Stoichiometry Mole-II (XI)
Stoichiometry Mole-II (XI)
Stoichiometry Mole-II (XI)
STOCHIOMETRY: MOLE - II
( EQUIVALENT CONCEPT &
VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS )
CONTENTS
THEORY
HEATING EFFECTS
EASY RIDE
PROFICIENCY TEST
MIDDLE GAME
ANSWER KEY
OXIDATION & REDUCTION
Molecular Equations:
BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + 2 NaCl .
Ionic Equations :
Ba2+ + SO42 BaSO4 .
Spectator Ions :
Ions which do not undergo change during a reaction , they are not included in the final balanced equation .
Rules For Writing Ionic Equations :
(i) All soluble electrolytes involved in a chemical change are expresses in ionic symbols and covalent substances
are written in molecular form .
(ii) The electrolyte which is highly insoluble , is expressed in molecular form .
(iii) The ions which are common and equal in number on both sides (spectator ions) are cancelled .
(iv) Besides the atoms , the ionic charges must also balance on both the sides .
Valency :
Valency of an element is defined as the number of hydrogen atoms that combine with or are displaced by
one atom of the element . Cl, monovalent; O, divalent; N, trivalent; tetravalent C; variable valency P
(3 , 5). It is never a useful concept despite of physical reality, so more common & artificial concept is
oxidation state (oxidation number) .
Oxidation Number :
It is the charge (real or imaginary) which an atom appears to have when it is in combination. It may be a
whole no. or fractional. For an element may have different values. It depends on nature of compound in
which it is present. There are some operational rules to determine oxidation number.
Stock's Notation :
Generally used for naming compounds of metals , some non-metals also. eg. Cr2O3 Chromium (III)
oxide and P2O5 Phosphorous (V) oxide .
Oxidation :
Addition of oxygen , removal of hydrogen , addition of electro- negative element , removal of electro-
positive element, loss of electrons, increase in oxidation number (de-electronation) .
Reduction :
Removal of oxygen, addition of hydrogen, removal of electronegative element, addition of electro-positive
element, gain of electrons, decrease in oxid. no. (electronation).
Redox Reactions : A reaction in which oxidation & reduction occur simultaneously .
Oxidising Agents (oxidants / oxidisors):
They oxidise others, themselves are reduced & gain electrons. eg. O2, O3, HNO3, MnO2, H2O2,
halogens, KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, KIO3, Cl(SO4)3, FeCl3, NaOCl, hydrogen ions.
[Atoms present in their higher oxidation state.]
Reducing Agents ( reductants / reducers):
They reduce others, themselves get oxidised & lose electrons. H2, molecule is weak but Nascent
hydrogen is powerful . C, CO, H2S, SO2, SnCl2, Sodium thio Sulphate, Al, Na, CaH2, NaBH4, LiAlH4
[Atoms present in their lower oxidation state].
Both Oxidising & Reducing Agents : SO2 , H2O2 , O3 , NO2 , etc .
Balancing Of Equations :
(i) Ion - electron method (ii) Oxidation number method
[Concept involved that in any chemical reaction electrons cannot be produced so no. of electrons in both
the sides should be same]
Oxidation Half Reaction : Na Na+ + e .
Reduction Half Reaction : F2 + 2e 2 F .
COMMON OXIDATION AND REDUCTION PARTS
reduction
To identify whether a reaction is redox or not , find change in oxidation number or loss and gain of
electrons. If there is no change in oxidation number , the reaction is not a redox reaction .
NOTE : To predict the product of reaction remember :
(a) Free halogen on reduction gives halide ion (F2 F )
(b) Alkali metals on oxidation give metallic ion with + 1 oxidation state.
(c) Conc. HNO3 on reduction gives NO2 , while dilute HNO3 can give NO, N2, NH4+ or other products
depending on the nature of reducing agent and on dilution.
(d) In acid solution KMnO4 is reduced to Mn2+ while in neutral or alkaline , it gives MnO2 or K2MnO4 .
(e) H2O2 on reduction gives water and on oxidation gives oxygen.
(f) Dichromate ion in acid solution is reduced to Cr3+.
Nature of oxides based on oxidation number :
Lowest oxidation state Basic (MnO)
Intermediate oxidation state Amphoteric (Mn3O4 , MnO2)
Highest oxidation state Acidic (Mn2O7)
Metathesis Reactions :
Never redox reactions . In these two compounds react to form two new compounds and no change in
oxidation number occur . eg.
(i) Pb (NO3)2 + K2CrO4 Pb CrO4 + 2 KNO3 (ii) HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
Rules For Assigning Oxidation Number :
(i) Oxidation number of free elements or atoms is zero .
(ii) Oxidation number of allotropes is zero .
(iii) Oxidation number of atoms in homo-nuclear molecules is zero .
(iv) Oxidation number of mono-atomic ions is equal to the algebric charge on them .
(v) Oxidation number of F in compounds is - 1 .
(vi) Oxidation number of H in its compounds is + 1 , except in metalhydrides where it is - 1 .
(vii) Oxidation number of O is - 2 in its compounds , but in F2O it is + 2 and in peroxides it is - 1 and - 0.5
in KO2 .
(viii) Oxidation number of alkali metals in their compounds + 1 .
(ix) Oxidation number of alkaline earth metals in their compounds is + 2 .
(x) Oxidation number of an ion is equal to its charge .
(xi) Oxidation number of a molecule as a whole is zero .
(xii) The sum of oxidation number of all the atoms in a molecule should be zero and in an ion equal to its
charge .
Average Oxidation Number : Find Oxidation Number of Fe in Fe3O4
Fe3O4 is FeO. Fe2O3.
O. N. of Fe in FeO is + 2 ; O. N. of Fe in Fe2O3 is + 3 .
22x( 3) 8
Therefore average O. N. of three Fe atoms = = .
3 3
EQUIVALENT CONCEPT
(A) Volumetric analysis: This mainly involve titrations based chemistry. It can be divided into two major
category. (I) Non-redox system (II) Redox system
(I) Non – redox system: This involve following kind of titrations:
1. Acid-Base titrations
2. Back titration
3. Precipitation titration
4. Double indicator acid base titration
Titrimetric Method of Analysis : A titrimetric method of analysis is based on chemical reaction such as.
aA + tT Product
Where ‘a’ molecules of “analysis”, A, reacts with t molecules of reagent T.
T is called Titrant normally taken in buret in form of solution of known concentration. The solution of
titrant is called “standard solution”.
