations.
They both also excel in areas where ultra-high-density nodes are required.
DAS can be considered as an evolution from RRH in the sense that DAS can transport data relevant to multiple RF
carriers and multiple WSPs. However, this also means DAS demands a much higher overall link data rate.
On the other hand, RRH can also be considered as an evolution from DAS. While DAS extends the coverage of
legacy base stations, RRH offers cost-reducing base-station design. Another major difference is that unlike DAS,
which uses RF-optical converters as add-on modules, RRH does not require converters, because it already uses
optical technology.
 Low Data Rate
(radio or optical link) BE Slbsien
Provider #1

k Kk
Low Data Rate
(radio or optical link) RF Subsystem
Provider #1
Local

Kk
BASE STATION Interface Ce
Provider #1
Module
, RF Subsystem
Provider #1
SST ON EE Rx main [ibe
Provider #1 FRET natin ¢——____________,

_——_4 RF Subsystem
High Data Rate Provider #1
(radio or optical link)
Local
BASE STATION Interface
Provider #2 RF Subsystem
Module
Provider #2

Ly! RF Subsystem
Provider #2
High Data Rate
(radio or optical link)

Figure 1 — DAS architecture for three colocated base stations from two different providers and six remotized RF subsystems
 Low Data Rate
(radio or optical link)
A RF Subsystem
- Provider #1
Low Data Rate
(radio or optical link) RF Subsystem
hd Provider #1
BASE STATION
Provider #1

RF Subsystem iy
Provider #1
BASE STATION
Provider #1 i
—> RF Subsystem
Provider #1

BASE pad i_, RF Subsystem

Provider #2 -— Provider #1

|g RF Subsystem
Provider #1
High Data Rate
(optical link)

Figure 2 — RRH architecture for three colocated base stations from two different providers and six remotized RF subsystems
1.5 Fiber to the Cell Site
By bringing high data rate to the radio/antenna, fiber-optic links deliver the promises made by mobile broadband.
Increasing broadband capacity means growing the wireless network, which decreases the cell radius. Therefore,
feeding bandwidth to the entire wireless infrastructure means increasing fiber connectivity and penetration. Essentially,
more wireless means better and deeper wireline.
Two standards are used to carry traffic over fiber from the base station's radio equipment controller (REC) to the radio
equipment: common public radio interference (CPRI) and open base station architecture initiative (OBSAI). CPRI is
the predominant standard.

((C 4hy >)) i

Wireless

Wireline
Cellular

Fiber, Ethernet,
T1 (HDSL)

a: ot WiFi

Figure 3 — Out of the air and into the ground at the closest point
 @ 3G/4G Data
> Capacity, 2.5G/3G Data

Figure 4 — Fiber-optic systems are the key physical (PHY) transport medium that will unify these new, distributed architectures
System Characterization
Figure 23 below shows a simplified view of the system, with only one uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) fiber that will be
used to feed the RF signal to an antenna.

oo
(G ))) lndaorantenna Extension Unit/Main Hub k

— Coax
THIRD FLOOR

-——._ Fiber

U Conduit SECOND FLOOR

— RF source (fiber or coax)

—s APC connector FIRST FLOOR

Uplink / a ————_
FF source from BTS

em Host Unit/Main Hub

GROUND LeveL Downlink - 7]

BASEMENT LEVEL

Figure 23 — Fiber section of DAS

Multiband omni-directional antennas overview
Antenna description Ultra Sone Optima-S Avant H+S ECO

Directivity/ Polarisation omni / vertical omni / vertical omni / vertical omni / vertical omni / vertical omni / vertical
Tetra / v1)
Public safety 400 MHz
ITE 700 MHz

|S
Sa] Se | S| S|
GSM 900 / AMPS

P|SS,

Sx | Be] [SSE]
& |) SIRS
DCS 1800
/ PCS 1900

| oe |
UMTS 1710 - 2170 MHz

| OS
ITE 2700

9oa] % | 4
WiFi 2.4
/ 5.6 GHz

Bec]
Be,

|
Gain from ... to {dBi} 7 S23 con LO 3S Devel
fh
1399.170055
Available type(s) 7! 1399.17.0120 1399.170114 1399.17.0116 1399.170102
white 1399.17.0128
1399.170037
light-blue / grey
Single and dualband omni-directional stick antennas overview
Antenna description SOA-2000/360/2/0/¥ SOA-0820/360/2/0/V SOA-820/360/4/0/V

Directivity / Polarisation omni / vertical omni

/ vertical omni/ vertical

Frequency (MHz] 1710 - 2170 a :a a i ~

Gein (dBi) 15 2 4
GSM 900 / AMPS . € ¥
DCS 1800 / PCS 1900 Z v ¥
UMTS 1710 - 2170 MHz ¥ ¥
Hotel - Top Left Figure
yp 22'-0" 35’-0" 130-0" _,,
77 7/
5'-0" 5'-0"

NORTH HOTEL CLR. CLR.

COMM, CLOSET
FINISHED
FLOOR
lA —S>

Mi i
CEILING 4]

a
PCS PCS, PCS
1] TRUNG CHLBLAR TRUNKING c 4

y ! CAMPUS
FIBER 4
1 ENCLOSURE
y (BY OTHERS)
a RU [|__|
B ENCL | FIBER
g WUMPERS
ia
Hd.| —__
Ue —48VDC NORTH HOTEL
COMM. CLOSET
FINISHED
ISHED [)i TRUNKING CELLULAR

cLNG 7[ =©)CCtC~CSC‘(S PCS, PCS, PCS, Pt

TRUNKING clint TRninG Cl
This is called MAC address spoofing.
WEP
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) was first security solutions for WLANs that employed encryption. WEP uses
802.1x EAP
The Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) is a layer 2 process that allows a wireless client to authenticate
One of the concerns in wireless is allowing a WLAN client to communicate to devices behind an AP. Three s
WPA
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) was designed by the Wi-Fi Alliance as a temporary security solution to provic
WPA2
WPA2 is the IEEE 802.11i implementation from the Wi-Fi Alliance. Instead of using WEP. which uses the wea
Infrared Type Covera Perfor Standa Applic

Infrared (IR) radiation is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength longer than that of visible light, but shor
Bluetooth
Is an industrial specification for wireless personal area networks (PANs). Bluetooth provides a way to connec
Fikgs: = Mibps | Mbps > Mbps)? rthrss
Frequency-hopping’spreac@$Bectrum is a spread-spectrum method of transmitting radio signals by rapidly |
Highly resistant to fTeise angwdmterference.
Signals are difficul€t5 intestept. A Frequency-Hop spread-spectrum signal sounds like a momentary noise
eTFramsnasesions.xcarr
sare afrequency band with many types of conventional transmissions with minimal int
hgiygut = Mibps = Mbps caMbps == Wits
Oreiue SGHz 24 end 2A
denect-sequenee spread speeiim is a modulation technique where the transmitted signal takes up more ba
Comparison of DSSS andefrequenc BB ped Ss
Comme | Kiging"" With LS Wini'°?: som a
“Flexible s CSE RAN ata rates
High capacitynis pessible: with enhancements (interference cancellation, adaptive antenna, etc.)
Suffers. from, pig star effect
s acity | etary, wirel:
FHss MAN BOZ11IFEE 5
“Suitable for ad_bocsa
spaiyvoreseino
! near-far problem)
“Reisus@ to interferer”usin.
On
‘fimited data rate cee!
leh 3 Upto 3 ar : 4
23 Inter-

Siemgoval fraquensy- “ilivision multiplexing, also called discrete multitone modulation (DMT), is a transmis:
Used igdeh gawirel AN applications, including WiMAX and IEEE 802.11a/g
ian in many com, bations systems such as: ADSL, Wireless LAN, Digital audio broadcasting.
ange

MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple, Qustput)

MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) transmission, which uses DSSS and/or OFDM by spreading its signa
Radio Frequency Transmission Factors
 Building Telecommunication
System in Airport, Marine Port
Terminal and Mines
Introduction to Airport Terminals
 i
Taxiway

4 oo 2

S[|E \
E E
Aircraft stand taxilane

br oe Apron | _ i =
=. Runway Lighting 10 Stopway
Aircraft Stands

=
ee i Re
ae ot IL >
. 1 ia
.
4 De-Icing-Area iM Holding Position

nN
Pre-Threshold 12 Edge Marking
ia co

kh ig
PAPI 13 High-Speed Twy
aint Tower Fuel Depot Runway Designator Helicopter Stand

oai
aintenance
Loan General Aviation Terminal Center Line 15 Fire Station
Parking
ee -— Parking Deck GE Asphalt Touchdown Zone 16 Airline Service

arnt
17 48 Concrete Aiming Point de Bus Stop
Railway Station [ER Facilities Threshold 18 Taxi Stands

oO
 Main functions of airport terminals |
¢ To provide a convenient facility from ground transport to air
transport, and vice-versa.

¢ Airport terminal is a complex system

Airports Passengers
Domestic Regional
Arriving Departing
airport airport
International
airport Transit
 4 Airport Components
® Airspace : Area for aircraft maneuver (after takeoff, ]
before landing)

® Airfield = Aerodromes : Area for aircraft take-off & p—_AIRSIDE

landing (equipped with required installations &
equipments, NavAids, highting)
—

® Landside : Area to accommodate the ground-based

vehicles, passengers & cargo movements.

® Airport Ground Access Plans: Area to accommodate

ground based vehicles to and from the near city area
& between the various buildings around the airport.
Components of an Airport terminal =e
* Three primary components of an airport complex
- Landside, terminal building and airside facilities
¢ Passengers embark and disembark from the aircrafts.

Air side facilities Land side facilities

¢ Runway * Curb front pedestrian facilities

« Apron ¢ Public transportation (including
* Taxiway bus and rail)
* Gate * Parking facilities
* Control tower ¢ Entry exit roadways
 [aeeevat_]
Enroute Awspace —
DEPARTURE

On-line
Terminal Airspace t
J Airport entrance/arrival hall

2. Airfield Pe imicncnll —_ Counter | | Self service -K——>

rst ca LANDSIDE

Holding
area Exit
taxiway Queue & security check area

Holding Taxiway system

>
a
Services
& a
o Apr ate area Shops
ҤG _ ATM
Roostaurants
Terminal buildings
a 3. Landside Passenger
Secured area

operations
Vehicular
Landside

circular Grive

Parking facilities

Airport roads and transportation facil

Airport ground access system

 NAVAIDS : Approach
ee eea

¢
Marker

ai
Physical facilitiesin.an_airport,
mar _trafttic control and navigation
— aids area ~
ieedan ane ft

_GP/DME_ VOR/DME GP/DME

OF _ Centro! eer
ane RekEM Sade a
Standard Visual Approach Slope Indicator
VOR
DME - Distance Measuring Equipment
Antenna
 ii
cgay a
4 Faii ge
FiEFEiE

Hl

(Bl Passport controscunty check e rd EZ ‘a , @ A-pe Dae ie eed gly @ Central security filterin @ Hilton Hotel Cee,
voor PMU Cubounge \ 5 7 al 4 & - Po . filter in Departure hall 1 Departure halls 2 and 3 on top of the

yea eet

@ cm ey Sa © RE oe OY al —

BRCM.

