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LIBRARY AUTOMATION AND NETWORKING

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 CHAPTER IV
LIBRARY AUTOMATION AND NETWORKING

4.1 AUTOMATION
The name of ‘Automation’ has been obtained from a Greek name ‘Automate’
which indicate something which has the power of unplanned motion of self movement.
Automation when used in a library circumstances to the mechanization or
computerization of all library movements. Automation straightforwardly saying is the
process of making plenty of works simply with the help of automatic machine. It is used
similarly with the mechanization. In automation, the whole field of investigation loyal the
design, application of methods and development and techniques for making a process or
group of self controlling, of machines self operating, self moving.
Automation pertains to the theory, technique or art of making a machine, advices
or purpose more fully automatic. Presently, it is used in co-occurrence of
computerization. Computer and information processing hardware play a major role in the
process of automation by reason of inherent ability of a computer to growth decisions in
impact, govern or control the process from the information collected by the computer
concerning the position of the process.

4.2 LIBRARY AUTOMATION

In the current era of information explosion, automation of library services is,
consequently, imperative for effective working and efficiency of a library system. The
advantageous of automation is rising upon the library scientist not only due to abundant
flow of reading material and information but also for apparent viability and economic
consideration. There for, economy and efficaciousness of library systems, both, become
most important as a result of automation. It could be it is for this reason that Kimber
express, “Library is no different from other office or factory considering the use of
computer to perform a given job of work most economically, where the different does
arise, however, is in the concept of libraries service”.
Appropriately, computerization brings about nearly a revolution in the
functioning of a library. Computer is very productive not only for management and
library operations but also similarly useful for library users. Processing of even huge
quantity of data becomes greatly easier through computer. Traditional method of
information dissemination and data processing is now becoming old. This conventional
method of working is too time consuming and cumbersome. Hence, from material
preservation, cataloguing and data processing-all can be done much easier with the help
of computer. There for it ware, a touch of timelessness and availability of material
through computers supply an added impetus and energy to the entire library network.
While, many use of the information provide into the computer is possible mostly, as it
were, in a jiffy. Automation of library facilitates most efficiency and accuracy and library
staff find a lot of support of equipment utilize in automation and their regular work
performance. So plenty of facilities such as COM, use of database regardless of
geographic distance with the help of telephone and telex, satellite, etc., are accessible for
uncomplicated operationalization, e.g., On-line Computer library Center database can be
used by approximately ten thousand libraries in thirty nine countries. (Gupta Sangita
1995).
Library automation covers use of computers and other semi automatic tools. These
are semi automatic because human intercession is involved in grater in expand, so when
we talk of library automation, in present, it is significantly the use of computers,
associated peripheral media i.e., optical media, magnetic disk etc., computer based
services and product in library work. In current times, even the related topics such as
networking of automated system and information retrieval systems are also regarded as
part of library automation, Although computers have a important role to play in library
automation, reprographic and telecommunications technology have an same important
role because of the extend of support they offer. (Singh Gurudev 2007).

4.3 DEFINATION OF LIBRARY AUTOMATION

“Library automation may be defined as the application of automatic and
semiautomatic data processing machines (computers) to perform traditional library
housekeeping activities such as acquisition, circulation, cataloguing and reference and
serials control. Today “Library Automation” is by far the most commonly used terms to
describe the mechanization of library activities using the computer”. (Uddin, 2009).
4.4 PROSPECTS OF LIBRARY AUTOMATION DEVELOPMENT
The recent trends of library automation systems are characterized by several strong
changes brought about by technology and economic development. Unless radical change
in either technology or the economy occur, these trends seem likely to continue dominant
and to determine the course of library automation development for some time to come.
Chief among these trends and easily the most conspicuous is the heavy emphasis being
placed on library networks that is systems involving more than one library.
The entire programs of the 1973 Clinic on Library Applications of data
processing was devoted to networks and the log-awaited draft report of the National
Commission on Libraries and Information Science contained as its major
recommendation a proposal for a national networks, evolving from the existing local and
regional ones. As Bierman has noted the folly of individual libraries proceeding on their
own to use develop major automated system solely for their own use seems well
recognized and accepted.
Networks come in many styles and flavours. One of the most common is the
cooperative center for providing catalogue cards of which the outstanding and most
successful example is OCLC, the Ohio College center. Many other state and regional
network are now tied into OCLC and dependent on it to a greater or lesser extent for the
services they offer. A second type of network is also concerned primarily with technical
processing but attempts to provide a means of cooperative acquisitions as well as
cataloguing. Successful ones include the BCL program in Massachusetts and the College
Bibiocentre program in Ontario, Canada. The mortality rate for this kind of network is
high; however as the death of CALBPC and ANYLTS make clear.
A third type of grouping sometimes called a network is merely a loose
consortium of libraries with special procedures for expediting inter library loans, often
using teletypes. Most of these are not automated in any significant way and so lie outside
the sphere of this book but some have been working for years to implement online
networks for the same purposes. A universal interest in networks has several manifest
causes. For one thing declining library budgets and the starting increase in book and
serial cost have made the need for cooperation between libraries more urgent. Resource
sharing has become a byword and the resources implied are both bibliographical and
financial.
Online networks enable libraries to know quickly and efficiently which books are
in other number of duplicate copies needed. Bibliographical data can be shared more
effectively, too as the OCLC system demonstrates. A final and forceful incentive is that
the sources of funds for purely local automation projects have almost dried up the Federal
grants that were plentiful in the 1960s disappeared in the 1970s foundations have been
less willing to fund project unless they were truly innovative and most libraries own
budgets are being held static or reduced instead of being increased. Money for
cooperative project that can reasonably be expected to reduce operating costs can usually
be found but not money for local experimentation.
Several technical developments have also helped to make the network trend
possible. The improvement in communication between computer system and system
users has already been noted, but it should be pointed out that this extends to
communication between libraries as well. Telephone and teletype have long made some
inter library communication possible but online networks allow librarians in many
different libraries literally to share the same working files and catalogues in real time,
almost as if they were working in one of data by several orders of magnitude and the cost
of online terminal has declined almost as dramatically, while labour costs have continued
to rise. The combined force of all these has made the economic argument for networks
compelling.
Work in the development of standards has also facilities networking. Without
MARC as a national standard for machine-readable bibliographic data most of the
successful networks would not only to MARCs brilliant developers at the Library of
Congress but also to the many librarians and other who worked hard to promote
widespread acceptance of the standard though professional organizations such as the
American Library Association Science and Automation Division Standards Institute and
the International Standard Bibliographic Descriptions for monographs and serials opens
the way for standard Serial Number offers promise for eventual control what sticky body
of data. These and other standards activities have done much to stabilize the future of
networks.
 Assuming that the trends mentioned above continue the development of library
automation in the near future can be predicted with some degree of confidence. For
catalogue card production, very few new projects are likely to be choosing to join a
network tied to OCLC or a similar, using it for catalogue searching and resource sharing
as well as for card production. Attempts to use such networks cooperative acquisitions
are less likely to succeed and seem destined to fall into disfavor; Acquisitions work is
more is more likely to be one on commercial package system development effort of
Columbia, Chicago and Stanford Universities found that acquisition procedures different
so widely that a joint effort at systems development in this field was impractical. This
situation is unlikely to change in the near future and local increased use of online
techniques. (Tiwari P, 2010)

4.5 AREA OF LIBRARY AUTOMATION

Automation has revolutionized the libraries nature, concept, approach as well as its
away of functioning. Computers are being applied in different library routines. For good
management of funds, automation in different acquisition operations is very important.
These operations may be ordering, preparation of other slips, generation of reminders to
vendors, verification of books with order file and budget control, invoice, maintenance of
the accounts of every monetary transactions, print outs of received and non-received
documents.
Serial control in libraries is generally extremely complex, due to the availability
of serials in different formats and media. In the computer based serial control system,
serials are assigned with particular identification codes one of the codes which is
assigned to serials on a world-wide basis is six-character alphanumeric CODIN Code.
Different routines to such as preparation of orders for subscription, generation of
reminders to suppliers for non-receipt of issues, maintenance of records of serial
holdings, preparation of renewal titles for subscription, updating the record file, can be
automated.
Due to requirement of additional access points and comprehensive search
facilities, the necessity for computer based catalogue is realized. An individual library or
a group of libraries may undertake the computerization of different processes such as
preparation authority file or subject heading list, shelf list and arrangement of the
catalogue according to classified, alphabetical or any other the library decides. Growth of
Micrographics has made it possible to renovate the computer printed catalogue into COM
catalogue. COM catalogue is economical, compact durable and. Circulation was the
earliest library operation to be automated.
The basic features of computer-based circulation system are charging, overdue
controls, discharging, reserves, etc. This system should be capable to perform different
jobs such as registration of library members, issuance of borrower cards, charging and
discharging of documents, reminders of over dues, updating to record files, identification
of items on lone, identification of items and due date slips and generating the orders for
stolen books automatically, In an online computer based circulation system, can retrieve
up-to-date information immediately through the terminal.
Computerized Information Retrieval System exploit information contents in all
types of documents to provide a variety of information services to library clientele. The
purpose of Information Retrieval System is to make comparison among the
representation of enquiries and representation knowledge for example, information
entities. The procedure of comparison is commonly referred to as matching. Speed and
efficiency are the two most significant criterion of Information Retrieval System. An
index is an effective retrieval tool. Computerized indexes can be complied more speedily
than their manual counterparts. The format of output from computerized indexes offers
better flexibility than do the printed ones.
Selective Dissemination of Information is an alerting information services
through which users receive regular notification of new literature in their area of interest.
A computer maintaining a machine retrieval bibliographic database selects and prints out
the items which are matched to a user’s profile. The whole operation of Selective
Dissemination of Information is in five phases, viz. Profile generation, Database
generation, Searching database with users profile, sorting the answers and supplying list
of bulletins. The Selective Dissemination of Information search has diminished as
interactive searching has become readily available at a reasonable cost. Presently most
searching is retrospective. Users request is compared with the entire database maintained
in the library and a list of matched item is generated.
 Thesaurus is a significant tool for effective vocabulary control in computerized
Information Retrieval System. Computerized thesaurus in specific fields displays
hierarchical relations among the terms. The subject strings obtained by facet analysis and
expressed in natural language are manipulated by computer to generate the links for
reprinting the relation between the identified concepts. Computers have brought about a
revolutionary metamorphosis in the dynamics of library system. It would not be
exaggeration to say that ours is an age of computer. The pervasive impact of computers
will no doubt emerge, in the years to come, as a main breakthrough in library and
information science. (Gupta Sangita 1995)