The addition of titrant is added till the amount of T, chemically equivalent to that of ‘A’ has been added.
It is said equivalent point of titration has been reached. In order to know when to stop addition of titrant,
a chemical substance is used called indicator, which respond to appearance of excess of titrant by
changing colour precisely at the equivalence point. The point in the titration where the indicator changes
colour is termed the ‘end point’. It is possible that end point be as close as possible to the equivalence
point.
The term titration refer’s to process of measuring the volume of titrant required to reach the end point.
For many years the term volumetric analysis was used rather than titrimetric analysis. However from a
rigorons stand point the term titrimetric is preferable because volume measurement may not be
confirmed to titration. In certain analysis, for example one might measure the volume of a gas.
We can adopt mole method in balanced chemical reactions to relate reactant and products but it is more
easier to apply law of equivalents in volumetric calculations because it does not require knowledge of
balanced chemical reactions involved in sequence.
Law of equivalents refers to that, equivalents of a limiting reactant is equal to equivalent of other reactant
reacting in a chemical reaction or equal to equivalents of products formed. n factor here we mean a
conversion factor by which we divide molar mass of substance to get equivalent mass and it depends on
nature of substance which vary from one condition to another condition.
We can divide n-factor calculations in two category.
(A) when compound is not reacting.
(B) when compound is reacting.
Acid-Base titration
To find out strength or concentration of unknown acid or base it is titrated against base or acid of known
strength. At the equivalence point we can know amount of acid or base used and then with the help of
law of equivalents we can find strength of unknown.
Meq of acid at equivalence point = Meq of base at equivalence point
Back titration
Back titration is used in volumetric analysis to find out excess of reagent added by titrating it with suitable
reagent. It is also used to find out percentage purity of sample. For example in acid-base titration
suppose we have added excess base in acid mixture. To find excess base we can titrate the solution with
another acid of known strength.
Precipitation titration :
In ionic reaction we can know strength of unknown solution of salt by titrating it against a reagent with
which it can form precipitate. For example NaCl strength can be known by titrating it against AgNO3
solution with which it form white ppt. of AgCl.
Meq. of NaCl at equivalence point = meq of AgNO3 used = meq of AgCl formed
Double indicator acid-base titration:
In the acid-base titration the equivalence point is known with the help of indicator which changes its
colour at the end point. In the titration of polyacidic base or polybasic acid there are more than one end
point for each step neutralization. Sometimes one indicator is not able to give colour change at every end
point. So to find out end point we have to use more than one indicator. For example in the titration of
Na2CO3 against HCl there are two end points.
Na2CO3 + HCl NaHCO3 + NaCl
NaHCO3 + HCl H2CO3 + NaCl
When we use phenophthalein in the above titration it changes its colour at first end point when NaHCO3
is formed and with it we can not know second end point. Similarly with methyl orange it changes its
colour at second end point only and we can not know first end point. It is because all indicator changes
colour on the basis of pH of medium. So in titration of NaHCO3, KHCO3 against acid phenolphthalein
can not be used.
So we can write with phenolpthalein, if total meq of Na2CO3 = 1 then
½ meq of Na2CO3 = meq of HCl
with methyl orange,
meq of Na2CO3 = meq of HCl
n-factor in non-redox system
Titration Indicator pH Range n factor
Na 2CO 3 Phenolphthalein 8.3 – 10 1
against acid
K2CO 3 Methyl orange 3.1 – 4.4 2
of products formed in reaction.
Note: When we carry out dilution of solution, meq eq, milli mole or mole of substance does not change because
they represent amount of substance, however molar concentration may change.
Solubilities of some important salt’s :
1. Chloride : AgCl – White ppt.
Hg2Cl2– White ppt. All other chlorides are soluble in water.
PbCl2 – White ppt.
CuCl – Insolution ppt.
BiOCl – White ppt.
SbOCl – White ppt.
Hg2OCl2 – White ppt.
2. Bromide : AgBr – Pate yellow ppt.
PbBr2 – White ppt. All other bromides are soluble in water
Hg2Br2 – White ppt.
CuBr – White ppt.
3. Iodide : AgI – Yellow ppt.
PbI2 – Yellow ppt.
Hg2I2 – Green ppt.
HgI2 – Red ppt.
CuI – White ppt.
BI3– Black ppt.
4. Some important Ag2O – Brown ppt.
oxides and Pb(OH)2 – White ppt.
hydroxises : Pb(OH)4 – White ppt.
Hg2O – Black ppt.
HgO – Yellow ppt.
Cu2O – Red ppt.
CuO – Black ppt.
Cu(OH)2 – Blue ppt.
Cd(OH)2 – White ppt.
Fe(OH)2 – White ppt.
Fe(OH)3 – Red ppt.
Sn(OH)2 – White ppt.
Sn(OH)4 – White ppt.
Al(OH)3 – White gelatenons
Cr(OH)3 – Grey-Green
Co(OH)2 – Pink
Co(OH)3 – Brownish black
Ni(OH)2 – Green
Ni(OH)3– Black
Mn(OH)2 – White
MnO(OH)2 – Brown
Zn(OH)2 – White
Mg(OH)2 – White
Carbonates : Except Alkali metals and NH 4 all other carbonates are insoluble.
Ag2CO3 White ppt. Ag2O + CO2
3HgO.HgCO3 basic murcuric carbonate White ppt.
CuCO3 Green ppt.
CaCO3 White ppt.
Sulphites ( SO 32 ) : Except Alkali metal and Ammonium, all other sulphite are generally insoluble.
Examples : Ag2SO3
PbSO3
BaSO3 White ppt.
CaSO3
Thiosulphates : Mostly soluble except
Ag2S2O3 White ppt. [Ag(S2O3)2]3– soluble
PbS2O3 White ppt.
BaS2O3 White ppt.
Thiocynate (SCN–) : Hg(SCN)2 – White ppt. (Pharaoh’s serpent)
Ag(SCN) – White ppt.
Cu(SCN)2 – Black ppt.
Cu(SCN) – White ppt.
Fe(SCN)3 – Red complex.
[Co(SCN)4]2– – Blue complex
Co [Hg(SCN) 4 ] – Blue ppt.
Cynaides(CN–) : Except Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal cyanides are soluble in water.
Hg(CN)2 – soluble in water in undissociated form
Ag(CN) – White ppt. [Ag(CN)2]– soluble
Pb(CN)2 – White ppt.