Se ‘ New Central security @ Central security filter

he RC Ma cot filter between — in GH-bujiding
ta ee
 eee ees me oe
a ge el oat oe ed es Pe
ros

1a HECTARES.
‘MID MECTARES
oso100 200-2 750

SlAE 11500 METERS

AR o ob Figure 11-1
SS JET EXISTING LAYOUT
Ninoy Aquino International Airport
Master Development Plan |
Terminal Configurations meee

Five basic types of configurations

Satellite (with or
Finger pier without pier),
Transporter
+
“4

eo Ye | e %
4 4

+4

Midfield (linear
or X-shaped)
$++
 Pier/Finger Pier Baers

¢ Widely adopted, introduced in 1950s.

¢ High aircraft capacity and simplicity in
design.
¢ maximize the number of A/C parking
spaces with fewer infrastructures.
¢ Preferable when the level of transfer traffic
is low.
New York/LaGuardia Airport
Finger pier (disadvantages) tclsasllarel
configuration

Long walking distances.

Add constraints with the mobility of aircraft movement in the
apron

Techniques to tackle these issues

ons Ss

¢ Short finger piers

Incorporating people movers

Washington Reagan
Satellite
Satellite layout Tampa
¢ Extension of T-shaped finger piers.
¢ Asingle terminal to process passengers.
¢ Connected to this are numerous
concourses that lead to one or more
Satellite structures.

* Requires high quality

transportation system.
¢ High capital, maintenance
and operating cost

Tarmminal 4 Davielda Gaulla

 lgiliel
Linear
configuration

¢ Alinear building with relatively thin

structure.
¢ Centralized passenger processing.
¢ Also can be curvilinear.

Linear configuration at Darwin

International Airport

Disadvantages
¢ Longer walking distances for transfer
passengers.
¢ Primarily applicable for low-activity

¢ Requires duplication of terminal

Dallas forth- Worth International Airport facilities/amenities
 Wauiliel
Transporter
configuration

* Passengers are transported to and from the

building to the parked airplane.
* Specially designed buses carry passengers
between the terminal and the aircraft.
¢ Minimizes walking distances.
* Airplane taxiing time to and from the runway is
decreased

Disadvantages
This is an expensive option
for airport operators.
Inconvenient delays for short
haul passengers.
\Alashinatan /Puillas Aivn art
Midfield concourse nn)
configuration

¢ Independent passenger buildings.

* Typically between two parallel runways and separated from
the other passenger buildings by major taxiways.
* Two basic shapes: linear and x-shaped.

Pittsburgh Airport Denver International Airport

Hybrid Configurations

¢ Combination of different
configuration types.
¢ Meet variety of existing needs
¢ Adapt easily to future needs
¢ Maximize quality of service
Importance of selection
¢ Design requirements are normally defined in terms of : ~ Passenger numbers ~

Major Operational problems

Financial loss

* The building eventually closed in 2001

when American Airlines bought TWA
* Radical and compact plan
¢ High cost of restoration
* Limited options for alteration
Check-in facilities
¢ Airport Check-in are service counters found at commercial airports
handling commercial air travel.

Typical check-in counters

Standards are changing.

¢ Electronic ticketing and self check-in
reduces processing time.
 gute

Passenger Terminal Design principles

Amore or less standard process has evolved over the years for
designing passenger terminals at airports. It consists of four steps:

1) Forecasting traffic levels for peak hours;

2) Specification of level-of-service (LOS) standards;

3) Flow Analysis and determination of space requirements

4) Configuration of server and space.

Airport Terminal: DeSign, Operation and Facilities
Airport design and operations are closely linked
Poor design affects airport operations- increased cost

Facility requirements depend on operations

2. Processing interface
Arriving
5
é =
Waiting

to
=
Departing Check- in losdiegiand
g Parking Security check = unloading(both
Circulating Claiming Baggage 5 passenger and
Checking customs baggage)

>
V
Airport operations

* main airport operations can be divided into four types: landside operations,
airside operations, billing and invoicing, and information management.

¢ Landside operations are aimed at serving passengers and maintenance of

terminal buildings, parking facilities, and vehicular traffic circular drives.
Passenger operations include baggage handling and tagging. Terminal
operations comprise resource allocation and staff management.

¢ Airside operations include aircraft landing and navigation, airport traffic

management, runway management, and ground handling safety.
° Billing and invoicing operations cover aeronautical and non-
aeronautical revenue. Ledger or accounting systems contain
information regarding airport finances: flight bills, handling invoices,
cash, sales within the airport (points-of-sales), staff payrolls, etc.

¢ Information management relates to the collection and distribution

of daily flight information, storing of seasonal and arrival/departure
information, as well as the connection with airlines.
¢ Airport management systems, as airport software is often called,
serve to optimize all these operations:
* passenger processing,
¢ baggage tagging and handling,
¢ arrival/departure operations,
¢ departure control systems,
¢ information distribution, and
° air traffic control (ATC).
e Airport software can also include other solutions, like CRMs and
environmental management systems.
Information Technology and Communications
(From Airport Cooperative Research Program- Airport Passenger Terminal Planning and Design-Vol 1 Guidebook)

¢ From a terminal building systems perspective, the information

technology (IT) system is the lifeblood of the entire terminal
operation; it is the primary means by which information is transferred
to and from airport users, their customers, and business partners.
¢ Airport IT systems also underpin key airport management functions
including building safety, building services, building maintenance,
gate assignments, and airport security and environmental control.
 IT Systems & Telecommunications |

Figure Ill-3 depicts the iaela a lies

eb ten al ga Communication Systems Airport Special Systems |

range of users and

applications that a * Structured Cabling © Public Safety © Perimeter Intrusion Detection System
modern airport IT Fiber Cabling
¢ CATV Cabling
© Trunked Radio Systems ©
¢
Physical Access Control System
Video Surveillance Systems
network ¢ Cable Management
Fire Alarm Cabling
©
¢
Fire Detection & Alarm Systems
Alert and Evacuation Systems

should be capable of * Cable Management © Audio & Visual Paging © Security Operations Center (SOC)

supporting; each will

require attention during ¢ Equipment Infrastructure ¢ Wired Voice © Building Management Systems
* Telecommunications Rooms © |P Voice © Maintenance Management

terminal design, both as

* Datacenters © Vehicle Traffic Management
Internet & Web Services ¢ Parking Management
¢ Airport Operations Center (AOC)
an individual function and
« Network Services
* Digital Storage © Airport Communications
© Shared Carrier Facilities
part of an overall ¢ NOC
Internet & Web Services
(WiFi & WiMAX) © CUTE/MUSE & Ticketing Systems
integrated IT system. © Status Systems FIDS-MUFIDS-BIDS
© Baggage Handling & Reconciliation
* Concessions
¢ Master Clock System

Source: TranSecure

Figure IIl-3._ Airport IT and telecommunications services.

¢ Issues such as
° wired vs. wireless,
¢ bandwidth availability,
* network infrastructure and
security,
¢ Common Use Terminal
Equipment,
¢ public internet access, and
¢ airline and tenant support
¢ are all integral parts of IT
provisioning for terminal facilities.
 IT Planning

¢ IT planning for terminal services is not limited to the routing of fiber and
copper within the cable plant; it extends to maintaining the availability and
functionality of every piece of equipment along the entire network.
¢ The IT system must support
passenger check-in facilities at curbside and ticket counters,
public address systems,
baggage handling equipment,
internal communications,
security and administrative functions of not only the airport and airlines,
but also a wide diversity of tenants, public users, and government support agencies,
as well as emergency systems and
automated systems such as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) power
management and lighting controls.
¢ IT design in the terminal is no longer limited to point-to-point copper
wire connections;
¢ The immense opportunities available in fiber optics and computerized
local area network/wide area network (LAN/WAN) implementation
can now be optimized by the early inclusion of IT professionals in the
planning and design process.
¢ For most terminals, shared network applications will run on the
airport’s LAN.
¢ The most common LAN architecture is the star-configured Ethernet
designed according to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE) 802.3 series standards.
¢ The general configuration of such a LAN using a hierarchy of access,
distributed, and core switches is shown in diagram format in Figure
VI-67.
Backbone Fiber Cabling Backbone Fiber Cabling

Backbone Fiber Cabling Backbone Fiber Cabling

Backbone Fiber Cabling Backbone Fiber Cabling

CAT-5E Cabling CAT-5E Cabling

Data |B }/8||/8 @}|/@

|] @] Data
Voice |] B]/B8]|/B BW ]] @ | BI Voice

Outlets, Wall & Floor Outlets, Wall & Floor

2 RJ-45 Plugs 2 RJ-45 Plugs
Source: TranSecure

Figure VI-67. Distributed network model.

