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    Sources of Radiation: Dr. Nada Farhan Kadhim/2019 Fourth Class/ Health Physics

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    بلسم محمود شاكر
    The document discusses sources of radiation, including naturally occurring background radiation from cosmic rays, terrestrial sources, radon gas, and internal human sources like potassium. It also discusses artificial sources of man-made radiation from medical procedures, consumer products, and industrial isotopes. It provides data that the average annual radiation exposure for a person is 3.6 mSv, with natural sources accounting for 81% of exposure and artificial sources 19%. The licensee's limit of exposure to man-made radiation is 1 mSv per year for public exposure and 50 mSv per year for occupational exposure.

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    Sources of Radiation: Dr. Nada Farhan Kadhim/2019 Fourth Class/ Health Physics

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    بلسم محمود شاكر
    35 views3 pages
    The document discusses sources of radiation, including naturally occurring background radiation from cosmic rays, terrestrial sources, radon gas, and internal human sources like potassium. It also discusses artificial sources of man-made radiation from medical procedures, consumer products, and industrial isotopes. It provides data that the average annual radiation exposure for a person is 3.6 mSv, with natural sources accounting for 81% of exposure and artificial sources 19%. The licensee's limit of exposure to man-made radiation is 1 mSv per year for public exposure and 50 mSv per year for occupational exposure.

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    The document discusses sources of radiation, including naturally occurring background radiation from cosmic rays, terrestrial sources, radon gas, and internal human sources like potassium. It also discusses artificial sources of man-made radiation from medical procedures, consumer products, and industrial isotopes. It provides data that the average annual radiation exposure for a person is 3.6 mSv, with natural sources accounting for 81% of exposure and artificial sources 19%. The licensee's limit of exposure to man-made radiation is 1 mSv per year for public exposure and 50 mSv per year for occupational exposure.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    35 views3 pages

    Sources of Radiation: Dr. Nada Farhan Kadhim/2019 Fourth Class/ Health Physics

    Uploaded by

    بلسم محمود شاكر
    The document discusses sources of radiation, including naturally occurring background radiation from cosmic rays, terrestrial sources, radon gas, and internal human sources like potassium. It also discusses artificial sources of man-made radiation from medical procedures, consumer products, and industrial isotopes. It provides data that the average annual radiation exposure for a person is 3.6 mSv, with natural sources accounting for 81% of exposure and artificial sources 19%. The licensee's limit of exposure to man-made radiation is 1 mSv per year for public exposure and 50 mSv per year for occupational exposure.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    Dr.

    Nada Farhan Kadhim/2019 Fourth class/ Health Physics

    Sources of Radiation

    There are two main sources of radiation:

    a. Naturally occurring (background radiation):

    It is the naturally present radiation in our environment, since the


    birth of this planet, it includes:

    1.Cosmic radiation:

    The earth, and all living things on it, are bombarded by radiation
    from space (sun and stars), this radiation interact with the Earth’s
    atmosphere and magnetic field (typically beta and gamma). The dose
    from cosmic radiation varies in different parts of the world due to
    differences in elevation and the effects of the earth’s magnetic field.

    2.Terrestrial radiation:

    The major isotopes of terrestrial radiation are uranium and the


    decay products of uranium, such as thorium, radium. Low levels of
    these elements and their decay products are found everywhere, and
    ingested with food and water. The dose from terrestrial sources varies in
    different parts of the world. Locations with higher concentrations of
    uranium and thorium have the higher dose levels in their soil.

    3.Radon gas:
    It is the largest natural source of radiation exposure to humans,
    which exist on air, water and soil. Radon's pathway is from the earth,
    through the basements of houses and other buildings, and into the air
    that people breathe. Radon exposures can vary depending on the soil
    and rock structure beneath buildings.

    43
    Dr. Nada Farhan Kadhim/2019 Fourth class/ Health Physics

    4.Natural internal radiation in the human body:

    It is the internal radiation comes from the radioactive materials that


    occur naturally in the human body. Potassium and Carbon are the
    primary sources of internal radiation exposures. The Potassium K-40
    isotope enters the human body through the food chain. Carbon C-14
    (represent 0.23 weight of the human body) enters the body both through
    the food chain and breathing.

    b. Artificial sources (man-made radiation):


    Artificial radiation sources are identical to the natural radiation in
    their nature and effect. The most important sources are:
    1. Medical procedures: such as diagnostic X-rays, nuclear medicine, and
    radiation therapy.
    2. Consumer products: such as tobacco (polonium-210), building
    materials, combustible fuels (gas, coal, etc.).
    44
    Dr. Nada Farhan Kadhim/2019 Fourth class/ Health Physics

    3. Concern isotopes: Cobalt (60Co), Cesium (137Cs), Americium (241Am),


    and others.
    Table 1: Annual effective dose equivalent.

    Sources Dose(mrem/yr) Percent of total


    Natural radiation
    Radon 200 55%
    Cosmic 27 8%
    Terrestrial(rocks and soil) 28 8%
    Internal (inside human body 40 11%
    Total natural 295 82%
    Man-made radiation
    Medical X-ray 39 11%
    Nuclear medicine 14 4%
    Consumer products 10 3%
    Other - -
    Occupational 0.9 <0.3%
    Nuclear fuel cycle <1 <0.03%
    Total artificial 65 18%
    The total 360 100%

    Q: what is the licensee's limit of exposure to man-made radiation?


    It is (1mSv per years) for public exposure (individual members) and
    (50mSv/year) for occupational exposure (working with radioactive
    material).
    Q: what is the average exposure of person?
    Its (3.6mSv/yr), 81% of it comes from the exposure to natural
    sources. 19% comes from the exposure to the artificial sources.

    Note: 1mSv =100 mrem

    45

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