Fe(CN)3 – Brown ppt. [Fe(CN)6]3– soluble
Co(CN)2 – Brown ppt. [Co(CN)6]4– soluble
Ni(CN)2 – Green [Ni(CN)4]2– soluble
Sulphides : Except Alkali metals and ammonium salt’s all other sulphides are insoluble. Some
insoluble sulphides with unusual colour are
CdS Yellow
MnS Pink
ZnS White
SnS Brown
SnS2 Yellow
As2S3 Yellow
Sb2S3 Orange
Chromates : Ag2CrO4 Red ppt.
PbCrO4 Yellow ppt.
BaCrO4 Yellow ppt.
FeCrO4 Green ppt.
Dichromates are generally soluble.
MnO4 – Permangnates are generally soluble.
Phosphates: Are generally insoluble :
Ag3PO4 Yellow ppt.
AlPO4 Yellow ppt.
ZrO(HPO4) White ppt.
Mg(NH4)PO4 White ppt.
(NH4)3[P Mo12O40] Canary yellow ppt.
Phosphite ( HPO42 ): Except Alkali metals all other phosphites are insoluble
Hypo phosphite: All hypophosphites are soluble in water.
All Acetate are soluble except Ag(CH3COO)
All formates are soluble except Ag(HCOO)
Tatarate,Citrate,Salicylate,Succinate of Silver-are all insoluble white ppt.
Some Important ppt.: KH (Tartarate) White ppt.
NH4H(Tartarate) White ppt.
K2[PtCl6] White ppt.
K3[Co(NO2)6] Yellow ppt.
(NH4)3 [Co(NO2)6] Yellow ppt.
(NH4)2 [PtCl6] Yellow ppt.
HEATING EFFECTS
Heating effect of carbonate & bicarbonate salts
All carbonates except (Na, K, Rb, Cs) decompose on heating giving CO2
Li2CO3 Li2O + CO2
MCO3 MO + CO2 [M = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba]
2CuO + CO 2 + H 2 O
Cu (OH) 2 .CuCO 3
Basic Cu ( II ) carbonate
Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3
Fe 2 O 3 + 3SO 3
1 1
(CaSO 4 . 2 H 2 O) +1 2 H 2 O
C
CaSO4 .2H 2O 120
Plaster of pairs
gypsum
1
CaSO4 .2H 2O CaSO 4 + 2 H2O
Dead burnt
Na 2 S 2 O 3 .5H 2O Na 2S 2 O 3 + 5H 2 O
220C
3Na 2 SO 4 + Na 2 S 5 .
ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O 70
C
ZnSO 4 .6H 2 O 70
ZnSO 4 .H 2 O
200C
ZnSO 4
200C
1
ZnO + SO 2 + O
2 2
2NaHSO 3
2NaHSO 4
Na 2 SO 4 + H 2 O + SO 3
Heating effect of Oxide salts
1
2 A g 2O 4Ag + O 2 ; strong Hg + O
HgO
HgO
300C yellow 400C red heating 2 2
1
PbO 2 PbO + O ; 6PbO + O 2
Pb 3O 4
2 2 Red lead Litharge
ZnO
3MnO 2 900 C
Mn 3 O 4 + O 2 ; ZnO
white yellow
1 3
2CrO 5 Cr 2O 3 + O 2 ; 2CrO 3 420
C
Cr 2 O 3 + O 2
5 2 2
I 2O 5 I 2 + O 2
2
Heating effect of dichromate & chromate salts
7
(NH 4 ) 2 Cr 2 O 7
N 2 + Cr 2 O 3 + 4H 2 O; K 2 Cr 2 O 7
2K 2 CrO 4 + Cr 2 O 3 + O2
2
Heating effect of phosphate salts
NaH2PO4 H2O + NaPO3; Na2HPO4 H2O + Na2P2O7
1º phosphate salt 2º phosphate salt
Na3PO4 No effect
3º phosphate salt
Na(NH4)HPO4.4H2O NaNH4HPO4 High
temp .
NaPO3 + NH3 + H2O
4H O 2
H2C2O4 H2O + CO + CO2
Some reactions of important oxidising agents
(I) Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) :
Cr2O72– ion takes electrons in the acidic medium and is reduced to Cr3+ ion. Thus Cr2O72– acts as an
oxidising agent in acidic medium.
K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4(dil.) K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 4H2O +3O
or Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6e– 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
(1) K2Cr2O7 + 7H2SO4 + 6KI 4K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 7H2O +3I2
or Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6I– 2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 3I2
(2) K2Cr2O7 + 7H2SO4 + 6FeSO4 K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 7H2O +3Fe2(SO4)3
or Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6Fe2+ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 6Fe3+
(3) K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 + 3H2S K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 7H2O +3S
or Cr2O72– + 8H+ + 3H2S 2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 3S
(4) K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 + 3SO2 K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O
or Cr2O72– + 2H+ + 3SO2 2Cr3+ + 3 MnO4 + H2O
(5) K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 + 3Na2SO3 K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 3Na2SO3 + 4H2O
or Cr2O72– + 8H+ + SO32 2Cr3+ + 3 SO 24 + 4H2O
(6) K2Cr2O7 + 14HCl 2KCl + 2CrCl3 + 7H2O +3Cl2
or Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6Cl– 2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 3Cl2
(7) K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 + 4H2O2 ether
K2SO4 + 2CrO5 + 5H2O
or Cr2O72– + 2H+ + 4H2O2 ether
2CrO5 + 5H2O
(II) Manganese dioxide (MnO2) :
In presence of excess of H+ ions, MnO2 acts as a stronge oxidising agent. In showing this behaviour
Mn4+ changes to Mn2+ ion.