¢ In addition to security, specifications for networked terminal facilities should
address requirements for
¢ bandwidth (wired and wireless),
° availability,
* uninterruptible power supply (UPS), and
* emergency power backup.
¢ Bandwidth is a particularly major issue if security surveillance video is to be
carried over a shared IT network.
¢ Even with the best compression [which is currently represented by MPEG-4
AVC and is designated H.264 by the International Telecommunication Union
(ITU)], video streams will still range from 1 to 5 megabytes per second (Mbps)
or more depending on scene content, camera resolution, video frame rate,
whether all video signals are to be transmitted or only selected event video
frames, the application of video analytics, and other variable factors.
¢ Bandwidth requirements also depend on network architecture, e.g.,
performing compression and video analytics at the edge of the
network will conserve network bandwidth but will affect network
management and device maintenance.
¢ Network availability is the airport’s responsibility, but air carrier
demands for availability (up time) may dictate how availability is
achieved.
¢ In the case of common-use gate
podiums, for example, service
availability specifications may
dictate that service be
provisioned from separate
telecommunication rooms (TR) in
the terminal in order to minimize
the possibility that all service will
be lost if one segment fails.
¢ Similarly, electrical power for the
network is the airport’s responsibility,
but airport backup and cutover
policies may not be acceptable to its
tenants (and may conflict with the
airport’s own security needs).
¢ A general airport policy of 3-hour UPS
backup, followed by the cutover to
emergency engine-generators, may be
an adequate safeguard for most
network services, but not for mission-
critical functions including security
systems, which must, by definition,
remain fully available when an
incident occurs.
¢ Space requirements for UPS are important design issues, but more
critical are such details as the
¢ amount of power supplied (KVA ratings);
whether the UPS should be included per rack or have a single,
large UPS to power everything in a telecom room;
disciplined periodic battery replacement in UPS units;
cutover time for backup; and
sufficient air conditioning if large UPS units are used.
 TRENDS AND ADVANCEMENTS IN AIRPORT
TECHNOLOGY
This section addresses key and emerging technologies, describing their possible impact and the consideration that should
be given to their use in the airport business environment.
Common Use Passenger Processing Systems (CUPPS)
Overview
IATA Recommended Practice (“RP”) 1797, known as Common Use Terminal Equipment (“CUTE”), was introduced in 1994.
While it defined the functional requirements of what a CUTE system should do, it did not provide any technical
specifications that defined how airlines’ check-in and boarding applications should communicate with peripherals such as
boarding pass printers, bag tag printers, and boarding gate readers.
As a result, various common use platform providers introduced their own version of CUTE, each with their unique
Application Programming Interface (“API”).
Airlines therefore had to develop different versions of their applications, one for each CUTE platform.
In 2007, IATA re-wrote RP 1797 and re-named it Common Use Passenger Processing Systems (“CUPPS”).
Following a Pilot program to de-bug the draft version of the CUPPS Technical Specification, IATA released CUPPS Technical
Specification v1.01 in November 2009.
CUPPS describes the range of services, specifications and standards developed to enable multiple airlines, or other users
to share physical check-in or gate podium positions.
¢ Other key CUPPS criteria include:
¢ CUPPS compliant (IATA RP 1797) CUPPS facilitates rather than mandates
business processes
¢ Affordability
¢ Serviceability
¢ Predictability
¢ Flexible provisioning environments (FPE) and a web based application
solution are recognized as mature common use solutions as well, however,
standards and technical specifications specifically for FPE have not been
developed at this time by IATA.
¢ Technology, especially information technology and systems, is essential for managing
common use facilities. The supporting technology often includes platforms and
application programs such as the following:
¢ e LAN and WAN, both wired and wireless
e e Passenger paging systems, both audible and visual
¢ Telephone systems, not only for voice services including Internet Protocol (IP) voice, or VoIP, but also
for short-haul modems that connect airline ticket counters and gate computers to airline reservation
<=
e¢ Multi-User Flight Information Display Systems (MUFIDS)
e¢ Multi-User Baggage Information Display Systems (MUBIDS)
¢ Gate management systems, including CUTE
¢ Ticket counters, including CUSS kiosks = Ze Lat =

¢ Local departure control systems moire’ ies Ga a women

¢ e Air operations database systems
* ¢ Common-use baggage sorting systems
e Baggage reconciliation systems, including the use of RFID devices
e Wired and wireless Internet access
¢ Cable television (CATV) delivery to holdrooms and other public areas
Planning Considerations for Passenger Check-in
Facilities
¢ IATA and the airlines are
pursuing several initiatives to
Improve passenger processing
and to cut costs including the
following:
° e e-Ticketing
° e CUSS
¢ e Barcoded
boarding pass

e e RFID
° e e-Freight
Information Technology Cable Plant
¢ Aterminal cable plant can include some or all of the following elements:
e e Network copper cables such as CAT-5 or CAT-6
e e Metallic hardwire and cables that are suitable for transmitting analog and
digital signals, including voice, data, and video such as RS-485 cabling
e e Fiber optic cables, particularly for the IT backbone, but also including point-
to-point cabling or video cameras and other high-bandwidth devices
¢ e Analog or digital data circuits directly owned or leased from commercial
carriers
e e Wireless communication media, including radio frequencies, microwave
frequencies, cellular frequencies, and infrared frequencies, equipped with
encryption or other means of securing the signals appropriate to their
application.
¢ For terminal LANs, a cable plant will comprise
¢ fiber optic backbone cabling,
* copper premises cabling,
the associated cable pathways,
user outlets, and
telecommunication rooms with their associated termination equipment,
enclosures, backup power equipment, and cable plant management
¢ The design of the terminal cable plant and its cable pathways will be
dictated
¢ by LAN topology,
¢ by current and future service requirements, and
¢ by local site conditions including physical access and cable pathways routings.
¢ Cable spaces and pathways should comply with the latest edition of
the American National Standards Institute
(ANSI)/Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)/Energy
Information Administration (EIA) standard ElIA-569-B, Commercial
Building Standard for Telecommunications Pathways and Spaces.
¢ Candidate pathway types include the following:
¢ e Ceiling—Open environment above accessible ceiling tiles and framework
e Access floor—raised modular floor tile supported by pedestals, with or
without lateral bracing or stringers
e Tray & runway—prefabricated rigid structures for pulling or placing cable
¢ Conduit—metallic and non-metallic tubing of rigid or flexible
construction permitted by applicable electrical code
e Vertical pathways—sleeve or conduit and slot penetrations for access to
other floors
e Partition cabling—where demountable partitions are used to conceal
cables
¢ Cable sizes and quantities will determine the conduit and space
needed in raceways.
¢ Maximum capacity of conduit and raceways (cable trays) should not
exceed a calculated fill ratio of 5|0% to a maximum of 150 millimeters
(6 inches) inside depth.
¢ To allow room for future expansion, and to facilitate additions and the
removal of cables, a lesser fill ratio should be considered.
¢ Innerduct should be used to protect fiber backbone cable that runs in
shared pathways.
¢ Conduit should be used for all wall penetrations to maintain the
overall fire rating of the walls.
¢ Cable pathways, which carry signals for security equipment, should be routed
in secured areas of the terminal.
¢ Where these cables are routing in public areas, they should be enclosed in
metal conduit or electro-mechanical tubing.
¢ This guidance should also be applied to LAN cabling because the LAN is critical
to terminal operations and, with the advent of IP cameras and IP-based access
control systems, will be carrying critical security information.
¢ When using physical communications media, the terminal design should
ensure that the cables selected are in compliance with established EIA/TIA and
IEEE industry standards and that replacement materials are commercially
available for the predicted lifetime of the system.
Telecommunications Rooms

¢ Due to the distance limitations of copper Ethernet cabling,

telecommunications rooms should be distributed throughout the
terminal to provide adequate capacity coverage and each for both
planned and future applications.
¢ Working space around equipment racks for maintenance personnel
should be provided, and there should be enough room to
accommodate reasonably foreseeable future expansion requirements.
¢ Telecommunications room design should address panel space for
cable terminations, switches and relays, remote field panels, remote
diagnostic and management computer stations, and power service
with redundancy and/or emergency backup capability, as appropriate.
¢ Special consideration should be given to providing adequate physical
clearance to access the equipment including HVAC service based on
thermal analyses of installed equipment and local UPS to power
equipment in the event of a power failure.
¢ Telecommunications rooms should have controlled physical access,
preferably using the most secure means provided by the airport’s
security access control system.
¢ It may be appropriate to consider HVAC system backup. Most
terminals are fed from a central electrical plant, either remotely or on
site. Although electrical HVAC equipment may be powered by an
emergency generator, the chilled water system may not, which
negates the effectiveness of the electrical components in the cooling
system. Sensitive electronic equipment in a non-air-conditioned room
may become damaged or will shutdown in a short time due to
overheating.
¢ If telecommunications rooms require tenant access,
e they should have a clearly defined tenant area,
e physically separated from the airport facilities, such as by chain link fencing, or
° appropriate separate rack arrangement.
° Raised floors for either intermediate distribution frame or main distribution
frame locations allow for below-floor cable management systems and under-
floor air distribution to maximize cooling of the rack-mounted equipment.
¢ A carefully designed and electrically grounded system is critically important to
successful operation of digital data equipment because poor grounding is one
of the most common sources of electrical signal interference, especially in
older systems.
Sample Technology and Softwares
 Baggage strip sealed
with tag

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~ Extended Data
Mining
Sample Airport Information System
mICATEAS eo Nace
‘HANDLING A
ATC OVERFLIGHT ‘iL AGENT SYSTEM FUEL SYSTEM
BILLING SYSTEM

®
AIRCRAFT
SERVICES AIRLINES ACCOUNTING “(i
a DEERE :
a
——
wwe SEASONAL Soe

ac
CASH INVOICING =.
== SECURITY vv == AERO
on See SYSTEM J INVOICING
’ ALDIS

ANDROID OS
Us ,
GATE
(PoE) CENTRAL
DATABASE GUARDIAN
ADMINISTRATION REPORTING & POWER BI
ALDIS_

STAFF
= = INFORMATION
SHGHE DISPLAYS Seas i

INFORMATION AFIDS APRON & GROUND SERVICES FLIGHT PROCESSING - ATC/APRON/

DISPLAYS AFIDS CUSTOMER SERVICES/HANDLING
FIDSnet AFIDS
¢ Available Software Systems

¢ ALDIS — Airport Landing Dues Information System

¢ ALDIS is an Airport Management System with the capability of

Aeronautical Billing.

¢ ALDIS functionality includes configuring multiple discounts and

surcharges as well as commercial target incentives and the system has
been successfully implemented in over thirty airports worldwide.
Static Information

¢ ALDIS contains data in ICAO, IATA and UK CAA formats including:

¢ Airports
¢ Aircraft Standards
¢ Operators
¢ Operator Aircraft
¢ Names and Addresses
Billing Engine

¢ The invoice period is user-definable, with facilities provided by the ALDIS

software to calculate and credit invoice:

¢ Landing and Parking fees

¢ Passenger tax
¢ Services provided to an aircraft including Jet Al, AVGAS and De-Icing Fluid
¢ Miscellaneous fees attributable to a movement
¢ Ability to invoice in a foreign currency and in the local currency including EUR and USD
¢ Offers up to 9 levels of sales tax
¢ Provides a pre-invoicing and invoicing function as standard
¢ Capable of emailing invoices
A range of discounts/surcharges including target incentives are available
Audit

Full audit routines are contained within ALDIS

Reports

A wealth of useful reports can be generated quickly and simply by users, available in PDF and CSV formats
and in combination with Power BI, PPT format.