4.6 ORGANISATION OF LIBRARY AUTOMATION

A successful library automation project depends on good management. The
manager must know and understand the task to be performed and the individuals
involved in the project and must have the confidence of his or her staff and manager.
Library automation involves change in the ways an organization conduces itself and
represents itself to those to whom it provides services. Like any activity that involves
change, planning for it, implementing it, and managing it are not simple tasks. Individual
roles within the organization, the organizational structure, and service patterns will
change as a consequence of automation. Management faces the same challenges
experienced by any newly automated organization. In this case there are two dimensions
for management the line responsibility of managing an organization with ongoing service
responsibilities and project management of selection or design and implementation of
automation system.
A manager can receive valuable assistance in planning and implementing a
library automation system from a new key individual in an organization but consultation
within a wider group is critical. Any organization considering automation should create a
group that represents the constituencies that will manage, fund, use, operate, and maintain
the system. Such a group serves many functions and may exist for a long time. The group
can provide valuable information on specific requirements for the system, evaluate the
comments of others about the necessity and feasibility of certain features and serve as a
sounding board for the individual who manages automation project.
 The importance of such an advisory group cannot be minimized, because systems
are neither selected nor used in a vacuum. The sooner, all can participate in the process,
the more likely its success. The duration of such a policy group can vary widely. It might
be formed to provide advice on function and features of a proposed system, but could
remain active to evaluate alternative designs, vendor proposal, prototype systems, testing,
and implementation to give continuing advice on systems operation.
When ant type of computer system is installed in an organization it changes the
way operations are performed the task of the staff and the relationship between the library
and external units. Staffs that work on the automation project are involved in the day-to-
day task of bringing the system once it is operational need to know about it and how it
will impact their lives. The way these staff members conduct themselves within the
organization and while providing services to users is a complex process which requires
thoughtful management. This is especially true when the changes raise the possibility of
economic insecurity and fear of the unknown or threaten social relations and habitual
practice. The organization must take into account that individuals perceive events around
them differently that people are motivated in widely different ways and the attitudes are
formed by complex sets of variables and events.
Project team staffs face other issues. They are part of a group whose members
have certain roles and status. The group as a whole is accountable for the project, but the
members of the group must do the work. Individuals on the team may have personal
goals different than the group goals or they may be in complete harmony with the project
team. The structure of an organization may change as a result of automation activities.
The installation of a new system or change over from one system to another requires
skilful management. Departmental structures may change and some departments may
disappear.
New organizational units may be formed and new staff functions created. Such
changes may be difficult to implement because of organizational inertia. Realignment of
departments represents a threat to existing managers, but may present an opportunity to
improve performance and service. For example, a streamlined piece of software may
render existing organizational task divisions illogical. If boundaries need to be redefined,
managers must consider the needs of individuals as well as the goals of the organization.
 Patterns of communication between departments may also change. For example,
usually the library is not a discrete enough unit to manage its own pool of funds, but
relies on another organization to handle the burden of management and disbursement of
funds for an acquisition system for instance. The link between departments may also
change. For example, usually the library is not a discrete enough unit to manage its own
pool of funds but relies on another organization to handle the burden of management and
disbursement of funds for an acquisitions system for instance. The link between the
library and the unit that manages the bank accounts must be renegotiated to take into
account the effect of the new computer system. This link may involve routine exchanges
of data, but managerial intervention in the initial stages is crucial to success.
The steps to implementing a library automation system are generally the same
whether converting as existing system or introducing an automation system for the first
time. Both next steps involve determining the objective of and constraints on the project,
an analysis of existing system or processes, design or selection of a new system, testing
the system, conversion to the new system. It begins with an assessment of the need for an
automated solution or recognition that an existing automated system is inadequate. This
assessment uses informal techniques and formal methods. Whatever the method, the
result is recognition of the need for change or acceptance of the status quo.
Planning activities are not confined to development of functions and features.
Once need is determined and required features have been defined, the manager of the
project can decide how to proceed with the help of top level managers the library board,
executives of other governmental units, staff and the advisory committee. A timeline is
developed, funding obtained, staff recruited, physical space obtained, contracts issued
and the system installed, tested, and implemented. Staff must be trained to use it and
library users educated in its features if appropriate.
An organization needs a clear statement of what it wants to accomplish in terms
of a needs or requirements assessment. If there is a need for a new library automation
system, the next planning task is to assess the functions and features that this system
should contain. If a new online catalogue is considered what should be the nature of the
user interface? Should the catalogue be accessed through computer networks? How many
bibliographic records should the catalog be designed to manage? How many terminals
should be attached to it? This type of list is endless. The examples given here are general,
but a completed list is much narrower and more specific. Assessing the system
requirements, defining them precisely, and testing the acquired systems fulfillment of the
needs are critical to a successful automation venture. A statement of objectives includes
the desirable function and features of the system such as user, management, hardware and
software requirements. A particularly desirable approach to this task is to be guided by
what one wants to accomplish, not by what one thinks is feasible. (Malavya U.C., 1999)

4.7 TASKS OF LIBRARY AUTOMATION

The steps to applying a library automation system are basically the same
whether transforming an existing system or introducing an automation system for the first
time. Both are being by planning and problem identification. The upcoming steps involve
determining the objective and restrictions on the project, an analysis of processes or
existing systems, selection or design of a new system, evaluation of the system, testing a
new system, conversion to the new system and staff and user training. It being with an
assessment of the requirement for an automated solution or recognition that existing
automated system is insufficient. This assessment uses unofficial techniques. Whatever
the method, the result is recognition of the requirement for change or acceptance of the
status quo.
Planning activities are not sure to development of features and function. Once
need is determined and essential features have been defined, the manager of the project
can make a decision how proceed, with the help of highest level managers, executives of
other governmental units, staff, the advisory committee and the library board,. A timeline
is developed, obtained, funding, staff recruited, contracts issued, physical space obtained,
and the system tested, installed, and implemented. Staff must be learned to use it and
library users educated in its characteristics if appropriate. The work of library automation
at following:
1. Objectives
An organization requires a clear statement of what it wants to fulfill in terms of a
requirements or needs assessment. It there is require for a new library automation system,
the upcoming planning work is to assess the functions and features that this system
should contain. If a recently developed online catalog is considered, Should the catalog
be accessed through computer networks? How many bibliographic records should the
catalog is designed to manage? How many terminals should be attached to it? Should be
the nature of the user interface? This type of list is unlimited. The examples given here
are common, but a completed list is smaller narrower and more specific. Assessing the
defining them precisely, system requirements, and testing the acquired systems
fulfillment of the requirements are critical to a successful automation project. A statement
of objectives includes the desirable features and functions of the system such as
management, user, software and hardware requirements. Any especially desirable
approach to this work is to be guided by what one wants to fulfill, not what one thinks is
feasible.
2. Constraints
Next analyze what is practical. Reality sets in during this stage. Is there sufficient
time to complete the project? Are there adequate funds to pay for staff, building space,
equipment, hardware and software? Is staff with the exact skill mix available? Objectives
may have to be modified to meet constraints, if resources are inadequate to meet
objective.
3. System analysis design
Specified set of objectives mediated by constraints, the upcoming step is to
analysis the operation of the present system to see how it works and to determine its
features and functions. The system to be examined is either one currently used in the
organization such as a manual circulation function or one proposed by a vendor or an
automated circulation system. The required outcome of this phase is a best, wall
documented understanding of how the present system works its acceptable features and
those requiring redesign.
The resulting document serves as a basis for upcoming phase of the project the
design of a new system or the selection of a particular vendors offering.
System design is many times long and complex operation that assesses user demands,
constraints and existing system operation. It should result in a separatist for a new system
that meets individual needs and formal requirements. Since most libraries do not improve
their own automation systems, the process of improving an entirely new system is
excluded. However some planed activities are often encountered in configuring vendor
systems to meet specific user demands.
Testing is a continual process when a programmer initiates a code, when the
staff informally reviews the system, when the product goes through various stages of
quality assurance and when other programmers use the cade. Testing continues even on a
finalized configured product ready to be hand over by the vendor. Whether a system is
designed within the organizations or purchased, it should be implemented on a trial basis
specifications developed at the start.
Sometimes preliminary testing of a system configured to the libraries
requirements is done in the vendors offices using the libraries data. Occasionally a
vendors system is transferred to the library and the system is configured there. The
testing process can be really rigorous depending on the requirements of the organization.
Both software and hardware must be tested. While there are comparatively standard
methods for making sure that hardware is functioning properly the testing of library
automation software is not so codified.
There are machineries for testing large online systems which include a computer
system being connected to each other computer whose function is to imitate a set of
terminals every submitting requests to the machine being tested. The emulator stores
system of commands to issue and anticipated responses it logs, date and timestamps all
communication with the test machine. Generally testing is not this formal. Many times a
group of library staff members are distributed the task of unofficially trying out the
function of the system. They log on paper or with screen tip any anomalies that occur.
Problems are then communicated to the vendors and designers.
4. Conversion
If the library transform a manual system to a computerized one significant
conversion activities are required. For a circulation system every borrowers records are
keyed into the automated system new library user cards are issued with barcode Identity
(ID) numbers attached, the bibliographic description for all book in the collection is
recorded in a computer file a barcode is set up in all book to identify it specially and each
bar-coded books is connected to a bibliographic description. Borrower types must be
identified and borrowing privileges for each borrower category and materials category
must be established. These works are not trivial and may take 100 of hours for a large
library. The results must be nearly error free.
For the time of preparation for automation the manual system should continue
operation. When use of the automated system started, backup safeguards must be in place
to protect the honesty of transaction. Conversion may look simpler when a library
proceeds from one automation system to another but there are disadvantages and
advantages to this scenario. The advantage of the staff has experience using an automated
system and may learn the underlying concepts. On down side no 2 vendor hardware or
software system operates the same way unload or load information in the same format
handles every field or structures their files in the similar way. The conversion becomes
complicated when it requires informal knowledge of not 1 but two library automation
systems. Often it demands knowledge of two hardware platforms and two operating
systems as well.
5. Operation
After a stable systems exists, can be placed in operation. The staff should
understand the system rigorously and procedures must be written and followed. Among
the additional significant activities to be documented are how to activate and stop the
system, how to suit it down under urgent situations, how to detect problems, how to make
backups of the files and who to notify under a variety of situations.
6. Training
The most of individuals who will operate the system required training. At the
beginning management requires to know the common characteristics of the system how it
works if it is working good and how it differs from the present system. Management also
required periodic status reports on system operation. System managers require training in
the hardware on which system will run the operating system and the library automation
application.
There is a desire on the part of libraries to shift the responsibility for
understanding a library automation system into the consultants, developers and vendors.
This is a mistake and can guide to an implementation difficulty when the library thinks
the system should perform in a confident way which is different from how the developer
and vendor believe it operates. The staff that will operate the system required large
training in its use for all the fact that developers frequently think that the operation of the
system they have established is self evident and once in use will be without problem.
Normally this is not the case. Therefore the additional documentation obtainable in
written form in videos and in assistance programs integral into the system from vendor
technical support workers and from human beings serving as instructors the grater is the
likelihood that the workers will receive and use the system successfully.
7. Evaluation
Once a system installed and has been operating for a sensible period of time
inferences can be made about its capacity, reliability and performances. The majority
library automation systems generated reports such as the overdue notice sent, number of
orders processed, serial titles checked in and so forth. But other measurements give
significant information about the internal operation of the software itself, such as
percentage of space on the system disk drives that is filled, response time for online
requests, disk input/ output operations performed by time of day, memory utilization,
central processor capacity utilization by time of day, and communication line utilization
and error rates.
An additional qualitative form of evaluation should also be take on that involves
comparing the objectives established for the system with result from its operation. This
evaluation takes place at least two times, once when the library is about to receive
delivery of the system and again after the system has been starting. Most library
managers will select to purchase rather than built their individual library automation
system. Since a broad variety of systems is available on the market for large libraries,
medium, small and tiny, only libraries that are extremely large, have special
requirements, or have the funds and interest are likely to pursue designing and
implementing their individual systems.
Even so don’t stop reading this book now. The more that is noted about how
these systems works, the greater the probability of choosing the best system and
implementing it successfully. Of most important concern is the quality of the product and
how well it meets libraries needs. This can be ascertained by the libraries individual
evaluation of the system and by making contact with present and past customers of the
vendor. User groups can supply a forum for interchange of thoughts, sometimes apart
from the umbrella of the vendor. Cost factors present another concern the porches price
of the software and hardware, conversion costs, maintenance costs for both, cost of
additional training, and type of training and customer support provided. These entire
elements will be incorporated into a contractual agreement between the vendor and the
library that will include a schedule for purchase, installation, and testing. Prior to signing
any contract, library officials should look into the financial stability of the vendor, since a
considerable deal of time and effort will be expended in converting the present system to
the new environment no library wants to goes insolvent of ceases involuntarily from a
vendor who goes insolvent or ceases operation. (Gopal Krishna 2005).