MnO2 + 4H+ + 4e– Mn2+ + 2H2O
(1) MnO2 + 4H+ + C2O4– Mn2+ + 2H2O + 2CO2
(2) MnO2 + 4H+ + 2Fe2+ Mn2+ + 2H2O + 2Fe3+
(3) MnO2 + 4H+ + 2Cl– Mn2+ + 2H2O + Cl2
(III) Potassium permangate (KMnO4) :
(A) In acidic medium: The reduction of MnO 4 ion into Mn2+ ion san be represented by the
following ionic equation :
2 MnO 4 + 4H+ Mn2+ + 2H2O + 5O
or MnO 4 + 8H+ + 5e– Mn2+ + 4H2O
(1) KI to I2 (I– I2)
2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 + 10KI 6K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 5I2
or 2 MnO 4 + 16H+ + 10I– 2Mn2++ 8H2O + 5I2
(2) Ferrous salts to ferric salts (Fe2+ Fe3+)
2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 + 10FeSO4 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 5Fe2(SO4)3
or MnO 4 + 8H+ + 5Fe2+ 2Mn2++ 4H2O + 5Fe3+
(3) Oxalic acid (H2C2O4) or oxalate (C2O42–) to CO2
2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 + 5H2C2O4 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 10CO2
or 2 MnO 4 + 16H+ + 5C2O4– 2Mn2++ 8H2O + 5CO2
(4) H2S to S (S2– S°)
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2S K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 5S
or 2 MnO 4 + 16H+ + 5S2– 2Mn2++ 8H2O + 5S
(5) Nitrite to nitrate (NO2– NO3–)
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5KNO2 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5KNO3
or 2 MnO 4 + 6H+ + 5NO2– 2Mn2++ 3H2O + 5NO3–
(6) Arsenite AsO33– (As = +3) to arsenate, AsO43– (As = +5)
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5Na3AsO3 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5Na3AsO4
or 2 MnO 4 + 6H+ + 5AsO33– 2Mn2++ 3H2O + 5AsO43–
(7) Sulphite, SO32– (S = +4) to sulphate, SO42– (S = +6)
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5Na2SO3 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5Na2SO4
or 2 MnO 4 + 6H+ + 5SO32– 2Mn2++ 3H2O + 5SO42–
(8) Halogen acid, HX (X = –1) to the corresponding halogen, X2(X = 0) (X– X2)
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 10HCl K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 5Cl2
or 2 MnO 4 + 16H+ + 10Cl– 2Mn2++ 3H2O + 5Cl2
(9) H2O2 (O = –1) to O2 (O = 0)
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2O2 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 5O2
or 2 MnO 4 + 6H+ + 5H2O2 2Mn2++ 8H2O + 5H2O
(10) SO2 (S = +4) to H2SO4 (S = +6) (SO2 SO42–)
2KMnO4 + 2H2O + 5SO2 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2H2SO4
or 2 MnO 4 + 2H2O + 5SO22Mn2++ 5SO42–
(11) Hydrazine, N2H4 (N = –2) to N2(N = 0)
4KMnO4 + 6H2SO4 + 5N2H4 2K2SO4 + 4MnSO4 + 16H2O + 5N2
or 4 MnO 4 + 12H+ + 5N2H4 2Mn2++ 16H2O + 5N2
(12) Hydrazoic acid, HN3 (N = –1/3) to N2(N = 0)
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 10HN3 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 15N2
or 2 MnO 4 + 6H+ + 5HN3 2Mn2++ 8H2O + 15N2
(13) Nitric oxide, NO (N = +2) to HNO3(N = +5)
6KMnO4 + 9H2SO4 + 10NO 3K2SO4 + 6MnSO4 + 4H2O + 10HNO3
or 3 MnO 4 + 9H+ + 5NO 3Mn2++ 2H2O + 5HNO3
(14) Potassium ferrocyanide, K4[Fe(CN)6] to potassium ferricyanide, K3[Fe(CN)6]
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 10K4[Fe(CN)6] K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2H2O
+ 10K3[Fe(CN)6] + 10KOH
or MnO 4 + 8H+ + 5[Fe(CN)6]4–Mn2++ 4H2O + 5[Fe(CN)6]3–
Aliquot. A portion of the whole, usually a simple fraction. A portion of a sample withdraw from a volumetric flask
with a pipet is called an aliquot.
Analytical concentration. The total number of moles per litre of a solute regardless of any reactions that might
occur when the solute dissolves. Used synonymously with formality.
Equivalent. The amount of a substance which furnishes or reacts with 1 mol of H+ (acid-base), 1 mol of
electrons (redox), or 1 mol of a univalent cation (precipitation and complex formation).
Equivalence point. The point in a titration where the number of equivalents of titrant is the same as the number
of equivalents of analyte.
Formula weight. The number of formula weights of all the atoms in the chemical formula of a substance.
Formality. The number of formula weights of solute per litre of solution; synonymous with analytical
concentration.
Indicator. A chemical substance which exhibits different colors in the presence of excess analyte or titrant.
Primary standard. A substance available in a pure form or state of known purity which is used in standardizing
a solution.
Titrant. The reagent (a standard solution) which is added from a buret to react with the analyte.
EASY RIDE
Acid Base Titration
Q1. A small amount of CaCO3 completely neutralized 52.5 mL of N/10 HCl and no acid is left at the end.
After converting all calcium chloride to CaSO4, how much plaster of paris can be obtained?
Q2. How many ml of 0.1 N HCl are required to react completely with 1 g mixture of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3
containing equimolar amounts of two?
Q3. 10 g CaCO3 were dissolved in 250 ml of M HCl and the solution was boiled. What volume of 2 M
KOH would be required to equivalence point after boiling? Assume no change in volume during boiling.
Q4. 125 mL of a solution of tribasic acid (molecular weight = 210) was neutralized by 118mL of decinormal
NaOH solution and the trisodium salt was formed. Calculate the concentration of the acid in grams per
litre.
Q5. Upon heating one litre of N/2 HCl solution, 2.675g of hydrogen chloride is lost and the volume of
solution shrinks to 750 ml. Calculate (i) the normality of the resultant solution (ii) the number of milli-
equivalents of HCl in 100 mL of the original solution.
Q6. For the standardization of a Ba(OH)2 solution, 0.2g of potassium acid phthalate (m.wt. 204.2g) weighed
which was then titrated with Ba(OH)2 solution. The titration requires 27.80mL Ba(OH)2 solution. What
is the molarity of base? The reaction products include BaC8H4O4 as only Ba containing species.
Q7. A definite amount of NH4Cl was boiled with 100mL of 0.8N NaOH for complete reaction. After the
reaction, the reactant mixture containing excess of NaOH was neutralized with 12.5mL of 0.75N H2SO4.
Calculate the amount of NH4Cl taken.
Q8. H3PO4 is a tri basic acid and one of its salt is NaH2PO4. What volume of 1 M NaOH solution should be
added to 12 g of NaH2PO4 to convert it into Na3PO4?
Q9. Calculate the number of gm. of borax, Na2B4O7.10H2O, per litre of a solution of which 25cc required
15.6 cc of N/10 hydrochloric acid for naturalization, methyl orange being used as indicator. In aqueous
solution, borax hydrolyses according to the equation:
Na2B4O7 + 7H2O = 2NaOH + 4H3BO3
The liberated boric acid is a weak acid and is without effect on methyl orange.