Excel Movement Data Extract

This is a simple-to-use and very powerful function that can be used for generating ad-hoc reports and used
for additional statistical analysis.
¢ Financial Management System Interface
¢ ALDIS interfaces with standard financial management systems.
¢ Currently available interfaces are as follows and the system is designed to easily
allow interfaces to other accounting systems:
¢ SAP
¢ SUN Accounting
* Sage Line 50
* Sage Line 200
¢ Exchequer
¢ Access Accounting
° Pegasus

¢ Government Statistics
¢ CAA AVSTATS
¢ NATS Stats
AFIDS — Airport Flight Information Display
System
¢ This system is the front-end to the ALDIS Airport Management System.
¢ Data is gathered in real-time to support Management functions, Aeronautical
Billing as well as displaying passenger information throughout the airport,
staff information and uplifting flight information to the airport website.
¢ AFIDS includes the following capabilities:

Air Traffic Control Administration System

Handling Agent/Airline System
Passenger Information System
Apron Management
Cash Payments on demand
Fuel System
 FIDSnet

¢ FiDSnet offers the latest in display techniques using state-of-the-art 4K LCD TV’s with built-in Android
Smart Boxes, reducing cost and complexity.

¢ FiDSnet can be used on existing display units offering Full HD resolution, or with mini Android Smart
Boxes.

¢ FiDSnet uses structured cabling, Wi-Fi, Power-over-Ethernet or a separate power supply connection.

¢ Display colour schemes can be selected using the full Microsoft palette of up to 256 colours.

° Staff Information System via connection to the airport LAN.

¢ Web Uplift of arrival/departure information to airport website.

oA typical example ofa FIDSnet display
can be seen on the right: 14 March 2019 DEPARTURES 15:30:09
e Note that as the following images are Airline Flight Time Destination aA=s aT a)
static: flybe, BE654 13:15 V,GUERNSEY,JERSEY,£ Departed 1320
e . . Uru MROMEEEEIS CeeleteiitolN Dyer vatcie ee tate
foecn 0 eede-chare fights in/out a= 15:05 LONDON GATWICK Departed 1507
. [C2
nictvrop
pee ea me sae aN Berges
e -
ONein destination airports with ar a ol ene ots 15:35 LANZAROTE Go To Boarding Gate 3
information scrolling as required iL ole 15:45 LIVERPOOL Go To Boarding Gate 1

wpe . . | on =~ ROTO Se Na Final Check-In Call

° Bilingual remarks by flight with ed 00876 17:30 / PRESTWICK, GLASGO Check-In Desk 10
scrolling as required
Please do not leave your baggage unattended at any time
¢ Banner Advertising or Airport
Messages are displayed with scrolling
as required
 Security Sentinel
¢ With the advent of IATA’s 2D Barcode Resolution 722C/792 covering the use of PDF417 barcodes on
boarding passes an ever increasing number of airlines are now allowing passengers to print their
own boarding passes which allows them to bypass the normal check-in process and proceed
directly to security.

* The major benefitis to business travellers with only carry on luggage thus speeding up the check-in
process and allowing this class of passenger to move more quickly through the airport.

* All of the above means that the airport security staff require a system to thoroughly check the e-
boarding passes to ensure the following:

The point of origin is valid

The flight number is valid
The sequence number has not been used previously
The seat number has not been used previously
The date of the flight is the current day
The door or gate is still open
The flight has not been cancelled
Gate Guardian

¢ With the advent of IATA’s 2D Barcode Resolution 722C/792 covering the use of
PDF417 barcodes on boarding passes an ever increasing number of airlines are
now allowing passengers to print their own boarding passes.

¢ All of the above means that the airport/airline staff required a system to
thoroughly check the e-boarding passes at the gate to ensure the following by
flight:
¢ The point of origin is valid
¢ The flight number is valid
¢ The sequence number has not been used previously
¢ The seat number has not been used previously
¢ The date of the flight is the current day
¢ The flight has not been cancelled
DAISY | Airport Information System

¢ Flight movement information is used by many different departments and

agencies. Maintaining a central and easy to operate flight information
system, and FIDS, for keeping track of flight movements is essential for any
airfield, airport or flying club.

¢ Database and Airport Information System, or better known by the acronym

of DAISY, provides an independent, flexible and easy to use stand-alone
Airport Flight Information System and is ideal for either single user
operation such as at flying clubs and smaller airfields, through to full
network operation with multiple users at airports.
* DAISY is a collaboration of scaleable software modules that integrate the various departments, and operational data
requirements, of any aviation business including:

¢ Air Traffic Control

* Operations
* Cargo
¢ FIDS
* Security
* Ground Handling
* Ramp
* Customer Services
¢ Check-In
¢ Dispatchers
¢ Fuel Farm
° RFFS
* Motor Transport
* Finance
* Management
¢ Public Flight Information
Sample Public Address, Voice Alarm Systems,
Commercial Audio and Intercom in one integrated
system

VA/ PA Control
Functions @)
AVIAVOX”
Messages

Lea Tete celine)

WI-FI

LAN

One IP-based
AIRLINE Crys capa —— Integrated System
PCs at Gate = — for Airports inacal
Flight Information ® ohh aig = | x
Display system cp Me Ss 4 i i : zi) : t

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fp PAISCEIS

aon Caifng Speaker

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"Restricted View

Application
Server &

Airport
Overhead Displays

AIMS:

Firevvall

Nova Sensors
S5R

Nova Vaisala
Extranet
Secure

Extranet
Public
Reference: | DAISY Connection Topology Overview
Designer: [Dave Williams, DitroniX
Comments; DAISY Topology with full example
“ PhonesiTablets connection to the Sage Line 50 Accounts,
Stonefield Systems AIMS, Metar and
Cirrus RASP Noise Monitor..
DAISY - Database & Airport Information System (¢}2003-2019 Ditranix
¢ Other departments within the airfield could also have easy access to real-
time flight information such as Refuellers, Ground Handling, MT, Hangers,
RFFS, Air Traffic Engineers, Transport, Facilities, Health & Safety Officer and
Environmental Noise monitoring. In addition, external agencies and remote
Staff may also access the flight movements through a secure DAISY Web
Extranet.

¢ Flight Movements are easily input into the system by Air Traffic or
Operations in the form of Prior Permission Request (PPR), which can be
either individual movements or scheduled. Flexibility is an important
component in design and DAISY provides this key link to bringing together
essential information within the various airport departments and services,
quickly and in real-time.
¢ Example DAISY Main admin
screens (click to expand)
¢ Example DAISY FIDS airside (with
message board) and public FIDS Ditronix, "a — 7 -
cope ies
eee ae <a
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monitor. Display would be
hom PY — ap Findieg 1 ce [ieee
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customised to suit branding and

themes (click to expand) BT
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Other WLAN APs L2 Distribution
Network
i Access i AAA

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1 | WLAN proxy | |
AP Local
} Services
} Billing |
/ tem
wan | | L2 Sysis !
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| : Access HTTP | |
i Router Server i
I

WLAN

!
AP Gateway
viel
ees
WAN Network NAPT [*
Terminal Management |
Interface to External
IP Networks (Internet)
WLAN Radio
Interface

DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

AAA: Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting
DB: Data Base
MAPT: Network Addrass and Port Translation
DNS: Domain Name Server
Future E-Enabled Aircraft System Architecture
AIRCRAFT CONTROL AIRLINE INFORMATION PASSENGER INFORMATION &
SERVICES (AIS) ENTERTAINMENT SERVICES (PIES)

pees 22 in i! a ae Ban!!!
|
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i
! Flight & Cabin t i =a —| In-Flight Entertainment |
' Embedded Senices | | Crew as- 19 Wireless 1 (IFE} Systems i
Architectural Control systems | | Systems Devices Pay eenee re

view of in-aircraft t | 1
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1! Maintenance ! | ACCESS * i
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Aeronautical Data Link :

ss Satellite 802.11
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Stakeholders and
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jf ono sensor/actuator network with wired Rules & Data dele elle
and wireless nodes that monitor/control the
internal and external environment of aircraft
Onboard LO) ster) 0) Onboard
and onboard physical components and assets Actuators Actuators pM
re) ey

Onboard Sensors
Interaction between ATC and aircraft
CPS View of Aircraft Interactions with ATM System
ee t
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Point-to-point | Broadcast data link ‘, ~~-- a Commercial data link Actuators ! Pen
aircraft-to-ground ' between aircraft | e , between aircraft and ctuator ‘
‘
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communication and ground ; \ } ground (¢.g., 802.11,
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fei Ih AI") x (eg.,ADS-6) 5 : a ' (| ‘ete

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Radar, Multilateration and Data Communication Stations on Ground_
AIRBORNE AD HOC NETWORK Ground Network of Sensors,
Actuators, and Controllers

Cyberspace

ae =) Each aircraft forms a small-scale CPS;

AIRSPACE SYSTEM OWNERS WITH HUMAN OPERATORS, PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND Aircraft integrated with ground, airborne, and
CYBER SYSTEMS INTERACTING WITH AIRBORNE NETWORK MN space systems in ATM form a large-scale CPS
ADS-B and Physical components
Aircraft A2
a FLIGHT DECK GNSS
ADS-B message,” | ee
x (ADS-B-In) Pilot : SCCIVET
———— :
AircraftA1 | teas |
|

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i ereule| ig
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Air Traffic "i ear es eee ees Sensors
Controller \ W
1090 MHz ES, Mode A/C/S Data Link
or 978 MHz UAT Data Link
 F JEPPESEN SEOUL/INCHEON, KOREA
(20-9) aren INCHEON INTL
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at,
Prederens
inl PW! Sorte
The roy S/R oe 4 to receded
te be Wheto te the eatent af A Eee ratbeing
fF erecleto compe y with thie procedure,
“Att af the teaan $9 mines rier
or ETA. Dede cumy be pecsthle
an trafic gituar tan,

L | = mas ae net
 Building Telecommunication
System in Marine Port Terminal,
Underground Mining and
Subway Train
Introduction to Ports

¢ A port is essentially a point where goods are transferred from one

mode of transport to another.
ee Agood and modern equipment with the new integrated IT
systems has a very close relationship with the port service and port
performance, they are still positively and highly affected by IT
development.
¢ IT may have enhanced market accessibility and improved market
logistics for transportation. (Nath & Liu, 2017).
Types of Port
e Inland port
e Fishing port
e Dry port
¢ e Warm water port
e Seaport
¢ eMVain types:
° cargo port,
° cruise port,
¢ port of call.
Port functions

e Landlord for private entities offering a variety of services;

e Regulator of economic activity and operations;
e Planning for future operations and capital investments;
¢ Operator of nautical services and facilities;
e Marketer and promoter of port services and economic development;
¢ Cargo-handler and stores;
e Provider of ancillary activities.
To define the conditions for successful hub
port
¢ e Location (proximity to major world routes)
e Quick turnaround time
e Quality service with efficiencies and productivity
e Reasonable costs
e Ability to accommodate super larger ships-deep water, advanced equipment
e Excellent networks covering neighboring feeder ports
e Existence of logistics cluster supporting value-added logistics activities
e No burdensome paper works
e Intermodal infrastructures-access to rail, air and road distribution networks
e Local market producing freight volume
Seaport facilities
¢ eLocation:
¢ -On a sea location
¢ -Along the coastline
° “Special warehouses
° -To store the shipment

