1.

0 OBJECTIVES

● To determine the classes of alcohol by using the Lucas Test.

● To identify the carbonyl compound by using Brady’s, Tollen’s and Fehling’s test.
● To determine methyl carbonyl and methyl carbinol compounds by using Iodoform test.

2.0 DATA AND RESULTS

Observation
Test
Unknown X Unknown Y Unknown Z

1 Lucas Test Cloudiness occur No cloudiness No cloudiness

immediately formed formed

2 Brady’s reagent No yellow orange Yellow orange Yellow orange

precipitate is formed precipitate is formed precipitate is formed

3 Tollen’s reagent No silver mirror Silver mirror formed No silver mirror

formed formed

4 Fehling’s No red brown The appearance of No red brown

reagent precipitate formed red brown precipitate formed
precipitate confirms confirms the
the presence of presence of ketone.
aldehydes.

5 Iodoform test No yellow Yellow precipitate Yellow precipitate

precipitate with with antiseptic smell with antiseptic smell
antiseptic smell formed formed
formed

Table 1 : Observation of X, Y, Z compounds to the respective test

3.0 DATA ANALYSIS

Compound Draw the complete possible structure of the

unknown compound

Table 1.2 : Structure for X,Y,Z compounds

4.0 DISCUSSION

● Organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds. Many of these
reactions are associated with functional groups such as hydroxyl group, carbonyl group,
carboxyl and others. Each functional group demonstrates different purposes. The
general theory of these reactions involves careful analysis of such properties as the
electron affinity atoms, bond strengths and electronegativity.
● Lucas test is used to differentiate and categorize primary, secondary and tertiary
alcohols using a solution of anhydrous zinc chloride in concentrated hydrochloric acid.
● Brady’s reagent Brady’s reagent (2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine) is a red-orange solid,
usually supplied wet to reduce the risk of explosion.
● Tollen's Test is a very useful method to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones
● Fehling's test is based on the fact that the aldehyde group of sugar is oxidised by
complexed copper ions to form acid.
● The iodoform test reveals the presence of an aldehyde or ketone in which a methyl
group is one of the groups immediately connected to the carbonyl carbon.

● Observation :

Compound X gives positive results as it forms a cloudy solution immediately in the Lucas Test.
This proves that the compound is classified as alcohol with 3 degree structure .
In Brady’s Test, the appearance of yellow orange precipitate confirms the presence of carbonyl
group only in unknown compounds Y and Z that give positive results.

For Tollen’s Test, unknown compound Y reacts with silver nitrate and liquid ammonia mixture ,
silver mirror precipitate is formed.This shows that compound Y is aldehyde since oxidation can
only happen to aldehyde compounds.

Meanwhile in Fehling’s Test, unknown compound Y reacts with Fehling’s reagent , Cu2+/OH
formed brick red precipitate .This positive result indicates that the compound is aldehyde.
Lastly, for the Iodoform Test, unknown compounds Y and Z give positive results which are
yellow precipitate with antiseptic smell. This shows that the unknown Y is aldehyde while
unknown Z is ketone.

● Source of error :
1. The reagents used are not freshly prepared to perform the test.
2. The presence of any contaminants in the test tube used.
3. The temperature of the water bath exceeded the instructed temperature.

● Precaution steps :
1. The reagents should be freshly prepared to perform the test.
2. After performing the Tollen’s test, wash the test tube with nitric acid to destroy the
silver mirror, because it is an explosive substance.
3. Iodine should not be inhaled as it can cause irritation to the nose.

5.0 CONCLUSION

● Based on Lucas Reagent we can conclude that the unknown X is tertiary alcohol since
the cloudy solution occurs immediately.
● We have identified that unknown Y is aldehydes since a silver mirror is formed by using
Tollen’s test. By using Fehling’s test, red brown precipitate is formed. Meanwhile, we
have known that unknown Z is ketone because of the negative results shown by Tollen’s
and Fehling’s test because only aldehydes can be oxidized. For Brady's test, formation
 of orange precipitate indicates the presence of a carbonyl group in unknown Y and
unknown Z.
● By using Iodoform test, we have determined that unknown X is tertiary alcohol, unknown
Y is aldehyde with methyl carbonyl group and unknown Z is ketone with methyl carbonyl
group because of yellow precipitate with antiseptic smell only formed in unknown Y and
Z.

6.0 REFLECTION

● The process of getting to know with the organic chemistry compound developed recipes
for products that had industrial and military application in our life .In the fields of
pharmacology and pharmacy , Muslim can made notable progress and able to identify
the best chemical that can be used with the right way according to the shariah in Islam.
● Even Jabir used to say, “I have loved vinegar since I heard it from Allah’s Prophet”. And
Talhah ibn Naf’a said, “I have loved vinegar since I heard it from Jabir.” (Muslim, Abu
Dawud, Nasaa’i)
● He knows whatever goes into the earth and whatever comes out of it, and whatever
descends from the sky and whatever ascends into it. And He is the Most Merciful,
All-Forgiving (34:2)
● Allah knows everything that happens around us, we as the caliph should observe the
change in the reaction to know what is actually happening.

7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

● Theory of Organic Chemistry , Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry

● Admin. (2021, June 7). Types of alcohols - primary, secondary & tertiary alcohols.
BYJUS. Retrieved May 9, 2022, from https://byjus.com/chemistry/types-of-alcohols/
● Admin. (2021, November 29). Tests for aldehydes and ketones - sodium
bisulfite(nahso3), 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, schiff's, Fehling's, Tollen's, chromic acid
and sodium nitroprusside test for aldehydes and ketones, chemistry practical's class 12
with Viva Voice. BYJUS. Retrieved May 9, 2022, from
https://byjus.com/chemistry/tests-for-aldehydes-and-ketones/
● Admin. (2020, August 4). Test for alcoholic group - chemistry practicals class 12. BYJUS.
Retrieved May 9, 2022, from https://byjus.com/chemistry/test-for-alcoholic-group/
● Surah Saba - 2. Quran.com. (n.d.). Retrieved May 9, 2022, from https://quran.com/34/2