Q10. 25mL of a solution of Na2CO3 having a specific gravity of 1.25g ml-1 required 32.9 mL of a solution of
HCl containing 109.5g of the acid per litre for complete neutralization. Calculate the volume of 0.84N
H2SO4 that will be completely neutralized by 125g of Na2CO3 solution.
Q11. A solution containing 4.2 g of KOH and Ca(OH)2 is neutralized by an acid. It consumes 0.1 equivalent
of acid, calculate the percentage composition of the sample.
Q12. 5gm of a double sulphate of iron and ammonia was boiled with an excess of sodium hydroxide solution
and the liberated ammonia was passed into 50cc of normal sulphuric acid. The excess of acid was found
to require 24.5cc of normal sodium hydroxide for naturalization. Calculate the percentage of ammonia
(expressed as NH3) in the double salt.
Q13. 0.5 g of fuming H2SO4 (oleum) is diluted with water. The solution requires 26.7 ml of 0.4 N NaOH for
complete neutralization. Find the % of free SO3 in the sample of oleum.
Q14. 1.64 g of a mixture of CaCO3 and MgCO3 was dissolved in 50 mL of 0.8 M HCl. The excess of acid
required 16 mL of 0.25 M NaOH for neutralization. Calculate the percentage of CaCO3 and MgCO3 in
the sample.
Q15. 1.5 g of chalk were treated with 10 ml of 4N – HCl. The chalk was dissolved and the solution made to
100 ml 25 ml of this solution required 18.75 ml of 0.2 N – NaOH solution for complete neutralisation.
Calculate the percentage of pure CaCO3 in the sample of chalk?
Q16. 2.013g of a commercial sample of NaOH containing Na2CO3 as an impurity was dissolved to give
250ml solution. A 10ml portion of this solution required 20ml of 0.1N H2SO4 for complete neutralization.
Calculate % by weight of Na2CO3.
Q17. Exactly 50 ml of Na2CO3 solution is equivalent to 56.3 ml of 0.102 N HCl in an acid-base neutralisation.
How many gram CaCO3 would be precipitated if an excess of CaCl2 solution were added to 100 ml of
this Na2CO3 solution.
Q18. 6g mixture of NH4Cl and NaCl is treated with 110mL of a solution of caustic soda of 0.63N. The
solution was then boiled to remove NH3. The resulting solution required 48.1mL of a solution of 0.1N
HCl. What is % composition of mixture?
Q19. Calculate the number of gm(a) of hydrochloric acid, (b) of potassium chloride in 1 litre of a solution,
25cc of which required 21.9cc of N/10 sodium hydroxide for naturalization and another 25cc after the
addition of an excess of powdered chalk, required 45.3cc of N/10 silver nitrate for the complete
precipitation of the chloride ion.
Q20. 2.5 gm of a mixture containing NaHCO3, Na2CO3 and NaCl is dissolved in 100 ml water and its 50 ml
portion required 13.33 ml 1.0 N HCl solution to reach the equivalence point. On the other hand its other
50 ml portion required 19 ml 0.25 M NaOH solution to reach the equivalence point. Determine mass %
of each component? (Na2CO3 = 36.38%, NaHCO3 = 31.92%, NaCl = 31.7%)
Redox Titration
Q21. It requires 40.05 ml of 1M Ce4+ to titrate 20ml of 1M Sn2+ to Sn4+. What is the oxidation state of the
cerium in the product.
Q22. A volume of 12.53 ml of 0.05093 M SeO2 reacted with exactly 25.52 ml of 0.1M CrSO4. In the
reaction, Cr2+ was oxidized to Cr3+. To what oxidation state was selenium converted by the reaction.
Q23. A 1.0g sample of H2O2 solution containing x % H2O2 by mass requires x cm3 of a KMnO4 solution for
complete oxidation under acidic conditions. Calculate the normality of KMnO4 solution.
Q24. Metallic tin in the presence of HCI is oxidized by K2Cr2O7 to stannic chloride, SnCl4. What volume of
deci-normal dichromate solution would be reduced by 1g of tin.
Q25. Calculate the mass of oxalic acid which can be oxidized by 100ml of M MnO 4 solution, 10ml of which
is capable of oxidizing 50ml of 1N I- of I2.
Q26. Exactly 40ml of an acidified solution of 0.4M iron(II) ion of titrated with KMnO4 solution. After addition
of 32ml KMnO4, one additional drop turns the iron solution purple. Calculate the concentration of
permangnate solution.
Q27. The iodide content of a solution was determined by the titration with Cerium(IV) sulfate in the presence
of HCl, in which I- is converted to ICl. A 250ml sample of the solution required 20ml of 0.058N Ce4+
solution. What is the iodide concentration in the original solution in gm/lt.
Q28. Potassium acid oxalate K2C2O4 · 3HC2O4·4H2O can be oxidized by MnO4– in acid medium. Calculate
the volume of 0.1M KMnO4 reacting in acid solution with one gram of the acid oxalate.
Q29. 5g sample of brass was dissolved in one litre dil. H2SO4. 20 ml of this solution were mixed with KI,
liberating I2 and Cu+ and the I2 required 20 ml of 0.0327 N hypo solution for complete titration. Calculate
the percentage of Cu in the alloy.
Q30. 1.44g pure FeC2O4 was dissolved in dil. HCl and solution diluted to 100 mL. Calculate volume of
0.01M KMnO4 required to oxidize FeC2O4 solution completely.
Q31. 0.84 g iron ore containing x percent of iron was taken in a solution containing all the iron in ferrous
condition. The solution required x ml of a dichromatic solution for oxidizing the iron content to ferric
state. Calculate the strength of dichromatic solution.
Q32. 0.5M KMnO4 solution completely reacts with 0.05M FeC2O4 solution under acidic conditions where
the products are Fe3+, CO2 and Mn2+. The volume of FeC2O4 used is 125 ml. What volume of KMnO4
was used.
Q33. A solution is made by mixing 200 ml of 0.1M FeSO4, 200 gm of 0.1M KMnO4 and 600 ml 1M HClO4.
A reaction occurs in which Fe2+ is converted to Fe3+ & MnO4– to Mn2+ in acid solution. Calculate the
concentration of each ion.