¢ eOther facilities for visitors:

¢ Hotels,
¢ restaurants,
* port reception facilities,
¢ restrooms,
* eateries.
Port facilities

e Where loading work is performed

while a vessel is berthing, fishing boat
quay, pier, dolphin.
e Anchoring facilities such as the dock.
e Distribution/sales facilities of freight
such as a freight terminal,
e Fixed or movable loading facilities
such as cargo transportation
facility/piping facilities
e Passenger convenience facilities such
as a Waiting room, passenger elevator
facility, and a parcels office, and oiling
and watering facilities for vessels.
Architecture of port logistics

e e Architecture of port logistics operation contain

¢ Nautical Facilitating System,
* Cargo Handling System,
¢ Storage System and
¢ Inland Access.
e e Port logistics IT extend above mentioned scope of port operation to
international inbound / outbound and domestic factory/ market.
 Seaside fia Yara y Landside
| |

erie
Choice of Location and Equipment Selection
a < Port Functions

j Yard and Traffic Gate and Rail - ; Tec a Tm

Berth Layout th
: Course Layout Area Layout hi o
2<=
m
a
a
Stowage Planning Yard Management =
Infrastructures
oS

Berth Quay Crane Quay — Hinterland 3 z

_ = i Spar Horizontal Transport Operations b=—4 3 sees 2
Allocation Assignment Scheduling = Operations = a
a z
i al = Foreland
Yard Crane Scheduling Maritime Domain Tite ee

}
Workforce planning

r MEE ae
ir ee Straddle Carrier Rubber-Tired Gantry | Wide Span Gantry
TTTT Parallel
aiiat O0n00
® ki Biaun ead nt
no ee © Om “ttm | ©
LTT iii Gann
© Mies
iagonal parking
Reach Stacker TTT TT
BE) SE Empties @ PAL Frontioacing HUNNINN @&
®li FSG To rT
i Som
Value Added Services
Value added logistics Value added facilities

General Logistics chain

logistics integrations
cio) al etass Tol ay (eos

isadiectoeloadine Gndiity Control Parking facilities

Stripping/stuffing Repacking Weighbridges
Bulk storage Customizing Customs facilities
Tank storage Assembly Truck maintenance/repair
General warehousing Testing facilities
Conditioned warehousing Repair Container repair/maintenance
Distribution centres Re-use Cleaning facilities
Tanking facilities
Trailer renting and leasing
Safety/ Security services
Sample Port

¢ Port of Manila is located at the west end of the City of Manila and
facing directly to Manila Bay.

¢ The port has a shoreline of 2 km and is protected by some 3,048 m of

rock barriers enclosing approximately 600 ha of anchorage; the port is
divided up into three terminal-
¢ -South Harbor,
¢ -Manila International Container Terminal (MICT) and
¢ -North Harbor.
Port of Manila

Source: PPA
Figure 6.1-2. Terminal Layout
Operation and Management

¢ Port of Manila is under the management of the Port District

Office Manila/Northern Luzon of the Philippine Ports
Authority (PPA).
° FPA is a government-owned corporation and responsible for
the
- planning,
¢ development,
¢ financing,
* operation and maintenance of ports and port districts for
the entire country.
¢ South Harbor is situated on the south of the Port of Manila, and
divided up into 3 areas;
¢ the container terminal with Pier 3 and Pier 5,
¢ the general cargo terminal with Pier 9 and Pier 13, and
¢ the Ro-Ro terminal with Pier 15.
¢ The South Harbor has been operated by ATI (Asian Terminals
Incorporated) since 1998 under the management of the Port
Management Office-South Harbor of PPA.
¢ MICT has been operated by
ICTSI (International
Container Terminal Services,
Inc.) since 1988 under the
management of the MICT
Field office of PPA.
¢ North Harbor is situated in
the north part of the Port of
Manila.
eit is a multipurpose
terminal, handling mainly
cargoes.
Port of Manila

¢ Port Procedures
¢ Permission to enter the port is under the control of PPA. Vessels
should forward their estimated time of arrivals (ETA) to PPA 24 hours
prior to arrival.
¢ Speedtest Global Index documents Philippine mobile internet speed
at 14.24 Mbps (global average 30 Mbps) and fixed broadband speed
at 23.80 Mbps (global average 74.64 Mbps).
¢ For many years, internet speed in the Philippines ranked lower than
Syria and was the slowest in Asia.
* Cellular coverage is spotty at best, due to a long-lasting duopoly
between two major players that have not encouraged Investment in
the sector.
Bangkok Port

¢ Port Procedures
¢ EDI System is introduced. Two days are required for Port Entry
Authorization - PAT has a policy on upgrading its service as an
electronic Port (e-Port) by emphasizing on adjusting management
system and services to be more modern, convenient, swift and to
decrease time consumption, operating costs and manpower. e-Gate is
setting up to increase the port’s facilities and services is progressing
well.
Port of Singapore

¢ Port Procedures
¢ Documentation for customs and other maritime/trade organizations
is executed through TRADENET (Ministry of Trade and Industry /t4),
PORTNET, CITOS (Computer Integrated Terminal Operation System),
and Flow Through Gate System.
¢ All documents are digitalized and processed by means of electronic
data exchange. Jurong Port introduced JP-Online and connected to
PORTNET.
Laem Chabang Port

¢ Port Procedures
¢ Laem Chabang Port introduced “e-port” system which consisted of
PAT, Customs, National Electronics and Computer Technology Center
(NECTEC), and private terminal operators. Paperless port
documentation is on progress at the port.
What we are to do? ee
Aimed to smart port
1st: Automation 24: Information Sharing [| 3": Intelligent

Technology Robotics Block Chain (Real- Al (operation

OTe late biteet- Mey (or) automation)
transport facility information sharing, Big Data (Caturing
loT (Device security) and Analyzing)
Control) 5G, Smart Device loT(Captuing
(Communication) information
loT (Capturing between devices)
TCECh Ean | th |
devices)

Improve * Support decision- * Tobe Al

productivity making optimization — a7 ~~
Reduce Cost

Maximize the efficiency of available resource

On-going progress aimed for smart port a

Myanma - Port-EDI
Myanma Port Authori Administrative Agencies
An Data Centre a {Y\ , Ministry of
: AX «®t Transport(DMA)

« «& « & \ Myanma Port EDI System Vs ae

IT Dept. Traffic Accounting Marine |
Dept. Dept. Dept.

ae
| 1. Port-related Procedures A & Port Health Office
/ System
2 . Berth Allocation System
Nvanma Port Authort | Internet |- 3. Invoice Issuing System Internet | -— & Immigration
4. Statistics Management ae) S
System .
(SAD)
&
|
5. Logistics Monitorin | ~ Customs
4 | System
6. Terminal Operation Syste:
Ship's Agent Dept. |

[Out of scope) ¥ / NS Z I

ae |
|
Sule Pagoda Wharves

Vo
Shipping companies

s v\% Maccs(Myanmar
Automated Cargo
Terminal operator
(Private Terminals)

and Port ene

Consolidated System) “=
Logistics
operator(consignor,
forwarder, carrier, etc.)
 SAMPle POrt — wrvirsenesmse
Shipping Port Admin. Korea Maritime Dangerous Good's
SP-IDC Hassecatonncaseterlcan ii
DG cargo Information
Ship Data/Code Information DG cargo Inspection Information
° Shipping-Port-Logistics Information Providing Service
s a

§x ” Port-MIS
or Information
n ay
mn Cargo
ip Total Informati
Ota Information
Hararnals
azardous MatMatter
er
Information
Sa
Port Authority Lo 9 istics Information. |yr Port Information
; Main renee
Country)

Port Management Information Restricted Vessel Information

sl tte ; ) { Code Information (Shipping Port Statistics
Ship Data/Code Information Port Arrival/Departure Information

SSRSNae

:
'
a
&
Sasa

SNy SSS
& ~
<

The Current Generation IT

Coy al e-laletm Canal larel| CIQ Institute
Solutions
Dorestic/
Gate carry-in/out information _ Foreign Research Nation Arrival/Departure Information
Information 3 information Port Index
Baultare Discharging/loading information Quarantine Information
Design Gather Analysis
Schedule information Departure Permission Information

PNieveaton) Soa Sa
8 33
“Sy

aie Bla]
Cel Global Distribution Information Association & Sharing System
Tracking

— <

A
SolNieaiciale
Tees NI SS <S
3 ws S38
‘ SS “aS iLogistics
 Current Solution Overview
Key Solution Providers

Terminal
Design
Terminal Human
Purchasing Resource and
d Management Allocation uP lale) Yard
Real Time
Tracking Planning

Commercial
and Contract Financial Central Core
_ Management ERP

Equipment
Maintenance Operations
Operations

Equipment
Planning

ORACLE / SAP ERP SOLUTIONS

Convent lona | Term ina | Layout
—s 506m

UT
 National Single
Window
Port Operations Enabling
Technologies
| e Port Community Systems | * REID

Seaside Operations Terminal Operations Landside Operations Ses

i ¢ RTLS
« Vessel Traffic Services « Terminal Operating Systems « Port Road and Traffic Control Systems
e Port River Information Systems « Intelligent Transport Systems * OCR
e Port Hinterland Intermodal
Information Systems » WSN

Yard Operations sat Gate Operations ° EDI

« Automated Yard Systems « Automated Gate Systems * Mobile Devices

Classification of port-related information systems and enabling technologies

 The Role of Information Technology Role in today’s modern
container terminal?

| , >» Manage the Business

= Administrative Systems (email, word processing, spreadsheets,
presentation tools, PowerPoint, etc.)
= Financial Systems & Human Resource Systems
= Sales / Marketing Systems (PIERS, Lloyds List, Compair Data)
Terminal Operations = Security / Access Control / TWIC
» Run the Operations
= Inside the Terminal
= Outside the Terminal

Street
F Booking and
Financial
Billing and Software systems:
Mule NWeESE oe Dr eM cl Administrati
Cargo
Processing
Operations Agreements
on Process on
Processes
Terminal Operating Systems (TOS/TMS),
Gate Operating Systems (GOS),
SCADA,
Security/ISPS,
Access Management,
SOFTWARE FOR MANAGING ALL ASPECTS OF VESSEL CALLS
, COMMERICAL AND FINANCIAL AGREEMENTS AS WELL AS Vessel Traffic Systems (VTS),
EVERY COMPONENT RELATED TO THE EXPORT AND IMPORT Warehouse Management Systems (WMS),
CARGO PROCESSING. THERE ARE A NUMBER OF LEADING
PROVIDERS IN THIS FIELD WITH THE BEST COMING FROM
Port Community Systems (PCS),
a
Maintenance Management Systems (CMMS),
Resource Management and Scheduling,
Berth Scheduling,
 Run the Operation — Inside the Terminal
> Terminal Functions
AL . .