4.8 TECHNIQUES OF LIBRARY AUTOMATION

The connection between the library and the computer is a changing one.
Computer science has been changing quickly ever since its origins twenty years ago and
now the library itself are beginning to be changed under the effect of the machine. In
changing world librarians have a duty not only to be aware about the ways in which
libraries can utilize the techniques of automation but also to know of the changes
automation can carry to library services in the near and maybe the more distant future. It
is uncomplicated in this 20th century to strive for change easy for its own sake just as it is
even easier to attempt for retaining the status quo.
Those librarians whose work it is to decide for or against the specific change of
automation require especially being on their guard against these 2 attitudes. They require
making their decisions in the light of facts, facts about their libraries as they are at the
movement what services are provided to what general public by want library staff and at
what price and similar facts about any present system of library automation. In this
library is no changed from any other factory or office considering the use of a computer
to work a given job of work most economically. Where the dissimilar does arise however
is in the idea of libraries services.
A company may change a certain price for its artifacts and so confident make an
overall profit on its operations. In such circumstances a computer can be display to act
either to increase or to lessen profits. But there are hardly any libraries today which leave
in order to make a profit for their proprietor and few are essential to balance an income
from subscription against their charges. How then can a price be fixed against the
services which a library can give and how can this price to be calculated so that
automation may be seen to be explained? An answer to those questions can be found in 2
ways. Firstly anyone industrial librarian noted that this job is to fulfill his company’s
information requirements.
He a specialist in information task can supply information to company employees
extra effectively than they can obtain it themselves and so that importance of his libraries
services can be expressed in phrase of hours and minutes of saved time and hence in
financial terms. An analogous quarrel can be used of the reader services function in
university and public libraries. Secondly the advantage of libraries services can also
communicate quantitatively in terms of the chief librarians bargaining authority at
meetings of the library committee and so in terms of the difficult cash vote to him to
authorize him to run his library.
It is easy therefore although hard to express the value of automated library
systems in quantitative terms and so to contrast an automated library with its
conventional equivalent. The resolution to automate or not to automate can then be taken
in the full light of the reality. That is decision seems frequently to have been taken in
incomprehension of the realities does not invalidate the arguments kernel services merely
to throw into clearer reassurance the well known truths that librarians are as a busy, class
that libraries try hard for enough money to buy every the books they want let alone
finance a actual automation feasibility study and that it is plenty of easier to obtain
money to purchase computer equipment than to purchase books.
The final situation then in majority cases will be that developed library services
have been bought at a price. It the librarian has been capable to justify this to have
committee then as per my argument the automated system has in case broken even. We
should look a little more closely into the reasons why librarians strongly consider utilize a
computer in his library in order to make better its working in some way. And the first
kind of cause which we shall term emotional is one regrettable outcome of the
automation revolution through which the developed countries of the world are now
passing. Because as per the emotional argument computers are efficient and modern a
library which utilize a computer in some way must necessarily also be competent,
forward looking and almost certainly therefore a better library. It is really true to say that
those libraries which have started computer systems are forward looking and modern.
The library automated systems may well be efficient and the library may be a
better one. But it is surely not necessarily true to say as the emotive argument does that if
library users a computer then it well be all these activities. That this reason exists at all
even if only as an view of mind is a direct result of the false attraction ascribed to the
computer and the superficial thinking and writing of those accountable for automating
aspects of library procedure in the future now is really the time for some libraries to
analysis with ways and means of allowing computers to take their actual place in library
work.
These analyses should yield both quantitative and qualitative results. So far there
have been too plenty of the former and too hardly any of the latter kind. A computer is an
electronic machine for operating symbols. Enemy about purpose we can readily make
this definition too meaningful if we state that a computer can be regarded in plenty of
ways as being similar a clerk. And if it is a clerk then we may be capable to use it to do
clerical work in libraries more efficiently, more quickly and accurately than it is done at
present. It might even be possible to instruct it some intellectual or professional jobs.
Being a machine it should not get tired under hard work loads and in fact should become
plenty of efficient as the work load growth so that as library increase this can be
accommodated without corresponding increases in staff.
From what we aware about computer application in other areas we should
expect automation to be practicable only in big libraries or in cases where a number of
little libraries amalgamate together to form one big unit for processing purpose. However
we know also that computer time is developing steadily chapter as never plenty of
advanced machine are belittle whereas the time of human clerks is becoming steadily
plenty of expensive. So we forecast that automation will slowly become feasible in
smaller libraries. This tendency will be accentuated somewhat by the appearance of
cheap, very small computers but it must be remembered that plenty of library applications
required a big machine. The development of online techniques which are especially
suited to some sections of library work will make it practical for libraries to expect to
have online access to a powerful and big machine rather than consider purchasing a small
machine for their individual use.
A satisfactorily set of procedures exists leading from the point we have at the
moment reached that of having general and specified terms the benefits which might be
expected to accrue from using a computer to that of installation, checking and running an
automated system in a library. To follow all these procedures constantly might seem
pedantic perhaps unnecessary in lot of circumstances but it is mandatory if the job is to be
done honestly, cultivating reason, working in quantitative terms and avoiding emotion.
Because procedures will be listed and discussed in one specific way it does not mean that
this is the just way or that different amalgamation and distributions of these procedures
might not result in extremely dissimilar patterns of overall working only that the
fundamental ideas must follow one another in this way.
The first step in the direction of introducing an automated system is to conduct a
feasibility study. This may be complete at any level of detail but the reason is to find out
whether or not a computer can be used to do a specific job more efficiently than
heretofore. It can be an extensive stage and may be broken down into2 parts the first one
to find out if the feasibility study itself is value undertaking. It is understanding that may
such studies have seen that a computer was not shelf that may such studies have seen that
a computer was not really necessary at all and that the information obtained from the
possible study was sufficient to develop the previous system so as to make it more
competent than the automated one first contemplated. It is during the possible study that
systems analysis takes place.
The system be it the entire library itself or just one department is analyzed its
technique of working is systematically taken apart bit by bit so that in and all the bit sare
known and understood as are the ways in which they suitable together to make the
complete. If only one department of the library is being investigation in the relationship
between it and the different departments and the library it must be known and
understood. Calculation will also take place so that the concluding result of the study can
be in quantitative terms. Numbers will be calculated the numbers of items catalogued,
bought, lost, damaged, circulated and the way be expected to modifications in the future
will be discovered.
 As well counted will be the number of people necessary to do the different jobs
in the system and the time to do every one jobs in the system and the time to do every one
job will be measured. It is very significant that the ends results of all this library
movement be estimated or calculated. This can be not easy difficult because it is difficult
to apply a measure to a book, student reading, chemist pleased with a mouthful of
information and a housewife experimenting with new and different dishes described in a
cookery book borrowed from the near local public library. It should be attempted
however because any library automated system as well have seen is possible to change
the pattern of service as the number of books purchase each week or the time it takes to
discharge an overdue book. From all these calculations the costs of the existing system
will be calculated. They will nearly certainly be expressed as unit costs the cost of
cataloguing the average book or answering the standard reference question.
With each other details of the services performed by the existing system and in
particular any problems and difficulties associated with it any appearance which are like
to become disappointing in the light of future developments will be suggested and all will
be used by management to make an educated resolution about the introduction of
automation.
By the reason of the introduction of computerized working is not the only and
not necessarily the better solution to the problems that will have been brought to light the
next step of the study is just to find the better solution automated or not automated. It is
very desirable therefore that the study must be carried out by persons who have no
directed attentive in seeing that a computer system is installed it may be even using a
specific maker of computer. They must be perfectly free to advice on the optimum course
of action. Like sage the investigators should have considerable experience of the same
studies and be will informed on all tasks study techniques and data processing.
Needless to say there is a considerable shortage of such people. Feasibility
studies therefore are not inexpensive and so are often omitted and skimped entirely. If the
introduction of automation is advisable and this is the only case that actually concerns us
here then the second part of the study will involve the choice of a computer and the
different necessary ancillary items of stationery and equipment required by the system.
There are appreciable differences between the different metals and makes of computer on
the market so that the choice of the machine almost all suited to the purpose on hand will
have a market impact on the final operating ability of the system.
The conclusion result of this second part of the study is a broad system
specification. It will indicate the machinery or hardware required and in common terms
how everything will work. The all over work load handled will be given as will the
approximate costs. Manpower requirements will almost definitely be different from those
of the former system for keypunchers will put back clerks and it will be required to have
a senior staff member with data processing knowledge in charge of operations and one or
two programmes may be essential on a permanent basis.
Staff requirements will be extremely different where a library installs a computer
for its individual use from the case where it only uses a short time each week or
somewhere else machine. Because computers work in ways completely different from
human beings the movement of work in an automated system can contrast with quite
considerably from that in the commensurate manual system. Old departmental problems
can therefore be broken down of the introduction of automation as same processes in
different departments are combined and as repetition of work is eliminated. The inclusive
organizational structures of the library can be significantly altered and this will be
appreciated and stated in the practicable study.
The automated system is considered in any detail it is clear that it offers a range of
feasible products and services considerable winter than doe’s orthodox system. The
compilation of all types of statistics is but one example of this. A library can anticipate
therefore to enlarge the scope of its operations by introducing mechanized routines and it
is attractive either that the them doing the study include a better knowledge of library
staff tasks closely with the them in order that possibilities of winter activity are realized.
From the concluding report of the feasibility study it should be a comparatively
simple issue for the library management to make a decision on a course of action. Only in
the big libraries would a feasibility study be likely to specify clear overall cast
diminutions through introducing automated methods. In other libraries the position would
almost certainly be that at the moment a computer aided system would cost increased but
would bring additional benefits. It is up to the management to plan whether these benefits
justify the rise costs bearing in mind that in time costs will tend to change in be to the
advantage of automation.
The method for implementing an automated circulation system e.g. will be
different from those essential by a system embracing everyone library technical
processing routines. In a university situation the library would require to make use of a
central university computing facility more than purchase its individual machine or use the
services of a business bureau. This will affect not only the kind of machine used which is
likely to be best suited to mathematical than to library task and the languages
programmes are written in because programming may well be finished in the computing
laboratory it will assume the staffing need in the library.
The general computing policy of the organization of which anyone library is a
part will also assume such factors as e.g. the frequency with which computer runs can be
made, is planned to be available, whether online working is, and so be an significant
factor in the design of the library system. In big organization it frequently that a library in
another division and has already automated some of its work. If may be possible to take
these programmes over just as they stand or with only little modifications. (Verama
Kusum 2008).

