AERO213 School of Engineering Dr David JC Dennis

44831

Second Semester Examinations

2018

Aerospace Engineering (BEng/MEng) Yr 2

Mechanical Engineering (BEng/MEng) Yr 2

AERO213: Aeroengines

Time Allowed: THREE HOURS

Instructions to candidates:

Answer ALL five questions

All five questions carry equal marks (20 marks each)
Show all working in answers to numerical and mathematical questions

Data: See overleaf

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AERO213 School of Engineering Dr David JC Dennis
44831

Gas and fuel properties

Unless otherwise instructed, use the following data for gas and fuel properties.

Ratio of specific heats for air:  a  1.4

Specific heat of air at constant pressure: c pa = 1004.5 J/(kg K )

Specific gas constant for air R = 287 J/(kg K)

For the combustion products:  p  1.33 and c pp = 1140 J/( kg K )

The Lower Calorific Value of conventional hydrocarbon aviation fuel: QLCV  45000 kJ/kg

Equation summary

Ideal gas equation p   .R.T

Mass flow rate (𝑚̇) 𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝐴𝑉

Thrust (F) 𝐹 = (𝑚̇𝑎 + 𝑚̇𝑓 )𝑉𝑒 − 𝑚̇𝑎 𝑉𝑎 + 𝐴𝑒 (𝑝𝑒 − 𝑝𝑎 )

2𝑉𝑎
Propulsive efficiency (ηp) 𝜂𝑝 = 𝑉
𝑎 +𝑉𝑒

Δ𝐾𝐸̇
Thermal efficiency (ηth) 𝜂𝑡ℎ = 𝑚̇ 𝑄
𝑓 𝐿𝐶𝑉

Gas constant (R) R  c p  cv

cp
Ratio of specific heats (  ) 
cv

Steady flow energy equation 𝑄̇ + 𝑃 = 𝑚̇Δℎ0


 T2   1 p2 p
Isentropic condition    or  const
 T1  p1 

V
Mach number (M) M
a

Speed of sound (a) a   .R.T

Δℎ
Degree of reaction (Λ) Λ = Δℎ𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

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AERO213 School of Engineering Dr David JC Dennis
44831

Combustion equation
𝑐𝑝𝑎 𝑚̇𝑎 (𝑇03 − 298) + 𝑐𝑝𝑓 𝑚̇𝑓 (𝑇0𝑓 − 298) + 𝑚̇𝑓 𝜂𝐵 𝑄𝐿𝐶𝑉 = (𝑚̇𝑎 + 𝑚̇𝑓 )𝑐𝑝𝑝 (𝑇04 − 298)

Energy balance between compressor and turbine

𝑐𝑝𝑎 𝑚̇𝑎 (𝑇03 − 𝑇02 ) = 𝜂𝑚 (𝑚̇𝑎 + 𝑚̇𝑓 )𝑐𝑝𝑝 (𝑇04 − 𝑇05 )

1
Mach angle (  ) sin  
M

pcrit  2   1
Critical pressure ratio in a choked nozzle  
p0    1 
1
𝛾+1 2
𝛾 2 𝛾−1 𝐴𝑝
Mass flow rate for choked flow 𝑚̇ = [𝑅 (𝛾+1) ] 0
√𝑇0

Where A = area, p = pressure, p0 = stagnation pressure, P = power, 𝑄̇ = heat transfer rate, R = specific gas
constant, T = temperature, T0 = stagnation temperature, V = velocity,  B = burner efficiency,  M =
mechanical transmission efficiency of the shaft and   density, h=enthalpy and KE=kinetic energy.

Subscripts: a = air, f = fuel, t = throat and e = exit.

Isentropic efficiencies

  Ta
T02   T02
T03
Diffuser ( D ): D  Compressor ( C ): C 
T02  Ta T03  T02

T04  T05 T05  Te

Turbine ( t ): t  Nozzle ( n ): n 

T04  T05 T05  Te

Normal Shock Relations

Subscript 1 refers to conditions before the shock and 2 to conditions after the shock.