« Gate Systems
=» Terminal Operating Systems (TOS) - Yard & Te rm | Nn a | S a Nn d REF | D
Vessel
» Terminal Technology (examples) Terminals use RFID in Le chanalagy. the initial costs can be
= OCR significant but the longer term benefits are considerable.

» RFID
« DGPS

Hardware:
Radio Data Terminals (RDT/HHT/VMT),
Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID),
Differential GPS (DGPS),
Optical Character Recognition (OCR),
CCTV,
human biometrics etc.
Infrastructure:
Wireless networks,
3G (GPRS) networks,
narrowband RF etc.
 _—Association
-— Internal PSS
User targets

access deliberations
internal User Ministry of Oceans

Pass Issuance
Port access Statistic secret
WM ype Nie Le) Entrance Information
Management System Management System = and Fisheries
Searle Ry Ca
Entrance
(static Info Dash Board (Author Pass Management Permission

access permittee
Information
Person in Charge
of confirmation
Port access Management oleae: [eect sso)

| Fao
iomsin
System for Each Wharf Management System
a
Port Administration
| Manager Management Program Requesting Program
Person in Charge
of Issue

Be
| M/W Program Screening Program

Portable Port access

Request

| Equipment Controller
BIOS MS) ALE Port Authority
‘
Portable access BPA YGPA UPA IPA
-— External ( access Control Systern Management cess] Port Pass Issue System
results paces

J
User “y
Patrol Security ( Vehicle/Personnel
Application==

permanent user ( RFID, OCR Management System Pass Issuance

/

Private operator
temporary user
acdesSauthentica

a,
fo
 Terminals and RFID Technology

From the Gates to the

Handling equipment RFID
real time tracking can help
eliminate backlogs and give
provide accurate details on
the terminals asset
utilization
E a :

Fig. 2. RFID applications. a Container with RFID seal (source/copy-

right: rfidseal.com). b RFID container identification (source/copy-
right: isl.org)
 Terminal Automation - Areas of Concentration

| > Gate / Pre Gate

= Pre advice / appointment systems
= Web portals / appointment systems
= Gate pedestal
2 OCR
= Driver ID Card Readers
= Fully integrated systems — GEM
>» Yard
= Automated terminal equipment
= Equipment monitoring (reefer temperature, CHE fuel levels, tire pressure, etc.)
= Container Optimization (Allocation filters, Simulation tools, etc.)
» Vessel
= Limited, primarily crane stability and positioning tools
= Currently mainly EDI (stowage plans, load lists, discharge lists) __
 OS Complimentary echnologies
» Satellite Telemetry ‘el 163
» Container Position Detection Si shock infu es
= Vehicle Location Tracking |Mae e
= Fuel Monitoring and Refuel Management

» RFID - Radio Frequency Identification

= Technology based on radio waves.
» Areader communicates with a tag, which holds digital i“ Customer
information in a microchip. & Registration
= The tag picks up signals from and sends signals to a reader. \S, Enter here to register your
E-ZPass On-the-Go!
» OCR - Optical Character Recognition
(OCR)
= The process where a scanner reads printed
characters
= The software interprets the number and passes to a
computer application
=» Some Common Applications
 The Technologies OCR (cont)
ig Many vendors: Hi-Tech, CAMCO, etc.
> Technology becoming common place around the world

Crane OCR

cx TO ENLARGE

Rail Gate OCR |

OCR
Port Security System

Personnel Security Gate

 Terminals and Smart Gate
Technology
There are many areas in which the deployment of RFID solutions can
help improve the efficiencies within a container terminal facility.

» The traditional bottle necks of any terminal has been at the Gates
just as Containers arrive and depart. With many containers tending
to arrive just at as the Terminal “cut off’ for accepting cargo for a
vessel is given thus creating delays and potential back logs. Having
interactive RFID and camera recognition solutions much of the
scanning, data collection and documentation can be performed
electronically and st I nrore
 TOS Complimentary Technologies
> Wireless LANs
=» Handhelds
» Belt Printers
= Vehicle Mount

» GPS - Global Positioning System &

DGPS - Differential Global
Positioning System
m Applications Include: Container yard
location, Yard equipment location
(straddles, RTGs, RMGs, hostlers, etc.),
Truck / Cab location
=» Vendors include: Savcor — Container
Positioning Technology, SAIC
 Terminal SAAS Solutions
| | Mini-Note Terminals are looking at
ra
* lower costs and more
effective deployment and
support services. The
=a
= ——o
SAAS model allows for a
Notebook
stable web deployed
Mobile platform. Reducing local
support costs and
" 4
improving the
| 5
Ca
Remote
performance of the
system being deployed
Database Desktop while always maintaining
Remote Server
the most current version
of the application
available. Additional
support comes from
bn Secure access and
 Traditional vs. unifled infrastructure designs, costs

WiFi Typical network installation

@ be
LAN

Sa

=tage) al —
Liiniinint =] (sini =

Fiber me 6 MDF
~45 IDF closets
MDF IDF
TBD ft cabling
>$13M

Convergence made simple

@e
ActiFi
composite cable

a ) Optical network i
MDF 4s terminal with ue
PoE is

6 MDF
0 IDF closets
y TBD ft cabling
ONE™ Platform <$6M
Underground Mining
Underground Mining Communication Systems

¢ Communications are an essential part of a mine's safety and

operational management.
¢ In these challenging environments, wireless communications are
advantageous to cabling due to robustness, coverage, and capability
to communicate with mobile personnel and vehicles.
Types of Mining

¢ Mining can generally be broken down into either surface (open cast,
open pit) or underground.
¢ In either case, ore bodies can be broadly categorized by rock type as
one of the following:
¢ e Hard rock: Mineral extraction is typically conducted by drill and
blast, or by boring in the case of medium-hard rock. Examples of
hard-rock minerals are native nickel, copper, and gold.
e e Soft rock: Mining is typically conducted by means of mechanical
excavation and without the use of explosives, using machines such
as continuous miners, shearers, and roadheaders. Examples of
soft-rock minerals are salt (used as road salt), potash, coal, and
trona.
Figure 4. Example of Underground Hard-Rock Mining.
 Ideal Network Topology Models for Underground
Mines
¢ Underground communication can be challenging to design. It is often a best practice to be flexible
and leverage more than one topology within a mine to overcome constraints.
¢ Four main network topologies are commonly used in underground mines (Figure 8):
* e Bus topology: All nodes are directly connected to a single linear cable
* — Example: Leaky feeder (radiating cable)
° e Ring topology: All nodes are connected via a ring of cable
¢ — Example: resilient Ethernet
¢ e Mesh topology: Network in which each node has a direct connection to all others; in a
partial mesh topology, some nodes are connected to all others, while others are only
connected to those nodes with which they exchange data; may be wired or wireless.
¢ — Example: the Internet
e e Star topology: All nodes are connected to a central hub via a dedicated path
¢ — Example: traditional Ethernet
¢ Table 5 describes some of the pros and cons of the network topologies described above.
Table 5. Pros and Cons of Applying Different Network Topologies in an Underground Mine

Topology Pros Cons

Bus - Simple design - Not resilient to failures

- Simple to install - An outage or cable cut at one point can impact all downstream
- Effective for a small network communication
- Can be expanded as the mine develops - Must be reorganized when technical limitations are met
the tunnels - High latency at the end of network because data packets are repeated
- Usually the communication cable also from node to node
carries the energy to feed the nodes - An increase in the number of devices can slow down a data transfer
- Asmall number of linear hops using Wi-Fi
can be useful underground (e.g., delivering
Wi-Fi to the mine face by bridging back to
the more permanent wired network)

Ring - Data are injected or delivered from any - Expensive equipment

node on the network - Both sides of the ring may be in the same cable and in the same tunnel,
- lf one side of the ring breaks, data may thus have the same vulnerability to failure
be received from the other side - Fibre optic networks require more time and expertise to repair
- Resilient to outages or damage
- Very high speed networks, using single-
mode fibre optic cables

Mesh - Wireless; no need for communication - Generally not suited to linear tunnels
cable - Still requires a power cable
- Less chance of damage because there - Battery-powered systems require replacing/recharging batteries regularly
are no communication cables - High latency at the end of the network because data packets are repeated
from node to node
- Because there is only one route between nodes, there is no real backup route
- Because each node is dependent on the previous one, the risk of failure
increases with distance from the data source
- Needs constant maintenance and monitoring to be effective

Star - Each leg is autonomous - Each leg is a daisy chain system

Other legs remain operational if one leg fails The mine must be designed to allow for a centrally located hub.
- Each leg has its own performance Difficult to implement in a mine with a ramp, especially while under
characteristics development
Preferred architecture for a mine with a Long tunnels require more cable
shaft and multiple levels; one level is one leg Direct current (DC) and RF losses in cables limit distances to the last node
Can be implemented using Ethernet cat 5-6,
coaxial, or fibre optic cables
High performance due to dedicated path
to each node
 pe Benching
parts
of thicker
of body ore
Pillar

Figure 6. Room and Pillar Topology Schematic for a Coal Mine.

 “or
_me Star be

SZ
Star (in mine tunnel)
Mesh
Sa

Figure 8. Four Key Network Topology Types. The Image of the Computer Represents a Station or Point
of Connectivity on the Network. The Star (In Mine Tunnel) Represents the Difference Between the
Network Logical Operation and Physical Layout.
 Link is held down —~4 Link is opened —__
by switch
Broken link

Figure 9. Typical Ring Topology. When Fully Functional, One Link of the Ring is Disabled; if Another
Link Becomes Damaged, the Disabled Link Becomes Functional to Allow Data to Pass to and from all
Nodes in the Ring.
 Core switch

rs <
External (— )
network.