4.9 PUBLIC LIBRARY AUTOMATION

Some libraries have adopted automation of basic library functions such as
acquisitions, cataloguing, circulation and access to OPAC. Some libraries are also using
computers for related activities for example:
1) Stock control and stock taking.
2) Accounting, community information and book selection.
3) Book reservations but there are libraries which have not automated any of their
library functions.
Some libraries have limited use of computers. The use of Word Perfect restricts
access to online operations. Database management system would be useful for online
library catalogue. Some of the public libraries have not automated any of their functions.
They have a plan to automate in future. Some libraries think their present manual systems
are adequate and automation would not bring any improvement in services. Also they
have no continuous power supply which is required for the operations. Also funds are not
available to meet the high cost of initial software and hardware and further up gradations.
The most of the Automated Libraries services have their automated functions for
branch, regional, district or affiliated libraries. They have also provided service points at
various places. Most of the libraries are using automated systems for most library
functions. But because of lack of funds, automation was not possible everywhere.
Sometimes lack of experts, inadequate support or infrastructure like buildings, electricity
etc. restricts automation.

4.10 HISTORY OF LIBRARY AUTOMATION

Historically, the word automation was used more valuable to indicate process
control. In the beginning, library automation meant only mechanizing some of the more
respective work such as periodicals and circulation control. The concept of automation in
our society was the brainchild of a talented librarian, Herman Hollerith, staff in the
Census Bureau of the United States, who invited the punched card machine.
The concept of inventing the punched card machine came from Dr. John S. B.,
Director of the Surgeon General’s library (US National Library of Medicine). Dr. John S.
B., recommended Hollerith “there ought to be a machine for doing the entirely
mechanical task of tabulation and similar statistics”. In year1890, Hollerith invented a
machine using punched for tabulating census data on the basis of the recommendation
from Dr. John S. B. In year1896, Hollerith established the Tabulating Machine Company,
which later becomes the famous International Business Machine (IBM). This example
indicates the involvement of a librarian in the automation procedure and it become very
important in initiating a trend. (Asari K. Ravindra 2009).

4.11 ADVANTAGES OF LIBRARY AUTOMATION

Library automation by using computer application in the library and information
function and services has the following advantages
1. Speed - Information processing is done faster which improves work flow through the
library.
2. Accuracy - The degree of precision and accuracy in processing the information is
100% percent. However, it is dependent on the accuracy of information fed to the
system.
3. Cost effectiveness – Operating costs are reduced as less man power is required. It can
be further reduced if the system is well designed and well managed.
4. Reduction in library workloads – Library workload can be reduced as the computer
can do vast amount of work in a fraction of second.
5. Improved services to users – Better quality performance is possible through the use of
computers. No delay in processing.
6. Eliminates duplication of work - Duplication of work is avoided
7. Easier access to external database. The data is easily accessible.
8. Access and search of information- Online access and search of information is
possible. (Sampath Kumar G. K 2012).

4.12 DISADVANTAGES OF LIBRSRY AUTOMATION

Even though you may have doubtless about automating your library, it is
significant that you be aware of the drawback library automation may bear. These include
the Following:
1. It is time consuming, planning, selecting, and implementing an automated system
need important, long-term commitment of staff time. Once choose and implemented,
an automated system must be keep in good condition on a regular basis. Having the
automated system networked to libraries Local Area Network (LAN) adds additional
demands on the media specialists and information professional’s time.
2. It is costly, start-up costs, hardware, software, writing, network cabling, ongoing
barcode labels, expenses such as supplies for printers, furniture, annual maintenance,
technical support and conversion of libraries shelf list into a Machine Retable
Catalogue (MARC) may be more than various media centers and small libraries can
provide.
3. The requirement of the automated system may not leave staff sufficient time to
provide up to date services or to work with teachers, students and other clients. It fact,
automation eliminates some work but generates new ones. End user training, ongoing
 troubleshooting of software and hardware, and database maintenance place
requirement on the information professional and media specialist.
4. Access to the automated system is unavailable for the time of system downtime. This
will hamper user access to the collection, mainly if the card catalog or the shelf list no
longer exists in the library and media center.
Awareness of the advantages and pitfalls of library automation will help you good
prepare for the changes in your task duties. Library automation, like technology, is costly
in terms of money and time, and frustration and agony are typical symptoms of techno
stress.

4.13 BENEFITS OF LIBRARY AUTOMATION

The Web is building library automation the convention for all types of libraries.
Any library or media center that is seeking to start a presence on the Web must have its
catalog automated. What is most obvious about automation is that it develops library
services and increases accuracy, efficiency and productivity in performing a variety of
library operations.
Some added benefits of library automation are follows:
1. It allows patrons to utilize search strategies that beyond those that can be used with
card catalogs. Card catalogs can be shared only by subject, title and author Online
Public Access Catalogue (OPACs) can be accessed by subject, title and author and
keyword, In addition, users can expand their search by using Boolean operation
(AND, OR, NOT) and by combining search strategies for example; subject and
author, title and author. In addition, OPAC users may restrict their search result by
such features as publication date, type of material for example; video, book, and
magazine, reading level and language, and they can sort bibliographies by publication
date, author, and title.
2. The windows based OPACs permit for hyperlink searching, a new feature that was
not possible in character base system for example; Disk Operating System (DOS).
Through a hyperlink search a user can find connected records in the automated
systems database under a subject or word. The user can also locate related resources
that appear on the Web via the Machine Retable Catalogue (MARC) field 856 when
 this field is activated. Author search feature that was not feasible in character based
system is the optical search. An OPAC that has a Graphical User Interface (GUI)
capability permit clicking on icons that represent function instead of clicking on
command buttons only. The visible representation of search functions is really
attractive to young children mostly, because visual interfaces that are based on
pictures or icons are generally augmented with colors and uncomplicated to read text.
3. It allows users to search the library’s collection from location outside the libraries
walls, users who are equipped with a computer and a modem can dial into the OPAC
from remote location, an office and home. Majority automation software is
compatible with the Z39.50 standard. Having these standard permitted users to search
OPACs on the web using search features and common interface. This means that
concerning of the automation software, operating system for example; Windows NT,
Windows, UNIX or computer platform users have, they can search these OPACs
using usual search interface.
4. It gives users with timely access to library collection can be placed on shelves as soon
as items are processed and MARC data are downloaded into a database. When
MARC data are purchased with material orders, they remove require for time
consuming original cataloging.
5. It supports new means of information retrieval by introducing users to global
information. The success and popularity of OPACs make them perfect to coexist with
CD-ROM database, the Web, and other information system a on a libraries computer.
A Z39.50 acquiescent OPAC allows users to search Z39.50 acquiescent database
using the search syntax of the OPAC, thereby eliminating require learning all
databases search syntax.
6. It eliminates routine work or performs them more effectively. The circulation
function, with include overdue notices, check-in, check-out, and inventory, repetitive,
is tedious, and time consuming. Automating these functions can save excellent
amount of time.
7. It simplifies and expedites in inventory of library collection. The automated inventory
is performed by scanning all items barcode using a hand head device, downloading
scanned documents into the automated system, and generating a variation of
 customized reports. In a non automated condition, this procedure involves checking a
shelf list card against the specific item on the shelf, flagging the shelf list cards for
misplaced items, and generating inventory reports manually. The collection inventory
that works 2 months to complete in a non automated environment may take 2 week in
on automated environment.
8. It encourages collaborative collection development and resource sharing for example;
inter library lone. Automated libraries and media centers can develop a union
catalogue and join bibliographic consortia and utilities. A user who does not find an
book or item of interest in the libraries local OPAC plenty of identity the libraries in
the consortia or union catalog that have it. The user can then borrow the item through
Inter Library Lone (ILL) or by checking in out from a designated library.
9. It enables libraries and media centers to develop and export MARC records. Records
obtained from book suppliers or other sources on disk are imported into an automated
system to save cataloguing time. Records can be exported from one system and
imported into a recently develop automated system without incurring new cost for
retrospective conversion. Exporting records identification essential for relocating
from one automated system to another.
10. It decrease the amount of time spend on budget administration, record keeping, serials
management and material acquisition.
11. It inspires users, equips them with problem solving, information retrieval skill, and
provides them with long-lasting learning experience. In addition, reinforces a positive
view about the library and upgrade the image of the information professional or
library specialist. Patrons view the library or media center as an essential place for
gaining access to global information and consider information professionals or media
specialist a powerful information provider.
12. It permits for cataloguing Internet resources and for upgrades them into a local
system. Automated system also includes tag 856 to link Uniform Resource locator
(URLs) to MARC 21 records, although these features enhance a library’s collection
or media centers, they do present some problems. Internet resources are stateless and
volatile, so they need validation on a regular basis. If such validation is performed in
house, it becomes differ time consuming. Various automation suppliers or vendors
 have provided solution to this quandary. One of these is to subscribe to an off line
URL service to obtain acceptable URLs on CD-ROM arrives, some of the URLs
services. A suppliers or vendor hosts the URLs on a server and updates them always.
Every URL that is activated in libraries local automated system passes through the
supplier’s server of URLs for validation before it is requested from the Internet. This
service is more advanced than the offline services, but may be more costly.
13. It can be used in collection mapping. Plenty of automated systems have the ability to
create collection maps to use for collection growth. In consortia, creating such maps
manually becomes very boring and time consuming.