 1   1  2
1 1  M 1
p2 1  M 12

T2
 2
M 12
 2  2

  1M 12
; ; M2 
2
;
p1 1  M 22 
T1 1   1 M 2   1  1 2    1M 12
2 M 1  
2

2  2 

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AERO213 School of Engineering Dr David JC Dennis
44831

Q1. Multiple choice

Write down one answer for each question in the answer booklet. Incorrect answers are not
negatively marked.

i. When calculating the mass flow rate of an axial flow turbomachine, which is the correct
velocity to use?
A. Absolute velocity
B. Blade velocity
C. Tangential velocity
D. Axial velocity
[2 marks]

ii. For an isentropic flow, which is not true?

A. No change in entropy
B. No change in temperature
C. No heat transfer
D. No shockwaves
[2 marks]

iii. Which component is directly responsible for producing most of the thrust in an engine for
a modern civil airliner?
A. Compressor
B. Turbine
C. Fan
D. Combustor
[2 marks]

iv. Which of the following components is not turbomachinery?

A. Compressor
B. Turbine
C. Fan
D. Combustor
[2 marks]

v. After landing a large civil airliner the pilot will likely deploy…
A. The hot thrust reversers
B. The cold thrust reversers
C. Both sets of thrust reversers
D. No thrust reversers
[2 marks]

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AERO213 School of Engineering Dr David JC Dennis
44831

vi. If 𝑀 is mass, 𝐿 is length and 𝑇 is time, identify the correct dimensions of Work.
A. 𝑀𝐿/𝑇
B. 𝑀𝐿/𝑇 2
C. 𝑀/𝐿𝑇 2
D. 𝑀𝐿2 /𝑇 2
[2 marks]

vii. Identify the engine component that will produce the largest change in entropy.
A. Fan
B. Turbine
C. Combustor
D. Nozzle
[2 marks]

viii. Which of the following is not a high priority when designing a combustion chamber?
A. Raising the temperature as high as possible
B. Cooling the air before it reaches the turbine
C. Optimising the fuel-air ratio
D. Maintaining a stable flame
[2 marks]

ix. The quantity √𝑅𝑇 (where R is gas constant and T is temperature) has the same dimensions
as?
A. Pressure
B. Velocity
C. Density
D. Energy
[2 marks]

x. A common cause of compressor surge is thought to be which of the following?

A. High temperature in the compressor
B. The flame in the combustion chamber being extinguished
C. Aerodynamic stalling of the compressor blades
D. Axial velocity in the compressor being high
[2 marks]

[Q1 = 20 marks]

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AERO213 School of Engineering Dr David JC Dennis
44831

Q2.
(a) Gas (air) at a pressure of 6.5bar and a temperature of 250oC enters the stator of an axial flow
compressor of constant mean diameter 1.3m. The mass flow rate is 280kg/s. The height of the
stator blades at inlet is 90mm. The absolute flow angle at mid-blade height, measured with respect
to the tangential direction, is 34o at inlet. The density of the air at the exit of the stator is
4.58kg/m3. The flow can be assumed to be isentropic.

i. Sketch the velocity triangle at stator inlet.

[2 marks]

ii. Calculate the axial, tangential and absolute air velocity at inlet to the stator.
[4 marks]

iii. Calculate the stagnation temperature at the exit of the stator.

[1 marks]

iv. Calculate the static temperature at the exit of the stator.

[2 marks]

v. Hence, calculate the absolute air velocity at the exit of the stator.
[1 marks]

(b) A single stage compressor is designed with the flow entering axially, a constant axial velocity
throughout and a constant mean diameter of 0.55m. The rotational speed of the shaft,
𝜔 =800rad/s and the tangential velocity at the exit of the stage, 𝑉𝜃2 =90m/s.

i. Calculate the increase in static temperature of the air as it passes through the compressor.
You may find Euler’s turbomachinery equation useful: 𝑃 = 𝑚̇𝜔(𝑉𝜃2 𝑟2 − 𝑉𝜃1 𝑟1 ), where 𝑟 is
the mean radius of the compressor and all other terms have the meaning given in the
equation list at the beginning of the paper.
[6 marks]

ii. Sketch on a h-s (enthalpy-entropy) diagram the curves for both stagnation and static
enthalpy through the compressor. Label which part of the curves corresponds to the stator
and which part of the curves corresponds to the rotor.
[4 marks]

[Total Q2 = 20 marks]

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AERO213 School of Engineering Dr David JC Dennis
44831

Q3.