Network ring
fsmg
Vs
wn
Wireless network Network ring
switch
4

r
= 4 Level
O ch pat
‘UPS|

On-level switch
with UPS

Figure 10. Ring Topology Networks (Red and Green) in a Mine with Forward and Return Paths in the
Same Physical Space
 Star Topology
Core switch
¢ This topology is common in
underground mines. In most cas
a protocol called rapid spanning
tree protocol (RSTP) is deployed
as a mechanism for redundancy.
The recovery time is relatively

Star network
slow—anywhere from three
“=

1
seconds to several minutes— C) dé. [ AW

Level
depending on the size of the Network star
—A
network and type of component
failure. This topology is not Redundant segment Network ring
recommended for networks that Network ring
network
need fast recovery such as critic

2
automation systems; however, it hs 4h} Ae A

Level
well suited for many application:
Ring

On-level network switch

such as underground office area
 From Wikipedia (ela pstick)
Hoist house 7K,
Headframe—

Ore zone ae

Stope access \y
¢ In the mine shown in Figure 14,
fibre optic cable can be installed
in the main shaft and broken out
on each of the main levels. As
mining progresses onto each
level, permanent infrastructure
can be extended along
travelways using a star topology \_ Access ramp
from the level electrical
substation, where a network Ore pass
j
switch may be connected via the Crusher —
main fibre optic cable.
f
Ore load out
Finure 14 Schematir of Uindernrimd Hard-Roel Mine
Courtesy of Temative Digital Solutions

Core cwitch

Figure 15. Redundant Fibre Topology.

Table 6. Audio Communication Systems and Zones of Coverage in Underground Mines

Zone PBX phone VOIP Mine Leaky

(analogue) —_— (digital) phone feeder
Access area to underground mine x! x! x3 x2
Hoist stations x! x! xs x2
Declines = = ar x
Shops K x ¥ x?
Facilities areas (e.g., storage, lunch rooms, fuel storage, electrical rooms} x! x! x3 x2
Offices X x = x?
Loading/matenal storage — X x3 x2
Long walls = = =e x2
Development heading = = ne Kz
Production/development face = = x3 Ke
Refuge chambers/areas = X x3 xz
Storage/warehouse = x = x2
Pumping areas ™ - x3 xz
Material handling = = i x2
1. Requires analogue or VOIP not both, 2 Recommented
as the primary method of mine communication; 3. Can be used 2 a primary method of communication,
but has limited coverage
Wireless

¢ Three examples are given below:

e e Wi-Fi: The tag communicates to the reader on the 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz band;
the reader is usually part of the same Wi-Fi access point used to relay Wi-Fi
data to the fibre optic network.
e « Bluetooth® low energy (BLE): The tag communicates to the reader with
Bluetooth protocol; the reader then communicates to the network over LTE,
Wi-Fi, or via hardwire to Ethernet.
e e Leaky feeder: The tag communicates to the reader on very high
frequency (VHF) or ultra high frequency (UHF) radio frequencies; the
reader then communicates to the network via the nearest leaky feeder
system amplifier. At the leaky feeder head end a connection is made to the
main network.
 Transport Mode

Leaky Feeder

Ouher conductor Inner concuchor

(Capoer bad) iCencer wiretube)

ESS POWER CELL ™

I POWER
PORTAL SUPPLY |
power
u7_Injector_ amplifier Pig
eset et
i. Tag ere i Ne

frien ee
<=
UNS Miner
Transmitting
Fiesers Urns tate » fom
Peet eo ane ~
ANTENNA
eel
STi E tL
Miner
Receiving
WWW“)AAI
NODE
(REPEATER)
Mining
Connected Secure Remote
Plant Operations Operations

Connected Mining Connected

Vehicle, Dispatch Port
Predictive Tailings Dam Asset Visibility
Maintenance Monitoring and Safety

TTT) arate Refining

[ejay elt )t fancy

ey
Management;
Ue lig

a
RA

386172
Machine Uptime & Autonomous / Semi-
Predictive Maintenance Q Safety & Security Worker Productivity Autonomous Operations
Heavy equipment operations Cybersecurity Work Order Processing Digital dispatch
Crush / Convey / Process Physical security Employee location Autonomous drilling / hauling
instrumentation sensors
Worker location Dynamic scheduling Work force optimization
Remote SCADA data collection
Gas and leak detection Work tickets via tablets Wireless to mobile machines
DCS/PLC connectivity
Minimize environmental Edge compute
Asset monitoring impact
Tailing pond monitoring
 Mine-Wide Network
Remote control and automation

Remotereontrc |
anitoring
a
i

PLO Fieldbus |
Automation
 Office phone Dispatcher telephone

Network search call microphone

Telephone exchange

2090.
o cE e
ie =
KTK18(A) Audio amplifier phone
KTK112-B9((KOH) Emergency stop latch switch Substation
Breaker
Audio amp'ger shone Revers. 1 ‘oa'e Sel’ convevel

KTK18(B)
ae Pe

KTC159 is the system of containing control,

monitoring, communication, schedulin
Working command and other mul function
being, can achieve’ fully
surface
face; Protection
unexcavated \~ fault detection
area

Main control and g¢raper machine Scraper machine

power box
Mine Communication Integrated Solution System Diagram

——
Subway Railway Communication System
Subway Train Communication Systems
¢ Subway, also called underground, tube, or
métro, underground railway system used to
transport large numbers of passengers within
urban and suburban areas.
¢ Subways are usually built under city streets
for ease of construction, but they may take
shortcuts and sometimes must pass under
rivers.
¢ Outlying sections of the system usually
emerge aboveground, becoming
conventional railways or elevated transit lines.
¢ Subway trains are usually made up of a
number of cars operated on the multiple-unit
system.
Tunnel Work on Subway-- Completed Subway
 Recommendation ITU-R M.2418 -Communication
between train and trackside
List of acronyms and abbreviations
¢ ATC Automatic Train Control OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
CCTV Closed Circuit TV
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
RAN Radio Access Network
* CTC Centralised Traffic Control
RSTT Railway Radiocommunication Systems between Train and
¢ DMO Direct Mode Operation Trackside
* ERTMS European Railway Traffic Management System SDS Short Data Services
SwMI Switching and Management Infrastructure in a TETRA system
¢ ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
TBS TETRA base Station
* GSM-R GSM for Railways
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
¢ LCX Leaky Coaxial Cable TETRA Terrestrial trunk Radio based on ETSI standard
¢ LMR Land Mobile Radio TMO Trunk Mode Operation (in TETRA)
UIC Union Internationale des Chemins de fer-(International Union of
¢ LTE Long Term Evolution
Railways)
¢ MVT Millimetre wave Video Transmission system UE User Equipment
NB Narrow Band (typically 25 kHz) VBS Voice Broadcast (in GSM-R)
VGCS Voice Group Call (in GSM-R)
 UNDERGROUND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
SS
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—
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= -_— -
pom
FE » “ — . AEN
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 Train radio
¢ The train radio application is a part
of a railway radiocommunication ¢ Train radio provides mobile
system used for communication interconnect to landline and mobile-
between train and track side for to-mobile voice communication and
also serves as the data transmission
signalling and traffic management channel within various bearer
with the aim to contribute to safe services.
train operation. For voice communication Train radio
provides call functions (point to
point / group / emergency/
Central equipment Base station

@imn . conference) with specialized modes

EY) of operation (e.g. location
Lo
depending addressing, call priorities,
/ fs:
A:
an
we

i cA
a
late-entry, and pre-emption).
Tr
Radio Power Onboard
station supply unit Operation
FEY terminal
Operations terminal
¢ Security systems and
communications systems
integrate a set of functionalities
required in railway operations:
¢ e Centralized management
e e Security system
* e Communication system
e e Passenger Information
system
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te a

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or

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itroller

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Standards

Rail Train control Sub-system

transit system (ATS,ATP,ATO...) an ardware)
Communication
system

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sec 6280-2 «~*~ HEC 62279
.
IEC 62425
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a
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GPRS / TETRA / Satellite Panel
Communications GPs Conmnmunications
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Panel
Radio

Driver Desk
i Console

Managenent

I/O Passenger Counter

On-Bosrd Comms

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Open Dear Detector Tithe Validator
 : CBTC communication subsystem (<)
CENTRAL EQUIPMENT
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Rail Signalling Solutions Igor Silajev

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© Barrier Drop Time

ae
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Operation Contro! Center * Barrier Pesition
 Operation Control Center

Various servers
Notification Train information Train Command Maintenance
of operation transmission —_ technology console terminal
command Server Support server

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station unit
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Central unit = ay exchange
Base station Qe

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station
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MRT Station
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tunnel APs LA—— LA —s LA _

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POE — Power Over Internet Land Transport §Q Authority

Sample Railway Information System
The centralized SISTATION platform integrates the
monitoring and control of electromechanical installations,
power supply, ventilation, lighting, escalators and air
conditioning at stations and over the line.

SICE solution enables management, monitoring and

integrated control of distributed security facilities:
CCTV surveillance systems in both stations and
It is likewise able to integrate security and information onboard, intelligent video analytics, access control,
systems on a unified graphical user interface, which also intrusion control, alarms monitoring, fire protection
includes an asset management and maintenance and platform doors.
module.
The communications network ona _
railway covers the needed connectivity
over the entire transport system.
An optical fiber backbone through a
multiservice IPnetwork supports
centralized applications and operation
management tools, and network security The passenger information system
(CCTV surveillance and alarm monitoring), improves the user experience providing
and passenger information system. real time waiting times and optimized
connections.
In addition to the wired network, a
wireless network provides IP connectivity SICE's SISTATION solution integrates with
between rolling stock and the Core real-time rail traffic, and provides an
Network in order to provide on board advanced dynamic information platform
connectivity and services. on: screens, information boards
(departures / arrivals), information
Audio communications might be totems, mobile phones and website.
supplemented with analog radio (PMR) or
digital radio communications (TETRA) that It also connects to the public address
allow voice communication between system to disseminate background music,
drivers, control center operators and advertising and audio messages (speech
maintenance operators. synthesis).
 Financial Systems DB

DDB

Network Software (including SQLNET to connect ORACLE RDBMS’s)

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Financial Client

PC
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Non-ORACLE Application
Data Base

Integration Manager
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Figure 4 Seattle Metro DMS integration strategy: physical model. (12)
Overview of Subsystems