4.14 BARRIERS OF LIBRARY AUTOMATION

1) Fear of adverse impact on employment
When we look into the various library activities like books acquisition, technical
processing, circulation and reference services we understand that human interference is
required everywhere. But manpower is required for cataloguing. The data which is
entered at the time of ordering can be used for cataloguing with some changes. It will
eliminate multiple card preparation and subsequent filling. This saved manpower can be
utilized for analytical cataloguing or introducing new services. This way there will be no
effect on employees.
2) Apprehension that the technology could be too expensive
It is an understanding that hardware and software would be expensive and
unaffordable. Actually cataloguing system is the most important which forms the base for
other library activities. For this purpose UNESCO has developed PC based software CDS
/ ISIS and is available at a very low price in developing countries. It works on IBM
compatible PCs or UNIX platform. WINDOWS version is also available. The data can be
exported in ISO 2709 format without difficulty. INFLIBNET has also developed a public
domain library software ILMS which is suitable for DOS and UNIX platform. Lately the
PCs and other accessories like printers etc. have become cheaper and so they are
affordable.
3) The library staff has to undergo extensive training
The training for the operating the computer system and the programme is required
which is given by the software developers but training for CDS/ISIS is available at
INSDOC, INFLIBNET and DRTC. For cataloguing a minimum training for one or two
weeks will be enough for the librarians. The user can transfer the same data to network
environment. If there is a systems department with computer professionals maintenance
becomes easy.
4) Lack of support from the management, may be owing to budget constraints
If the management support is not enough then it may be the barrier for
development of the library. In this situation librarian has to take more efforts in
convincing the management that users will be benefited by the automation. Also the
initiative and communication skill play a major role in convincing the management to get
more attention.
5) Retrospective conversion of data
The manpower saved by computerized automation can be utilized for conversion
and also for analytical cataloguing. This can be achieved in a time bound project.
(TiwariPurushotham, 2010).

4.15 CONTROL OF LBRARY AUTOMATION

Library automation has to be consistent with standards and guidelines. Human
performance inconsistency should be channeled and therefore it is necessary to allow
structural guidelines. Individual professionals must have a clear sense of job identity,
encouraging professionalism. It should guard against the potential of diffused work.
However the exchange of views and thoughts should be promoted among the
professionals regarding specifications of the automation process to improve the quality of
process and performance of services. This should be guarded against any loss of overall
library objectives.
Scheduling of work must be simpler and specific application time should not be wasted in
solving problems of communication between professionals. Such good objective
specification process would encourage development of specialists knowledge. An erosion
of tight boundaries help in analysis and flexible performance of jobs.
4.16 LIBRARY AUTOMATION STEPS
Planning is time consuming, but it is normally cost effective because that time
spend planning bring down the amount of time essential for system implementation.
Library automaton steps are flows:
Step 1 Describing existing services and function provided by the library
i. Identifying existing technology and utilize in the library.
ii. Identifying existing function and services provided by the library.
iii. Collection and administration basis statistical data
Step 2 Assessing needs and setting priorities
i. Needs assessment.
ii. Who should be participated in planning?
iii. Establish a preliminary budget.
iv. Setting priorities.
Step 3 Translating needs and priorities into specifications
i. Designation specifications
ii. Formulate and distributing the request for professional
Step 4 Evaluation proposals and selecting a system
i. Making the primary cut
ii. Observing system demonstration
iii. Analyzing supplier or vendor responses
iv. Budget
v. Obtaining response from supplier or vendor clients
vi. Making the last cut
Step 5 Putting your system into place
i. Agreement negotiations
ii. Software and hardware installation
iii. Training and practice
Step 6 Retrospective conversion and bar-coding.
4.17 IMPACT OF LIBRARY AUTOMATION
Automation has affected most library processes to some extent, and in many cases
has influenced the development of library policy. In the area of cataloguing the effects of
library automation have been so far-reaching and profound that a separate discussion of
their impact seems warranted. The effects may be seen in four general areas.
1) Extent of cataloguing information presented to the users.
2) Choice of information given.
3) Arrangement of information.
4) Typographical presentation of such information.
The last of these areas is one of the most interesting from a mechanical point of
view, but certainly the least significant so far as cataloguing policy is concerned.
Libraries, however, have bemoaned the uppercase mentality of computers and related
machine since their use in library work began. The resulting catalogues were certainly
less attractive and less readable than the printed or typed cards with which most people
were familiar.
Changes in the extent of cataloguing information presented to the user under each
entry have been mainly deletions rather than additions and such changes are most
frequently seen in book catalogue projects. Virtually every descriptive element has been
eliminated or abbreviated in one project or another. The Boeing SLIP catalogue restrict
authors forenames to one and represents the other by initials other catalogues give only
initials with no forenames.
Collection is perhaps the most frequently abridged set of elements. Stanford and
Florida Atlantic give pagination only and many catalogues give no collection at all. Notes
and tracings are also frequently omitted with the exception of series and contents notes in
a few cases. The ONULP catalogues, however give full tracing under entries, as does the
National Library of medicine Current Catalogue, the latter because other medical libraries
use the catalogue as a source of cataloguing information.
In many catalogues the amount and type of abridgement varies according to the
type of entry involved. Normally the main entry is reasonable full and most abbreviation
or abridgement takes place in added entries. In the Los Angeles County catalogue
however the subject entries are more complete than the author entries, because the subject
entries include an annotation. The practice of abridging entries has been justified on
several grounds.
Undoubtedly it began especially in catalogues produced with unit record
equipment such as the University of Rochester listing, because of the eight-column
limitation of punched card and the printing limitations of tabulators. As Weinstein and
George have noted, the one-to-one punched card/printed line relationship and line-
length/field-length compromises, all encourage brevity of entry. At least in part however,
the elimination of data elements also reflects a desire to cut costs. Simonton has viewed it
as a reflection of the traditional policy of many of these libraries of shortening the
bibliographical record for more economical processing.
The choice of main entry has long been a critical issue in cataloguing policy and
in the development of cataloguing rules, but with the advent of machine-produced book
catalogues the need for the concept of main entry may be questioned. When catalogue
cards were printed or typed by hand it made economic sense to produce only one card
with the data arranged in a standard format under a main entry and then to reproduce
other cards as needed typing only the added headings required after the unit cards had
been duplicated. Computers, however, can rearrange data in any fashion deemed
appropriate, so this rationale is no longer applicable. Despite this fact many book
catalogue continue to follow the unit card and main entry concepts.
The ONULP catalogues. For example, and then repeat the title a practice that
would appear to have no justification except for mechanically reproduced catalogue
cards. A few books, catalogue projects have abandoned this anachronistic practice and
reproduce entries under various headings without any attempt to designate one as the
main entry even though the entries under each heading are still unit entries. Abandonment
of the main entry concept, it should be pointed out, also means abandoning and attempt to
designate the person or body primarily responsible for the intellectual content of a work
but clearly it makes the choice of entry less critical, particularly in difficult case such as
conference proceedings, where the choice between conference title, sponsoring body or
editor may be little more than arbitrary.
One of the greatest effects of automation on cataloguing practice to data has been
in the arrangement of entries in relation to each other. Virtually all book catalogues are
divided catalogues, abandoning the so-called dictionary arrangement that interfiles all
types of entries in a single sequence. The type of division is not consistent from one
catalogue to another. Some have separate author, title and subject sections; some combine
author and title entries separate. Regardless of the method of division, however, two
principal reasons are usually given for the arrangement; users make different uses of
subject entries as opposed to author and title entries, according to a number of user
studies and the filing or sequencing of entries can be simplified if all types of entries are
not interfiled.
The latter reason is normally the more urgent when automation is involved.
Catalogues can be divided without being automated and if ease of use were the only
justification for division there would be no reason to attribute the popularity of the
practice to automation. Filing however, is another matter and simplification of filing for
automation purpose is undoubtedly the main reason for the predominance of the practice.
Computers can sequence and data with extreme speed and accuracy if given explicit rules
for doing so, but traditional library filing arrangement are a mixture of alphabetical,
chronological and other sequences presumed to be logical, with numerous general and
specific exceptions. In addition to the complexity of the rules, many of them of based on
the ability of human filers to recognize information that is only implicit, not explicitly
stated and computers can work only with explicit data. At least five categories of
difficulty may be identified:
1) Information in the headings must be ignored or removed in order for computers to
sort it acceptable.
2) Information that is implicit must be made explicit.
3) Information in headings must be rearranged in order for machines top sort it into the
desired sequence.
4) Exceptions must be made to alphabetic order. Some rules require that entries
beginning with the same word or phrase be sub-arranged not alphabetically by the
next filing element but by bibliographic function or according to the type of entity the
heading describe, then places, then things.
5) Punctuation is even a problem because of complications introduced both by the
machines and by filing rules. Computers regard punctuation marks as character just as
 letters and numerals and sort them into a certain order unless programmed to do
otherwise.
In ideal solution to these various problems is unclear but attempts to solve them in
automated catalogues have produced a significant amount of change as compared with
manually filed catalogues. Most projects have used a combination of four basic
approaches:
1) Continue to follow present rules, using people to assign additional codes to headings
as necessary to allow computers to arrange the headings as desired.
2) Abandon present filing rules and use the arrangements produced by the computers
sorting sequences with a minimum amount of change.
3) Change the headings themselves as necessary so that computers can arrange them in
accordance with very simple filing rules.
4) Attempt to program computers so that they will arrange headings automatically,
either by present filing rules or by modifications of them. (Tiwari P, 2010)