Q34. To 100ml of KMnO4 solution containing 0.632 gm of KMnO4, 200 ml of SnCl2 solution containing
2.371 gm is added in presence of HCl. To the resulting solution excess of HgCl2 solution is added all at
once. How many gms of Hg2Cl2 will be precipitated. (Mn = 55; K = 39; Sn = 118.7; Hg = 201)
Q35. A 1.0 g sample of Fe2O3 solid of 55.2% purity is dissolved in acid and reduced by heating the solution
with zinc dust. The resultant solution is cooled and made upto 100.0 mL. An aliquot of 25.0 mL of this
solution requires 17.0 mL of 0.0167 M solution of an oxidant for titration. Calculate the number of moles
of electrons taken up by the oxidant in the reaction of the above titration.
Q36. A mixture of FeO and Fe2O3 is reacted with acidified KMnO4 solution having a concentration of 0.2278
M, 100 ml of which was used. The solution was then titrated with Zn dust which converted Fe3+ of the
solution to Fe2+. The Fe2+ required 1000 ml of 0.13 M K2Cr2O7 solution. Find the % of FeO & Fe2O3
Q37. 2 gms of FeC2O4 are made to react in acid solution with 0.25 M KMnO4 solution. What volume of
KMnO4 solution would be required. The resulting solution is treated with excess of NH4Cl and NH4OH
solution. The precipitated Fe(OH)3 is filtered off, washed and ignited. What is the mass of the product
obtained. (Fe = 56 )
Q38. The neutralization of a solution of 1.2 g of a substance containing a mixture of H2C2O4. 2H2O, KHC2O4.
H2O and different impurities of a neutral salt consumed 18.9 ml of 0.5 N NaOH solution. On titration
with KMnO4 solution, 0.4 g of the same substance needed 21.55 ml of 0.25 N KMnO4. Calculate the
% composition of the substance.
Q39. A 1.0 g sample containing BaCl2 . 2H2O was dissolved and an excess of K2CrO4 solution added. After
a suitable period, the BaCrO4 was filtered, washed and redissolved in HCl to convert CrO42 to Cr2O72.
An excess of KI was added, and the liberated iodine was titrated with 84.7 mL of 0.137 M sodium
thiosulphate. Calculate the percent purity of BaCl2 . 2H2O.
Q40. A sample of Mg was burnt in air to give a mix of MgO and Mg3N2. The ash was dissolved in 60meq HCl
and the resulting solution was back titrated with NaOH. 12 meq of NaOH were required to reach end
point. An excess of NaOH was then added and the solution distilled. The NH3 released was then
trapped in 10 meq of second acid solution. Back titration of this solution required 6 meq of the base.
Calculate the % of Mg burnt to the nitride.
Double titration
Q41. A solution contains Na2CO3 and NaHCO3. 20ml of this solution required 4ml of 1N – HCl for titration
with Ph indicator. The titration was repeated with the same volume of the solution but with MeOH.10.5
ml of 1 – N HCl was required this time. Calculate the amount of Na2CO3 & NaHCO3.
Q42. A solution contains a mix of Na2CO3 and NaOH. Using Ph as indicator 25ml of mix required 19.5 ml of
0.995 N HCl for the end point. With MeOH, 25 ml of the solution required 25ml of the same HCl for the
end point. Calculate gms/L of each substance in the mix .
N
Q43. 200ml of a solution of mixture of NaOH and Na2CO3 was first titrated with Ph and HCl. 17.5 ml of
10
HCl was required for end point. After this MeOH was added and 2.5 ml of some HCl was again
required for next end point. Find out amounts of NaOH and Na2CO3 in the mix.
Q44. What is the concentration of a solution of orthophosphoric acid(gm H3PO4 per litre), 25cc of which
required 18.8cc of N sodium hydroxide for naturalization in the presence of phenolphthalein as indicator?
Q45. 2gm of mixture of hydrated sodium carbonate Na2CO3 . 10H2O, and sodium bicarbonate was dissolved
in water and made up to 250 cc. 25 cc of this solution was titrated, using methyl orange as indicator, and
22.5cc of 0.087N HCl were required for naturalization. Calculate the percentage of sodium bicarbonate
in the mixture.
Q46. A solution contains Na2CO3 and NaHCO3. 10ml of this requires 2ml of 0.1M H2SO4 for neutralisation
using Ph indicator. MeOH is then added when a further 2.5 ml of 0.2 M H2SO4 was needed. Calculate
strength of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3.
Q47. A sample containing Na2CO3 & NaOH is dissolved in 100ml solution. 10ml of this solution requires
25ml of 0.1N HCl when Ph is used as indicator. If MeOH is used as indicator 10ml of same solution
requires 30ml of same HCl. Calculate % of Na2CO3 and NaOH in the sample.
Q48. What is the concentration of a solution of sodium carbonate (expressed as gm. of anhydrous sodium
carbonate per litre), 25cc of which required 18.3cc of 0.12N sulphuric acid for neutralization,
phenolphthalein being used as an indicator?
Q49. When the salt, KNaC4H4O6 . 4H2O (molecular weight 282) is ignited, there is a residue of sodium
carbonate and potassium carbonate. A gram of this salt gave a residue which required 63.8cc of N/10
hydrochloric acid for neutralization, methyl orange being used as indicator. Calculate the percentage
purity of the salt.
Q50. Calculate (i) the number of gm. of anhydrous sodium carbonate, (ii) the number of gm. of sodium
bicarbonate, present together in one litre of a solution. 25cc of this solution required 11.8cc of N/10
hydrochloric acid for naturalization when phenolphthalein was used as indicator and 31.0cc of N/10
hydrochloric acid when methyl orange was used as indicator.
Back Titration
Q51. 50gm of a sample of Ca(OH)2 is dissolved in 50ml of 0.5N HCl solution. The excess of HCl was titrated
with 0.3N – NaOH. The volume of NaOH used was 20cc. Calculate % purity of Ca(OH)2.
Q52. One gm of impure sodium carbonate is dissolved in water and the solution is made up to 250ml. To 50ml
of this made up solution, 50ml of 0.1N – HCl is added and the mix after shaking well required 10ml of
0.16N – NaOH solution for complete titration. Calculate the % purity of the sample.
Q53. What amount of substance containing 60% NaCl, 37% KCl should be weighed out for analysis so that
after the action of 25 ml of 0.1N AgNO3 solution, excess of Ag+ is back titrated with 5 ml of NH4SCN
solution? Given that 1 ml of NH4SCN = 1.1 ml of AgNO3.
Q54. 5g of pyrolusite (impure MnO2) were heated with conc. HCl and Cl2 evolved was passed through
N
excess of KI solution. The iodine liberated required 40 mL of hypo solution. Find the % of MnO2 in
10
the pyrolusite.