¢ (1) Signalling systems

¢ The new CBIC system uses driverless automatic train operation (ATO). Under ATO control, the train departs,
accelerates, runs, decelerates, and brakes in accordance with a set “diagram” (schedule), and the system also
handles station stopping points, train door opening and closing, and cab switchover.
¢ (2) Onboard systems
¢ As the project required continued operation using the previous system during the changeover to the new
system, all existing onboard systems remained in use. This required the new CBTC system to use the same
interfaces as the previous onboard systems.
¢ (3) Voice radio communication system
¢ For emergencies, the previous system included a facility whereby passengers could use the emergency
communication equipment provided in each passenger car to talk to the driver in the cab. In the case of the
new CBTC system, however, because it is driverless, a voice radio communication system was installed to
allow passengers to talk to staff at the control center. Furthermore, the installation used the same interfaces
as the previous radio system to enable reuse of the frequencies and the antennas, cables, and other
equipment from the existing wireless data communication system.
WHAT IS A TRAIN COMMUNICATION
NETWORK?
¢ A Train Communication Network (TCN) is the
infrastructure enabling the exchange of information
throughout the train.
Comparison of train bus technologies:
¢ It usually consists of a Vehicle Bus for intra-vehicle
communications and a Train Bus for train-wide WTB ETB
information exchange.
¢ Traditionally the highly standardized WTB (Wire Train 100 Mbit/s or
Bus) technology is used as a train bus and MVB SaIEN rs maser
(Multifunction Vehicle Bus) as a vehicle bus.
¢ Other bus technologies such as CAN and Serial Links Maximum 32 nodes, 63 nodes, 100 m
are also widely used as vehicle buses.
network length 860 meters between nodes
¢ MVB or CAN can also be used to develop train-wide
communication networks. Standard IEC 61375-2-1 | IEC 61375-2-5
¢ The Ethernet bus technology (e.g Ethernet Train
Backbone, ETB) is a relative newcomer to be used as * 1Gbit/s is not standardized but technically available
part of a Train Communication Network but has gained
popularity in recent years, providing larger bandwidth
and more flexible networks.
Signalling

¢ Signalling is a device by which ¢ Purpose of Signalling:

the movement of the train is ¢ Operating rail traffic, safety,
controlled speedily and economically
¢ Increasing line capacity
¢ Preventing conflicting
movements if trains
¢ Ensuring adequate interval of
space between following trains
Communications-based train control (CBTC)

¢ Communications-based train control (CBTC) is a railway signaling

system that makes use of the telecommunications between the train
and track equipment for the traffic management and infrastructure
control. By means of the CBTC systems, the exact position of a train is
known more accurately than with the traditional signaling systems.
This results in a more efficient and safe way to manage the railway
traffic. Metros (and other railway systems) are able to improve
headways while maintaining or even improving safety.
¢ ACBITC system is a “continuous, automatic train control system
utilizing high-resolution train location determination, independent
from track circuits; continuous, high-capacity, bidirectional train-to-
wayside data communications; and trainborne and wayside
processors capable of implementing automatic train protection (ATP)
functions, as well as optional automatic train operation (ATO) and
automatic train supervision (ATS) functions," as defined in the IEEE
1474 standard.[2]
 Subsystem Information flow Functions

5) SS SESS: a Trainguard Sirius CBTC

Trackside 1 intaematon Train tracking Siemens Rell Automation's commurcchtion based train comtral system.

signalling | Train headway control

system Route (interlock) control

ATS BEBE B BB
x

CBTC: communication-based train control LMA: limit of movement authority

 Te|=||-\0)—-

ae Communication Backbone Network (CBN)|

Typical MRT Station BN Node

*
Operation Control Centre jsp brome video aI i I I tatio Stem
Surveillance System leaky Conse
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Clock Info System, J

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Land Transport Authorit

12
The typical architecture of a modern
pitied thoL Roth brofatinbtl et
ai
CBTC system comprises the following
main subsystems:

Wayside equipment, which includes the

interlocking and the subsystems

YIOMAN UOIJEMUNWIWOD
Network
controlling every zone in the line or

Communication
network (typically containing the AE ei ww Interlocking Wayside ATO

wayside ATP and ATO functionalities).

Depending on the suppliers, the
architectures may be centralized or
distributed. The control of the system is
performed from a central command folieee Wis elute e Wee) eerie wi Onboard ATO

ATS, though local control subsystems

may be also included as a fallback.
CBTC onboard equipment, including
ATP and ATO subsystems in the vehicles.
Train to wayside communication
subsystem, currently based on radio
links
 The following logical components may be found
generally in a typical CBTC architecture:
Onboard ETCS system. This subsystem is in charge of the continuous control of the train speed according to the safety profile, and applying the brake if
it is necessary. It is also in charge of the communication with the wayside ATP subsystem in order to exchange the information needed for a safe
operation (sending speed and braking distance, and receiving the limit of movement authority for a safe operation).

Onboard ATO system. It is responsible for the automatic control of the traction and braking effort in order to keep the train under the threshold
established by the ATP subsystem. Its main task is either to facilitate the driver or attendant functions, or even to operate the train in a fully automatic
mode while maintaining the traffic regulation targets and passenger comfort. It also allows the selection of different automatic driving strategies to
adapt the runtime or even reduce the power consumption.

Wayside ETCS system. This subsystem undertakes the management of all the communications with the trains in its area. Additionally, it calculates the
limits of movement authority that every train must respect while operating in the mentioned area. This task is therefore critical for the operation
safety.

Wayside ATO system. It is in charge of controlling the destination and regulation targets of every train. The wayside ATO functionality provides all the
trains in the system with their destination as well as with other data such as the dwell time in the stations. Additionally, it may also perform auxiliary
and non-safety related tasks including for instance alarm/event communication and management, or handling skip/hold station commands.

Communication system. The CBTC systems integrate a digital networked radio system by means of antennas or leaky feeder cable for the bi-directional
communication between the track equipment and the trains. The 2,4GHz band is commonly used in these systems (same as WiFi), though other
alternative frequencies such as 900 MHz (US), 5.8 GHz or other licensed bands may be used as well.

ATS system. The ATS system is commonly integrated within most of the CBTC solutions. Its main task is to act as the interface between the operator
and the system, managing the traffic according to the specific regulation criteria. Other tasks may include the event and alarm management as well as
acting as the interface with external systems.

Interlocking system. When needed as an independent subsystem (for instance as a fallback system), it will be in charge of the vital control of the
trackside objects such as switches or signals, as well as other related functionality. In the case of simpler networks or lines, the functionality of the
interlocking may be integrated into the wayside ATP system.
 Interlocking
B, equipment
, console

SSsSse Ss See ee Se Se Se ee Se ee SS

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devices i

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LAN: local-area network IOM: input/output module BSC: base station controller BS: base station MS: mobile station
ATC: automatic train control
The CBTC wireless system operates on the same 2.4-GHz frequency band as wireless local-area networks
(WLANs). WLANs normally use three non-overlapping channels to avoid interference.

EXAMPLE: Hitachi's CBTC wireless system adopts the following four techniques to ensure reliable wireless
communications .

(1) Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)

¢ This avoids interference by transmitting data over multiple carrier frequencies.
(2) Frequency hopping and time diversity
¢ This works by changing the frequency used for each time interval and sending the same data multiple
times.
(3) Site diversity
¢ The trackside antennas are located in such a way that trackside-to-train communications can continue
to function even if one of the trackside or train wireless systems has a fault.
(4) Zone-based frequency allocation
¢ This increases the number of non-overlapping channel combinations by reducing the bandwidth of each
channel compared to a conventional WLAN to make more channels available.
 WLAN | 1 6 11 | Three channels
r i
ml 2 = 2] are used in a way
| T r I I that avoids radio
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le 22 MH z
J i j I i i I | I
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1 2 3 4 5 6 T 8 9 10 hi 12 13 Channel
2412 2417 2,422 2427 2,432 2,437 2,442 2,447 32,452 2457 2,462 2,467 82,472 Frequency (MHz)
a -

2,400 MHz $3.5 MHz 2,483.5 MHz

| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | I | | | | | | |
| | | | | L! | | | | | |

1 2 3 4 5 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16
2405 2410 241735 2420 2425 2430 2435 2440 2445 2.450 2455 2400 2,465 2470 2475 2,480

WLAN: wireless local-area network

¢ ETCS Levels
¢ Level 1 involves continuous supervision of train movement (i.e. the
onboard computer is continuously supervising the maximum
permitted speed and calculating the braking curve to the end of
movement authority) while non-continuous communication occurs
between train and trackside, generally through Eurobalises.

¢ Lineside signals are necessary. Train detection and train integrity

checks (i.e. the train is complete and has not been accidentally split)
are performed by the trackside equipment beyond the scope of
ERTMSS.
 GSM-R antenna
Interlocking
Signal control

Eurocab
ETCS computer,
driver's console
and receive

Eurobalise
reports position, signal state Track release
reporting
¢ Level 2 involves continuous
supervision of train movement
with constant communication via
GSM-R between the train and cues a.
trackside. ) ) ) Position reports 4
eieneien Interlocking

¢ Lineside signals are optional in this Eacuales |

case, and train detection and train
integrity checks are performed by
the trackside equipment beyond
the scope of ERTMS
¢ Level 3 involves continuous train
supervision with continuous
communication between the train
and trackside. The main difference GSM-R antenna
\
oe
Track data
ees
Central
with Level 2 is that train location
* ) —_—_—_—_ bb control
A Position reports
Eurocab
and integrity are managed within ETCS computer,
driver's console
and receive

the scope of the ERTMS system, i.e. Eurobalise

there is no need for lineside signals
reports position

or train detection systems on the

trackside other than Eurobalises.
Train integrity is supervised by the
train.
Moving block Signalling
ERTMS,/ETCS — LEVEL 2 ON THE BOTHNIA LINE

Speed aensor Balise as km position marker Contra centre

 Driver display unit

a Router unit

Monitoring server Train controller

 Online monitoring data
Onboard systems
1 Optional i
I equipment
Synaptra i 1

Recording Train ; Teviretess)*= + Online monitoring

of train information fTontoan 13 Data analysis |
:
operation system Nndoar
Database for train
server
management system

Analysis data
Network

At depot or terminal station Maintenance center Operator, infrastructure business

 Railway maintenance system ___ Maintenance depot_

laintenan jo Knowledge
know-ho Z acquisition

Train
information

A Identification of Maintenance plan

Monitoring anu optimization

Train .
condition Engineers

Operational plan
optimization
a2I
Communications for Smart Rail Transportation
¢ As transportation systems become more automated, vehicles have an increasing demand on
communications and are being equipped with more wireless communications services and sensors [7].
However, the maximum data rate of commercial communication systems (e.g., 4G) is still limited to
100 Mb/s for high mobility, and, therefore, current technologies are not sufficient to handle the
terabyte-per-hour data rates that can be generated in next generation vehicles. Likewise, railway
communications are required to provide various high data rate applications for passengers and train
service. These applications need to be implemented in five rail scenarios :
° (i) Train-to-infrastructure (T2I) (HD video and other information in real time transmitting among
various infrastructures)
° (ii) Interwagon (wireless network between wagons)
¢ (iii) | Intrawagon (links between user equipment and access points of a wagon)
¢ (iv) — Inside station (links between access points (APs) and user equipment (UEs) in train/metro
stations)
° (v) Infrastructure-to-infrastructure (I2I) (HD video and other information in real time transmitting
among various infrastructures) (note that whether this 121 scenario belongs to railway communication
depends on whether this link is managed by railway industry; in most countries, the 121 link is provided
by communication network operator, but in some countries, like China, such link is owned and
managed by railway corporations.)