4.18 LIBRARY AUTOMATION IN INDIA

1) Indian National Scientific Documentation Center (INSDOC)
In India some information centers and libraries made efforts to automate their
information services and library routines in the 1990’s with punch card and with a plenty
of second generation purpose computers that were available at Bombay and Kanpur.
INSDOC was the head in experimenting with computers for their application in
information work and documentation in 1964. Initially they made use of the International
Business Machines (IBM) 1620 model I that was available at IIT Kanpur. The first try
was with work on data collected for union catalogue of scientific serial. The
alphabetization program was started and the punch card out was printed on a tabulating
machine.
2) The Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta
The IIM, Calcutta using IBM 029 statistical machine having a print unit started a
system for producing a bibliographies and documentation list in 1968. After selecting the
title from the journal, it was categorize, the data sheet was prepared, information was
arranged in punch cards by key punching and information was recovered through sorter.
3) Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta
Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta Show and Holder in their paper on “Union
List of Periodicals” gave exact description of the compilation of the Union Catalogue of
Calcutta libraries using punch card system at the Indian Statistical of Petroleum (IIP).
The IIP, Dehradun making or developed a punch card method for circulation control in
1969-70, all the relevant data ware records on one punch card as per to a prescribed code.
4) Documentation Research and Training Center (DRTC)
At the DRTC seminar held in Bangalore in 1964, Harold Borko of the System
Development Corporation, California submitted paper titled ‘Experimental Studies in
Automated Document Classification’ where he presented his studies in the use factor
study a mathematical technique for obtaining classification categories for a set of
documents. At first Ranganathan felt that the computer created raise in the library
profession. However, he came out a small later with the design of a ‘document finding
system’ in which the orthodox catalogue could be searched in response to a query. Harold
Borko also recommends a second system, the ‘Doc-Finder’ a completely integrated
system.
Neelameghan published a paper on “Design of Document Finding System:
General Features” in year 1968 in this paper Neelameghan mentioned the objective of a
series of experiments undertaken in the DRTC on the use of ‘Doc-Finder’, for example;
the computer in document finding. Ravichandra Rao mentioned in this paper ‘Automated
System for Acquisition and Circulation’ examine in detail the Acquisition System giving
the different function to be performed by an automated acquisition systems different
reports to be generated from order files, and the added function that are desired to be
performed by the system.
Ravichandra Rao in this paper titled ‘Use of Computer and Sampling techniques
for stock verification’ mentioned a method of stock verification using a computer
readable catalogue of library. In his two articles, Ravichandra Rao mentioned both off-
line and on-line circulation system, the information about the documents can be
considered either as transitory i.e., recovered in the calculation file only when an item is
removed from its normal location or as present for example; stored in the circulation file
irrespective of where the book is. These 2 systems are also known as Inventory Systems
and Absence System.
5) Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
In 1970’s the Tata Institute of Fundamental research (TRFR) library developed
a program for making monthly list of new additions to the library with a keyword index.
The TIRF library developed new systems for stock verification using computers which
made the job of stock checking more accurate, easy, time saving and regular. The TRFR
library receives a huge number of reports and preprints. They have also developed a
system generate a weekly list of documents with index for report number and personal
author.
6) Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC)
The BARC continues to do a lot of better work in providing Selective
Dissemination of Information (SDI) service using INIS tapes with MISTRAL software.
Apart from this the center BARC developed a system ‘Automation for Storage and
Retrieval of Information’ (AFSART). BARC become one of the first institutes in India to
setup a CD-ROM facility, when it installed a Philips in 1988.
7) Physical Research Laboratory (PRL)
The PRL library Ahmadabad is the initial stages started issuing a computer based
Library additions list with a KWOC index. These programs were written in PL/1 and SPS
languages and were run on IBM 360/44 and IBM 1620 computer.
8) Periodical Management System (PMS)
A PMS was developed by Ghiya, Bharucha and Kulkarni in 1980. This system
understands all activities connected with dissemination of information and procurement
recording. This program was written in FORTRAN IV and in is run on IBM 360/44
computer.
9) Book Procurement System
Bakre, Kulkarni, and Bharucha developed a computerized Book and Procurement
System (BPB) at PRL, Ahmadabad in year 1981. This system observer the status of
processing of every one individual request received by the library and later assists the
library staff in taking quick action.
10) Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi
 Haravu developed a computerized acquisition routine of serials in 1969 at Indian
Institute of Technology, Delhi. Initially, eighty five periodicals were selected for this
experiment on the basis of country, subject and frequency of origin.
11) Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
In fact, first experiment in computerization was conducted at IIT Kanpur in
1964. The INSDOC had distinct to use the IBM 1620 computer at IIT, Kanpur for the
compilation of the Union Catalogue in that year.
12) Indian Institute of Technology, Madras
Use of IBM TEXT-PAC: Indian Institute of Technology, Madras purchases the
IBM 370/155 computer in 1970s. Since then number of experiments and operation
concerning to library automation and bibliographic data services were carried put doing
well. Ramanujan and other conducted a study of IBM TEXT-PAC software packages at
IIT, madras. At a huge stage, INSDOC had started the SDI services from the same center
using CAN/SDI software packages. The IIT Madras library too did some task in library
automation.
13) Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. (BHEL)
The BHEL R and D unit, Hyderabad decided a computerized book ordering
system on 1982. The software was purchase from the Clark Library System (CLAS) of
USA and modified to suit the required of BHEL library.
14) National Aeronautical Laboratory (NAL)
The NAL library at Bangalore has been using electronic data processing software
and hardware for book acquisition and ordering since long time. The NAL has also
automated a circulation control system.
15) Hindustan Aeronautical Ltd. (HAL)
Kumar developed uncomplicated program in COBOL to automate the circulation
system of Hindustan Aeronautical Ltd. (HAL), Bangalore.
16) IDL Chemicals Ltd.
The library of the IDL Chemicals Ltd. Hyderabad has been using a computer for
different library activities science 1980. All the programs are being run on their V-76
minicomputer system.
17) Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI)
 The CMERI, Durgapur stared automation of library services using the IBM 1620
computer available at the institute. They had written several programs for providing SDI
service to their users.
18) Electronics Commission (EC)
The Electronics Commission (EC), New Delhi founded Information Planning and
Analysis Group (1GAP) in 1971. This has developed a database for books on the HP21
minicomputer systems. It uses IMAGE/2000 database management system.
19) Institute of Armament Technology
The defense Research and Development organization (DRDO) has established
forty three laboratories and field units spread through in India. It was establish an
information network liking different R and D units of DRDO keeping in view of
requirements of such a system the Institute of Armament Technology (IAT) library, Pune
initiated certain experiments in computerized information processing.
20) National Physical and Oceanography Laboratory (NPOL)
The National Physical and Oceanography Laboratory (NPOL) library at Cochin
developed a computer based periodical control system using TEKTRONIX 4051 desk
computer model. The original journal by journal record in the Kardex file was transferred
to the computer memory.
21) Punjab Agricultural University (PAU)
The PAU, Ludhiana was using Friden Flexo writer for the reproduction of
catalogue cards and for making masters for the offset machine.
22) Regional Research Laboratory (RRL)
Regional Research Laboratory (RRL), Hyderabad Raoof and Prasad developed
of system of computerized reminder for non receipt of periodicals. The program for this
was written using FORTRAN IV and run on the laboratories IBM 1620 computers.
23) Defense Scientific Documentation Center (DESIDOC)
DECIDOC has developed an online interactive information storage and retrieval
system for processing bibliographical information. The requisite information as well as
software technology was developed in house. Now CD-ROMs can be used as a substitute
to online searching and even to build up customized databases. (S. Jageesh 1998).
4.19 CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMATION
The important characteristics of an automated system are follows:
1) The processes/ operations are carried out automatically.
2) Reduced or avoid human action and thus save labor and time.
3) It speed up efficiency and speed in operations.
4) Spends the range and raises quality of existing services.
5) Immediate answer to multiple quarries.