Q55. 1.64 g of a mixture of CaCO3 and MgCO3 was dissolved in 50 mL of 0.8 M HCl. The excess of acid
required 16 mL of 0.25 M NaOH for neutralization. Calculate the percentage of CaCO3 and MgCO3 in
the sample.
Q56. A mixture of CaCl2 and NaCl weighing 2.385g was dissolved in water and treated with a solution of
sodium oxalate which produces a precipitate of calcium oxalate. The precipitate was filtered from the
mixture and then dissolved in HCl to give oxalic acid which when titrated against 0.2M KMnO4 consumed
19.64 mL of the latter. What was percentage by mass of CaCl2 in the original sample?
Q57. An acid solution of a KReO4 sample containing 26.83 mg of combined rhenium was reduced by
passage through a column of granulated zinc. The effluent solution, including the washings from the
column, was then titrated with 0.10 N KMnO4. 11.45 mL of the standard permanganate was required
for the re-oxidation of all the rhenium to the perrhenate ion, ReO4– . Assuming that rhenium was only
element reduced. What is the oxidation state to which rhenium was reduced by the Zn column.
(Atomic mass of Re = 186.2)
Q58. H2O2 is reduced rapidly by Sn2+, the products being Sn4+ & water. H2O2 decomposes slowly at
room temperature to yield O2 & water. Calculate the volume of O2 produced at 20oC & 1.00 atm
when 200 g of 10.0 % by mass H2O2 in water is treated with 100.0 ml of 2.00 M Sn2+ & then the
mixture is allowed to stand until no further reaction occurs.
Q59. A mixture containing As2O3 and As2O5 required 20.1 ml of 0.05N iodine for titration. The resulting
solution is then acidified and excess of KI was added. The liberated iodine required 1.1113g hypo
(Na2S2O3 . 5H2O) for complete reaction. Calculate the mass of the mixture. The reactions are
As2O3 + 2I2 + 2H2O As2O5 + 4H+ + 4I-
As2O5 + 4H+ + 4I- As2O3 + 2I2 + 2H2O
Q60. A sample of MnSO4. 4H2O is strongly heated in air which gives Mn3O4 as residue.
(i) The residue is dissolved in 100 ml of 0.1N FeSO4 containing H2SO4.
(ii) The solution reacts completely with 50ml of KMnO4 solution.
(iii) 25 ml of KMnO4 solution used in step (ii) requires 30 ml of 0.1N FeSO4 solution for the complete
reaction.
Find the weight of MnSO4.4H2O in the sample.
PROFICIENCY TEST
H3C O
CH3
Methanol Isobutene MTBE
CH4O C4H8 C5H12O
Approximately 2 billion pounds of MTBE are produced each year at a cost of about 10 c per pound.
Assume that you are a chemist working for a company that sold 750 million pounds of MTBE last year.
(a) If the synthesis has a reaction yield of 86%, how much isobutene was used to produce the MTBE?
(b) You have improved the synthesis of MTBE so that the yield of the reaction increases from 86% to
93%. If the company uses the same mass of isobutene for next year’s production, how many pounds of
MTBE will the company sell if it uses your new process?
(c) Assuming that the price of MTBE does not change, how much more money will the company make
next year because of your work?
Q30. A mixture of NaCl and NaBr weighing 3.5084 gm was dissolved and treated with enough AgNO3 to
precipitate all of the chloride and bromide as AgCl and AgBr. The washed precipitate was treated with
KCN to solubilize the silver and the resulting solution was electrolyzed. The equations are :
NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3
NaBr + AgNO3 AgBr + NaNO3
AgCl + 2KCN KAg(CN)2 + KCl
AgBr + 2KCN KAg(CN)2 + KBr
4KAg(CN)2 + 4KOH 4Ag + 8KCN + O2 + 2H2O
After the final step was complete, the deposit of metallic silver weighed 5.5028 gm. What was the
composition of the initial mixture.
Q31. Phosphorus is essential for plant growth, and it is often the limiting nutrient in aqueous ecosystems.
However, too much phosphorus can cause algae to grow at an explosive rate. This process, known as
eutrophication, robs the rest of the ecosystem of essential oxygen, often destroying all other aquatic life.
One source of aquatic phosphorus pollution is the HPO42– used in detergents in sewage plants. The
simplest way to remove HPO42– is to treat the contaminated water with lime, CaO, which generates
Ca2+ and OH– ions in water. The phosphorus precipitates as Ca5 (PO4)3OH.
(a) Write the balanced equation for CaO dissolving in water.
(b) Write the balanced equation for the precipitation reaction.
(c) How many kilograms of lime are required to remove all the phosphorus from a 1.00 x 104L holding
tank filled with contaminated water that is 0.0156 M in HPO42–?
Q32. It was desired to neutralize a certain solution prepared by mixing KCl and hydrobromic acid. Titration of
10ml of this solution with 0.1M AgNO3 solution required 50ml of the latter for the complete precipitation
of the halides. The resulting precipitate when filtered, washed and dried weighed 0.771 gm. How much
0.1M NaOH must have been used for the neutralization of 10ml of the solution.
Q33. The element Se, dispersed in a 5.0 ml sample of detergent for dandruff control, was determined by
suspending the sample in warm, ammonical solution that contain 45.0 ml of 0.020 M AgNO3.
6Ag+ + 3Se(s) + 6NH3 + 3H2O 2Ag2Se(s) + Ag2SeO3 (s) + 6NH4+
The mixture was next treated with excess nitric acid which dissolves the Ag2SeO3 but not the Ag2Se.
The Ag+ from the Ag2SeO3 and excess AgNO3 consumed 16.74 ml of 0.0137 N KSCN in a
Volhard titration. How many milligrams of Se were contained per millilitre of sample.
Q34. In the presence of fluoride ion, Mn2+ can be titrated with MnO4—, both reactants being converted to a complex
of Mn(III). A 0.545 g sample containing Mn3O4 was dissolved and all manganese was converted to Mn2+.
Titration in the presence of fluoride ion consumed 31.1 ml of KMnO4 that was 0.117 N against oxalate.
(a) write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction, assuming that the complex is MnF4—.
(b) what was the % of Mn3O4 in the sample?
Q35. CuSO4 reacts with KI in an acidic medium to liberate I2 2CuSO4 + 4KI Cu2I2 + 2K2SO4 + I2.