A turbojet engine flying under cruise conditions at a Mach number 0.85 has a pressure ratio of 28 (i.e. p03/p02
using the numbering system given below) and a maximum temperature of 1250 K (i.e. T04). The ambient
pressure and temperature are 18.0 kPa and 214 K. There are no mechanical transmission losses along the shaft
that connects the compressor and the turbine and no pressure losses across the burner (i.e. p04 = p03). The
Lower Calorific Value of the fuel is 45,000 kJ/kg.

The component efficiencies are:

Station Component Efficiency

a-02 Intake 𝜂𝑑 = 0.96

02-03 Compressor 𝜂𝑐 = 0.88

03-04 Burner 𝜂𝑏 = 0.97

04-05 Turbine 𝜂𝑡 = 0.89

05-e Nozzle 𝜂𝑛 = 0.97

Assuming all the flow processes are adiabatic, calculate:

(a) The stagnation temperature just before the compressor T02

[2 marks]
(b) The stagnation pressure just before the compressor p02
[3 marks]
(c) The stagnation temperature just after the compressor T03
[3 marks]
(d) Calculate f, the ratio of the mass flow rate of fuel to the mass flow rate of air, stating any assumptions
you make.
[5 marks]
(e) Calculate the stagnation temperature just after the turbine T05
[3 marks]
(f) Calculate the stagnation pressure just after the turbine p05
[4 marks]

[Total Q3 = 20 marks]

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AERO213 School of Engineering Dr David JC Dennis
44831

Q4.

(a) Consider the channel, shown schematically in Figure Q4(a), through which combustion products flow at
velocity V and temperature 800K. The flow direction is from left to right and you may assume that the
flow is one-dimensional and inviscid. The channel is 1m high. A small disturbance is introduced at the
location indicated in the figure on the lower channel wall and we observe a Mach wave as sketched in
the figure.

i. Calculate the appropriate gas constant for the combustion products.

[2 marks]

ii. Compute the velocity V that will mean that the distance d behind the disturbance location
where the Mach wave hits the upper wall is equal to 0.9m.
[4 marks]

iii. Will the velocity be higher or lower if the Mach wave is in the same location for an air flow?
[1 mark]

V
Figure Q4(a)

(b) A convergent-divergent nozzle is located at the exit of an engine. A normal shock is present in the
divergent part of the nozzle, i.e. between the throat and nozzle exit. The flow just upstream of the
normal shock wave has a Mach number of 1.9 and the stagnation pressure in the isentropic part of
the flow is 110kPa.

i. Determine the Mach number and static pressure just downstream of the shock wave.
[6 marks]

ii. Calculate the drop in stagnation pressure caused by the shockwave.

[3 marks]

iii. State three (out of five possible) equations that are used to derive the expression for the static
pressure ratio across a normal shockwave and also state the main assumption used in order to
derive this expression.
[4 marks]

[Total Q4 = 20 marks]

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AERO213 School of Engineering Dr David JC Dennis
44831

Q5.

A single stage axial gas turbine has the following specification:

Mass flow rate = 25 kg/s

Pressure ratio across stage = 3:1
Rotational speed = 7750 rpm
Inlet temperature = 995°C
Inlet hub diameter = 0.45 m
Inlet tip diameter = 0.59 m
Exit pressure = 1.5 bar

The turbine is designed to have a constant hub diameter and an increasing tip diameter. At the stator exit the
stator blade angle measured from the axial direction at blade mid-height is 65° and the tip diameter is 0.64m.

The flow enters and leaves the turbine with absolute velocity purely in the axial direction. The axial velocity is
constant throughout the turbine.

(a) Draw the velocity triangles at stator inlet, stator outlet/rotor inlet and rotor outlet at the mid-height of
the blade.
[3 marks]
(b) Determine the stator inlet and exit absolute velocities.
[3 marks]
(c) Calculate the rotor inlet relative velocity and relative flow angle.
[4 marks]
(d) Determine the power the turbine extracts from the flow using the Euler turbomachinery equation.
[2 marks]
(e) Use the steady flow energy equation to determine the static temperature at the exit of the turbine.
[2 marks]
(f) Calculate the blade height at the exit of the turbine.
[3 marks]
(g) Calculate the stage loading.
[3 marks]

[Total Q5 = 20 marks]

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