4.20 NEED OF LIBRARY AUTOMATION

A Computerized library is always best than a manually operated library in terms
of processing, organizing and dissemination of information to the users efficiently and
affectivity. If a library automated and connected to various library networks such as
DELNET and Information Library Network (INFLIBNET). It provides an opportunity to
the users i.e. research scholars, students and teachers to have and access to the academic
world. A library whether academic, national, public or specialist main functions and
objectives are to collect disseminates information to its users efficiently and effectively
application of Information Technology in the organization and services of libraries have
brought about sea changes in the functioning of libraries in the last 2 decades throughout
the world.
Almost all the advanced libraries are using computers for their daily library
operation in addition to housekeeping activities and some the big and modern libraries
are using the computer network using communication satellites for resource sharing use
which enables the participating library to acquired not only bibliographic details from
other library’s collection but also fullest abstracts and indexes of the required articles
using Local Area Network (LAN), fax, email and internet attachment to the system
library automation involving creation of database and information retrieval, use of
telecommunication for information handling and computerized library network, require
careful and systematic planning. (Singh Garudev 2007).
4.21 NETWORKING
Technology nowadays is moving very speedily and in this age of electronic
revaluation and computers, more and better gadgets are being invented each and every
day which make our lives easier and simpler. Communication too has developed
tremendously due to the advances made in communication technology such as blue-tooth
and WAP technology we are moving towards a seamless environment where every forms
of communication are merging.
The concept of networking is in all likelihood as old as telecommunication itself.
Consider people living in the Stone Age, when drums may have been utilized to transmit
message between individuals. Certainly, we have come a long way off from the primitive
towards and devices of our forebears, in the present, we have computers talk to each
other over wide assemblages of wires, microwaves and fiber optics.
The simple meaning of a computer network is, any set computers or devices
attached to each other, However, we define a computer networks as a collection of host
that are capable to communicate with each other using a single technology, frequently by
relying on the services of a number of dedicated host that transfer data between the
participants. Hosts are many computers, but one can also think X terminals or clever
printers as host. Small collections of host are also called sites.
The latest development in the network user population has brought in to the arena
huge number of non-technical applications, such as e- mail, and wish to explore the
growing availability of network information resource. The growing complexity of the
network environment, together with the increase in user access as physical computer,
brings into sharper focus; require for easy to use of access tools and navigational
information discovery. Information can sometimes be available speedily in electronic
form now than in the printed equivalent.
The importance is therefore moving away from the conjectural and uncertain
implementation of technical characteristic and towards the design of reliable network
services, which are suitable for direct use by a non specialist without experience, training
and support. A clear trend is towards a situation in which the end or last user interacts
directly with the information source, quite than through a human intermediary. Plenty of
the problems in organization and making reachable this confusing wealth of information
resources seem comparable to those which the traditional librarian has faced with printed
material, while the solution may not be straightly transferable.
One area in which librarian has been energetic in the compilation of resource
guides to network provisions; this has been a specific feature of the research networks
environment. The online text document or printed guide is not well suited to inclusive
coverage of the quick changing network environment. A database which can be essential
from any network node can provide more authoritative and faster information on
changing resource and location. (Singh, Manvendra 2006).

4.22 TYPES OF NETWORK

1. LAN (Local Area Network)
In a Local Area Network (LAN), two or more computers are directly linked within
a small well define area such as office building, campus and room. It has relatively few
numbers of users. They are comprehensively used to connect personal computers and
work station in factories and company offices to exchange information and share
resources. These are distinguished from other types of networks by the three
characteristics (I) their size (II) topology (III) transmission technology.
LAN links a number of computers (work station) together to permit plenty of
people to utilize the same computer programs and share information. Each and every user
can access the network form an individual computer work station. It provides multiuser
environment which permitted sharing of data as well as expensive resources like printer
and storage. It also provides connectivity, modularity, security superior performance and
reliability in its operation.
It can suitable any site requirement and in it any number of users can be tailored to
suitable any type of application. Main advantage of LAN is the reduction of software and
hardware costs because users can share several computers, secondary devices such as
LAN platform software, modem, hard disks and color plotters. Another advantage is that
the users can share the same data. (Mandal, Datta & Podder 1998).
2. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
The MAN network is basically a larger version of LAN. It is called metropolitan
since it generally covers the area of a large city. It might be either public or private.
Different transmission media and hardware are often used in MANs because they must
efficiently cover these distances up to tens of kilometers. A MAN can support both voice
and data, and might even be connected to the local cable television network. A MAN has
just one or two cable and does not include switching elements, which shunt packets over
one of the some potential output lines.
3. WAN (Wide Area Network)
A WAN is composed of a number of autonomous computers that are distributed
over a huge geographical area, often a continent or country. It can be implemented with
the support of public networks as well as private networks. Private networks are
developing within a one corporation. The implementers lease circuits for private use
which are normally telephone lines and construct a network. On the other hand, public
networks are developing by government telecommunication agencies. The switching and
transmission facilities are shared by several corporation and organizations.
The majority of WANs, the network contains numerous telephone lines or cable. It
has various uses and it makes file transfer simply. They are useful in data collection. In
addition to these, WANs have plenty of other users, including software distribution, the
capacity to use expensive resource, such as high resolution color graphic printers and
computer servers, importantly and remotely, the capacity to manage networks centrally.
Wide networks are normally limited to use by the large government agencies and
organization due to high costs involved in maintaining and building them. It is a satellite
based wide area network with national coverage. For example: MALIBNET, PUNENET,
BALINET,

4.23 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS OF LIBRARY

NETWORKING
A) Hardware Requirements
All of the member libraries must have at least some of the following hardware. However,
the central library (Host) may need most of the hardware mentioned below, but with
additional disk space. Hardware specifications are given below:
1. Server:
i. 1.2 GB HDD
 ii. Pentium @ 233 MHz with 64 MB RAM
iii. Windows-NT Operation System
iv. Color Monitor (SVGA)
v. 32 x CDROM Drive
vi. MS-SQL Server 6.5
2. Client:
i. 1.2 GB HDD
ii. Pentium @ 233 MHz with 64 MB RAM
iii. Windows-98 Operating System
iv. Color Monitor (SVGA)
v. 1.44" Floppy Drive
3. Other Hardware:
i. Modem (With dedicated phone line)
ii. Fax (With dedicated phone line)
iii. Ai lest two determine printers
iv. DD-ROM drive
v. Cartridge tape drive
vi. One letter quality printer (preferably laser printer)
B) Software Requirements
All of the participating libraries must have the following software need:
i. Software for effective network operation as well as the library automation
ii. UNIX ( latest version, to begin with, it may be optional)
iii. DOS (latest version)
iv. World processors
v. LAN (Novel/Ethernet, to begin with, it may be optional)
vi. DBMS packages
vii. Software for E-mail (at list PROCOMM)
viii. IR packages CDS/ISIS
ix. Programming languages : C/C++
x. Library automation: Granthlaya / Libsys / any other similar packages.
4.24 COMPUTER NETWORKING IN LIBRARY
It is nothing but connection between two or more computers systems through
cables. It is required for sharing the information between the different systems. Computer
networks are very important for library modernization. The Public Switched Telephone
Network (PSTN) is computer-controlled. There is a lot of scope for communication
through computer network system. Due to this there is a lot of demand for computer
hardware, software and peripherals industries.

4.25 LIBRARY NETWORK

The recent growth in the network user’s population has brought in to the arena
larger numbers of non-technical people who have learned the advantages of creation
network applications, such as electronic mail and wish to explore the increasing
availability of networked information resources. The increasing complexity of the growth
in user access as physical computer brings into sharper focus the need for easy to use
navigational information discovery and access tools. Information can sometimes be
available faster in electronic form now than in the printed equivalent.
The emphasis is therefore moving away from the speculative and uncertain
implementation of technical features and towards the design of reliable network services,
which are appropriate for direct use by a non-specialist without extensive support and
training. A clear trend is towards a situation in which the end user interacts directly with
the information source, rather than through a human intermediary. Many of the problems
in organizing and making accessible this confusing welt of information resources seem
analogous to those which the traditional librarian with printed material, although the
solutions may not be directly transferable.
Although such tools have begun to emerge, they are at present developing from
technical and computing tend to lack a sophisticated view of the information transfer
process. In this concept some of the main information discovery and retrieval tools are
discussed as examples of these emerging trends it is clear however that these are merely
the ancestors of future approaches which will more truly address the underlying
problems.
 The main arena in which these type of tools have been in the field of research and
academic networking since network resources are seen as one form of educational
resources to be exploited for both research and learning purposes and perhaps because an
opportunity has existed in this environment to develop such tools in response to
perceived need without early commercial pressures.
One area in which librarians have been active has been in the complication of
resource guides to network facilities this has been a particular feature of the research
networks environment. The oriented guide or online text document s no well suited to
comprehensive converge of the fast changing network environment. A database which
can be queried from any network node can change resources and location. The scale of
the problem is such that no single centralized and updated guide is likely to be feasible in
providing these mechanisms.
A resource guide can consist of a central database which can be updated from
local sources with local information or a distributed database which can redirect queries
to the local site for processing in a web of co-operating databases. A distributed X.500
directory would seem an attractive option here, although there is doubt whether the
present standard is capable of providing an adequate solution at the scale which the
problem requires.
The distributed approach presupposes a level of agreement on standard
descriptions for classes of item and on protocols for the routing of queries between local
databases. To provide the user with immediate access to the resource the guide would
need to contain routing information as well as a description so that sought items could be
retrieved in full without further action by the users.
Several proposals have been made on schemes for organizing and uniquely
identifying resources particularly in the internet world. There are however a number of
problems with electronic information item in such an uncontrolled environment the
possibility of loss of information in different versions and at content between different
instances of the same record the problem of version control the identification of name
changes in for example filenames for items with the same content.
The use of MARC format cataloguing records has been proposed as a more
traditional solution and the feasibility of this approach has been investigated by the
OCLC organization. The final report proposed the creation of a new field for location and
access information but suggested that the relative scarcity of formally published
information made the extension less attractive. No clear scheme has emerged as having
majority agreement and it may be that a traditional universal citation and mapping
approach is not an appropriate solution. Most attention at the present time is focused on
the creation of directory tools.
The Top node project is an attempt to create an overall directory of directories,
catalogues, resource lists, network services and tools together pointers to other sources of
information. Top node has developed a proposed record format which includes pathway
information for locating an item as the structure for a centralized database which will
update local copies of the data. A newly formed Internet Network Information Centers
proposes to develop a similar directory of directories and maintain resource description
files with regular updates. This will be a distributed information base and will be able to
dispense resource information in discipline specific packets. The development of internet
as a National Research and Educational Network and the growing emphasis on
networking for economic development seems likely to encourage these more formal
initiatives.
Hytelnet is a terminate and stay resident hypertext browser which provides an
IBM-PC user with information on access to library catalogues, campus-wide information
system, free-nets, bulletin boards and other network resource tools which may be
contacted through the internet. The program gives information on using the Telnet IP
protocol to access these systems but does not make the connection itself. Despite this it is
widely available in the public domain and is updated regularly. The package is a useful
adjunct to the desktop workstation user, acting as an aide-memory rather than masking
the complexities of internet communications.
Online directories which do exist have much more limited aims and cover only
small, specific areas. The WHOIS sever is presented on many internet sites, containing
information on network users on a limited scale, by offering directory services related to
the organization to which it belongs there is no attempt to share a common directory with
other organizations. Servers of this type however can be accessed from other points on
the network either by remote log in or through electronic mail. Bulletin boards and
campus information systems may also contain directory information of this short on a
rather ad hoc basis and with often unsophisticated searching mechanisms.
Much of the work on more structured information discovery and information
management tools has again emerged from the internet, reflecting the great amount of
freely available information and a user community with the interest and skills to develop
the tools. For this reason such tools are designed to run across TCP/IP based networks
and normally demand a direct connection from a host system or for the user to have
remote access to one.
They have usually developed from research project and many are in the public
domain rather than being commercially available as products although there is a tendency
for the most successful to move in this direction. Information discovery tools are software
programs which perform specialized task for one particular kind of resource: retrieval of
text documents identification of software programs or management of user access. They
are designed to perform two main interrelated tasks to manage and make available the
contents of large databases and disk directories from one location and to assist a remote
user in finding and accessing information from a number of different sources at different
locations.
The tools described here use a client-server model to achieve these two functions.
The server is responsible for maintenance and management of the information base
dispensing answers to queries submitted by a client. The client is responsible for
interacting with the user in the most appropriate way managing the user interface and
passing queries back to the server in an agreed format without requiring the user to know
what this is. A protocol binds these two parts together forming the common language into
which both queries and results are coded foe transmission across the network. Since these
tools have evolved from the internet environment, purpose built protocols of this sort are
predicated on the use of TCP/IP as the underlying transmission medium. (Sing
Manvendra, 2006)