Mercuric periodate Hg5(IO6)2 reacts with a mixture of KI & HCl according to the following equation:
Hg5(IO6)2 + 34KI + 24 HCl 4K2HgI4 + 8I2 + 24 KCl + 12 H2O
The liberated iodine is titrated against Na2S2O3 solution; 1 ml of which is equivalent to 0.0499 gm of
CuSO4·5H2O. What volume in ml of Na2S2O3 solution will be required to react with the I2 liberated from
0.7245 gm of Hg5(IO6)2?
Given Mol. wt. of Hg5(IO6)2 = 1448.5 gm/mol; Mol. wt. of CuSO4·5H2O = 249.5 gm/mol
ANSWER KEY
EASY RIDE
Acid Base Titration
Q1. 0.381 g Q2. V = 157.8 ml Q3. V = 25 mL Q4. 6.608 g/litre Q5. (i) 0.569N, (ii) 50
Q6. 0.0176M Q7. 3.78g Q8.200 mL Q9. 11.92 g/litre Q10. 470 mL
Q11. K OH = 35%, Ca(OH) 2 = 65% Q12. 8.67 Q13. 20.72 %
Q14. MgCO3 = 52.02%, CaCO3 = 47.98 % Q15. 83.33 Q16. 2.63% Q17. 0.575 gm
Q18. % of NH4Cl = 57.5%, % of NaCl = 42.5%
Q19. 3.198 g HCl/litre, 6.974 g KCl/litre
Q20. 0.06gm; 0.0265gm
Redox Titration
Q21. + 3 Q22. zero Q23. 0.588 N Q24. 337 mL Q25. 22.5gm Q26. 0.1M
Q27. 0.254gm/lt Q28. V = 31.68 ml Q29. 41.53% Q30. 600 L MnO4 solution
Q31. 0.15 N Q32. 7.5 ml Q33. Fe3+ = 0.02M; MnO4– = 0.016 M; H+ = 0.568 M; Mn2+ = 0.004M;
SO42 – = 0.02M; K+ = 0.02M, ClO4– = 0.6M
Q34. 1.176 gm Q35. 6.07 6 Q36. FeO = 13.34%; Fe2O3 = 86.66%
Q37. 33.33 ml ; 1.486 gm Q38. H2C2O4. 2H2O = 14.35%, KHC2O4. H2O = 81.71%
Q39. 94.38% Q40. 27.27%
Double titration
Q41. 0.424 gm; 0.21gm Q42. 23.2 gm, 22.28gm Q43. 0.06gm; .0265gm
Q44. 36.85 g/litre Q45. 56.7% Q46. 4.24 g/L; 5.04 g/L Q47. 39.85%; 60.15%
Q48. 9.31 g/litre Q49. 90.0% Q50. (i) 5.003 g/litre, (ii) 2.486 g/litre
Back Titration
PROFICIENCY TEST
Q.1
1. 6.02 × 1023 2. 2 × 10–3 mol 3. 36 ml 4. 4.48 L
5. Laws of conservation of mass 6. 16 gm 7. GAM
8. 1/3 9. 14.2 gm 10. 44 g mol–1 11. 4.13 g
12. 44.8 L 13. 24.3 14. A2B 15. Conservation of mass
16. 0.4 17. 0.1 18. M/2 19. 0.1168
20. 12 21. 3.3125 g 22. 50 23. 5
24. 0.4 M 25. S8
Q.2
1. False 2. False 3. False 4. True
5. True 6. True 7. False 8. False
9. True 10. True 11. True 12. False
13. True 14. True 15. False 16. False
17. False 18. True 19. True 20. False
21. False 22. True 23. False 24. False
25. True
MIDDLE GAME
Q1.76.15% Q2. Al = 0.546 g; Mg = 0.454 g Q3. 51.6% Q4. 20ml, 40ml, 20ml
Q5. 30.55kg, 6 electrons Q6. VKIO3 = 0.42 mL, [HCl] = 0.02N, 0.73 gm/lt
Q7. 57.4% CuS, 42.6% Cu2S Q8. 5 gm Q9. 15.8% Q10. 0.06 gm
–3
Q11. 1.7613% Q12. 1.087 × 10 gm Q13. (a) 38.13%; (b) x = 6
Q14. 95.9% Q15. 60%, 320gm Q16. 59.48% Q17. 44.335%
Q18. 3.04 kg Q19. 33.15% Q20. 27.9%, 50.92%, 21.18% Q21.100g
Q22. 0.2424 mg/lt Q23. 0.0445 N; 0.0148 M; 2400 ppm Q24. 10.375ppm
Q25. 5.594% As2O3 Q26. 35.5% available Cl2
Q27. For Bromocresol, n = 1; For Phenolphthalein n = 2 Q28. 49.8%
Q29. (a) 2.52 x 1011 gm; (b) 811 million pounds; (c) 6.1 million dollars
Q30. NaCl = 67%; NaBr = 33% Q31. 14.56 Kg Q32. 12.02 ml Q33. 7.95mg/ml
Q34. 40.77% Q35. 40 ml Na2S2O3 solution.
ANSWERS OF STOICHIOMETRY: MOLE II
EX: MIDDLE GAME
Q1.76.15% Q2. Al = 0.546 g; Mg = 0.454 g Q3. 51.6% Q4. 20ml, 40ml, 20ml
Q5. 30.55kg, 6 electrons Q6. VKIO3 = 0.42 mL, [HCl] = 0.02N, 0.73 gm/lt
Q7. 57.4% CuS, 42.6% Cu2S Q8. 5 gm Q9. 15.8% Q10. 0.06 gm
–3
Q11. 1.7613% Q12. 1.087 × 10 gm Q13. (a) 38.13%; (b) x = 6
Q14. 95.9% Q15. 60%, 320gm Q16. 59.48% Q17. 44.335%
Q18. 3.04 kg Q19. 33.15% Q20. 27.9%, 50.92%, 21.18% Q21.100g
Q22. 0.2424 mg/lt Q23. 0.0445 N; 0.0148 M; 2400 ppm Q24. 10.375ppm
Q25. 5.594% As2O3 Q26. 35.5% available Cl2
Q27. For Bromocresol, n = 1; For Phenolphthalein n = 2 Q28. 49.8%
Q29. (a) 2.52 x 1011 gm; (b) 811 million pounds; (c) 6.1 million dollars
Q30. NaCl = 67%; NaBr = 33% Q31. 14.56 Kg Q32. 12.02 ml Q33. 7.95mg/ml
Q34. 40.77% Q35. 40 ml Na2S2O3 solution.