4.26 NETWORKING OF PUBLIC LIBRARIES

With computerized data access through internet, all types of information like
social security, legal, medical aid, travel schedule etc. can be collected. The public
libraries foreign countries are making full use of it. Since libraries in India have not been
a priority development is not much. Public libraries could serve in improving literacy but
suffer due to lack of funds, modern equipment, good and adequate collection, proper
reading rooms, trained staff and user facilities. No doubt in today’s world public libraries
have to be technologically advanced so that they have access to INTERNET and
international database and network to serve the people better.
According to UNESCO public library Manifesto 1994:
“The public library acts as a living force for education, culture and information
and as an essential agent for fostering the peace and spiritual welfare through the minds
of men and women”
The Manifesto recommends that “The Public library network must be designed
according to national and regional research and special libraries as well as libraries in
schools, colleges and universities should be considered.”
Accordingly there is a need to establish a public library network which is in compliance
with the other networks in the country. There are around 60,000 libraries in the country.
They can’t be considered as libraries in the real sense as most of them provide only
reading facility like newspapers, magazines or story books etc. Most of them even do not
have computers. Training of library staff in the computer application is also important for
smooth functioning of library operations. The settlement in rural area is generally spread
over in remote places where facilities like electricity, road is not available so there is a
scarcity of trained staff.
As the infrastructure is not suitable and the people are not so educated it is
difficult to have network between rural libraries and public libraries. But due to wireless
communication technology it has become possible to join the network of other libraries.
This way Public library can reach the public get connected with the national network
system. We have to develop the infrastructure of public libraries. We have to improve
manpower by training them in AACR-II, MACC format, Library Congress subject
headings, handling of software and use of electronic mail and INTERNET etc.
4.27 NETWORKING RESOURCES IN PUBLIC LIBRARIES
The networking system is serves the purpose in two ways. One is that it provides
educational support to the needy people of the society and the other is a facility for
continuing education for the working class and left outs that have difficulties in getting
education. Thus public library system is a very important and essential part of the state.
Its job is to maintain collection of books and other reading material and serve the public
free of charge. This way the public literacy will increase. If we look back we find that
even after so many years of independence our nation has very poor system of public
libraries. States having formal library legislations are also not have proper library system
though people are paying a library tax. The state budget and grants are too small to keep
up public library services going and their growth and modernization. (Iyer V. K. 1999).

4.28 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF LIBRARY NETWORKS

The main and basic purpose for developing a network is to provide information
services to group of libraries through sharing of resources of the involved libraries of the
network. This may guide to member libraries to depend additional on access to document
held in the other member libraries than on depending only on their respective collection.
The important and main aims and objective of library network are stated as the following.
1. To upgrade resources utilization and service level at the particular libraries by
providing automation provision in the following areas
a) Fund accounting and acquisition.
b) Circulation
c) Serial control
d) Cataloguing - assist member libraries in cataloguing of serials, books, catalogue
production and non-book materials
e) User services – implementation electronic services in the libraries for speedy
communication of information
2. To providing resource sharing and co-operation activities between libraries by
providing reliable and efficient resource sharing, for example;
a) Document Delivery Services – providing the copies of the document which is not
accessible in their respective libraries
 b) Inter library loan (ILL) for maximum use of resources
c) Access to international and national database
d) Refresher course facilities and manpower training – stimulating, promoting and
co-ordination research and training programmed for network members and library
staff
e) Communication link through publication and inter – personal communication
3. To started referral centers to monitor and maintain a central on-line union catalogue
of serials, books, non-book materials and facilitate catalogue search of all the
participating libraries.
4. To coordinate efforts for appropriate collection development and reduce unneeded
duplication wherever possible. The purpose is
a) To reduce the operational cost of the collection development
b) To develop collection by mutual cooperation
c) To control the rate if easing cost of the collection development
5. To create a specialist bibliographic database of non-book materials, books and serials
for search and access.
6. To coordinate with other international, national and regional networks for exchange
of documents and information for the use of libraries and user.
7. To develop a database of specialists, project and institution for providing online
information services.
8. To evolve standards and uniform guidelines in method, techniques, procedures,
software and hardware services and so on and promote adoption in actual practice by
every libraries, in order to facilities towards optimization and facilitate pooling,
sharing and exchanging resources.

4.29 FUNCTION OF LIBRARY NETWORKS

At some places library networks have been established for sharing of resources
due to unnecessary wastage of finance can be avoided. Sometimes all the networks do not
conform to the essential function of other libraries. The essential functions should include
the promotion of resource sharing, union catalogues, and systematic entries of
acquisitions and implementation of international standards for making of records
uniformly. Considering this the functions of a typical library networks might fall into the
following three categories.
A) Information Services
1. Inter library loan service – it means that every member library may need having
the facility to photocopy for delivering the documents.
2. Reference and referral service – every member library may need the facility of
having dedicated E-mail services or/ and telephone.
3. Access to databases – to prepare backdated bibliography for the purpose of
browsing to know whether or not a document is accessible.
B) Management Services
The management services i.e. function that supports the network administration are:
1. Evaluation of the networks, this is done through
a) Collection of statistics
b) Analysis of performance of the network
c) User studies
2. Establish an operational system that implement the function mentioned above
3. Training activities. These are done through
a) Staff development programs
b) User oriented programs
4. Communication of activities such as
a) Holding of meetings. etc
b) Publication of newsletter
5. Cost analysis. It involves
a) Fess to be collected, determination of cost, etc.
b) Allocation of budgets
C) Technical Services
Function that serve the libraries i.e. the technical services are:
1. Technical processing involved in acquisition
2. Co-operative collection development program
3. Circulation control system
 4. Cataloguing and other means of resources to identify and to locate documents.
(Gahale P.D. 2013)

4.30 NEED FOR LIBRARY NETWORKING

1. The problem is the increase prices of publications, which has pretentious collection
development in libraries.
2. The ratio of increase of knowledge and information is faster than before and it is ever
increasing. Therefore, it has become not possible for all libraries to acquire every
document that is published in the library.
3. Due to the emergence of recently developed subjects, readers need pin-pointed and
exact information that may be available in other libraries.
4. The budget and funds of the library is not raise and this makes it complicated for the
individual library to provide services from its individual collection.

REFERENCES
1. Asari K. Ravindra., (2009), IT for librarians, IK international Publication House. Pvt.
Ltd. New Delhi. p. 132.
2. Gahale P. D., (2013), Library network and digital library, Garima Prakashan, Kanpur,
p. 12.
3. Gopal Krishna., (2005), Modern library automation, Authors press, Delhi, P.20.
4. Gupta Sangita (1995) manpower Needs Automation libraries, Ess Ess Publication,
New Delhi, p. 2-3.
5. Ibid, Gupta Sangita p. 3.
6. Iyer V. K., (1999), Library Information Network Management, Commonwealth
publishers, New Delhi. p.161.
7. Malavya U.C., (1999) Library information technology for the next millennium, Ess
Ess publication, New Delhi, p.25.
8. Sampath Kumar G.K., (2012), Resource sharing and networking in digital libraries,
Anand publication house, New Delhi.
9. Singh Gurudev., (2007), Introduction to computers for library professionals, Ess Ess
publication, New Delhi, p.107.
 10. Ibid, Singh Garudev, p. 108.
11. Singh, Manvendra., (2006), Computerization in libraries, Mahaveer & Sons, New
Delhi, p. 1.
12. Ibid, Singh Manvendra, (2006) p. 2
13. Singh S. P., (2009), Library automation and acquisition system, omega publications.
New Delhi. p. 8.
14. S. Jageesh., (1998), Library Automation Using FoxPro 2.0, Ess Ess Publication, New
Delhi, p. 43.
15. Tiwari P, (2010) Library automation, A.P.H. publication corporation, Delhi, p.242.
16. Ibid, Tiwari P, (2010) p.216.
17. Tiwari Purushotham., (2010), Library automation, APH Publication Corporation,
New Delhi, p.18.
18. Uddin, Hanif, (2009), Library Automaton: A study of the AIC, INSDOC and National
Libraries of Bangladesh. p.10.
19. Verama Kusum., (2008), Computer application to library, Vista publication house,
Delhi. p. 91.

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