EDJ18503 / DNT122

APPLIED MECHANICS

CHAPTER 1 :
STATIC IN PARTICLES

BY : NOR SHAIFUDIN BIN ABDUL HAMID

 Chapter Outline
 Mechanics
 Fundamental Concepts

 Units of Measurement

 The International System of Units

 Scalars and Vectors

 Vector Operations

 Vector Addition of Forces

 Addition of a System of Coplanar Forces

 Cartesian Vectors
2
 1.1 Mechanics
What is Mechanics?

Mechanics is the science which describes and

predicts the conditions of rest or motion of bodies
under the action of forces.

3
 1.1 Mechanics
Branches of Mechanics

Kinematics
- concerned with the geometric
aspects of motion
-at rest
- Accelerated motion of Kinetics
-move with constant velocity
bodies - concerned with the forces
causing the motion
4
1.2 Fundamental Concepts
Basic Quantities

Four fundamental physical quantities

 Length
- locate the position of a point in space
 Mass
- measure of a quantity of matter
 Time
- succession of events
 Force
- a “push” or “pull” exerted by one body on another

5
1.2 Fundamental Concepts
Idealizations
 Particles
- has a mass and size can be neglected

 Rigid Body
- a combination of a large number of particles

 Concentrated Force
- the effect of a loading
6
1.2 Fundamental Concepts
Newton’s Three Laws of Motion

F  ma

7
1.3 Units of Measurement

8
1.4 The International System of Units

Exponential Prefix SI Symbol

Form
Multiple
1 000 000 000 109 Giga G
1 000 000 106 Mega M
1 000 103 Kilo k

Sub-Multiple
0.001 10-3 Milli m
0.000 001 10-6 Micro μ
0.000 000 001 10-9 nano n
9
 1.5 Scalars and Vectors
SCALAR VECTOR
Characteristics: It has magnitude but not A quantity that has both
direction magnitude and direction

Examples: Mass, volume and length Force, Velocity,

Acceleration, Moment
Addition rule: Simple arithmetic Parallelogram law

Special Indicated by letters in  Represent by a letter

Notation: italic such as A with an arrow over it
such as A or boldface
letter A
 Magnitude is designated
as ǀ A ǀ or simply A
10
 1.6 Vector Operations
Multiplication and Division of a Vector
 Equal vectors have the same Negative vector of a given vector has
magnitude and direction. the same magnitude and the opposite
direction

 Multiplication and Division.

11
 1.6 Vector Operations
Vector Addition

1) Parallelogram Law
 Addition of two vectors A and B gives a resultant

vector R

12
 1.6 Vector Operations
Vector Addition

2) Triangle Construction
 Result R can be found by triangle construction
e.g. R = A + B = B + A

13
 1.6 Vector Operations
Vector Addition
- Special case: Vectors A and B are collinear (both
have the same line of action)

14
 1.6 Vector Operations
Vector Subtraction
- Special case of addition
Eg: R’ = A – B = A + ( - B )
- Rules of Vector Addition Applies

15
 1.7 Vector Addition of Forces
Finding a Resultant Force
 Parallelogram law is carried out to find the resultant
force

16
 1.7 Vector Addition of Forces
Procedure for Analysis
 Parallelogram Law

 Make a sketch using the parallelogram law

 2 components forces add to form the resultant force

 Resultant force is shown by the diagonal of the parallelogram

 The components is shown by the sides of the parallelogram

 To resolve a force into components along two axes directed from

the tail of the force
 Start at the head, constructing lines parallel to the axes

 Label all the known and unknown force magnitudes and angles

 Identify the two unknown components

17
1.7 Vector Addition of Forces
Procedure for Analysis
 Trigonometry

 Redraw half portion of the parallelogram

 Magnitude of the resultant force can be determined by the law
of cosines
 Direction if the resultant force can be determined by the law of
sines
 Magnitude of the two components can be determined by the
law of sines

18
 1.7 Vector Addition of Forces
 When two or more forces are added, successive
applications of the parallelogram law is carried out to
find the resultant
Eg: Forces F1, F2 and F3 acts at a point O
- First, find resultant of F1 + F2
- Resultant,
FR = ( F1 + F2 ) + F3

19
1.7 Vector Addition of Forces
Example 1.7.1
The screw eye is subjected to two forces F1 and
F2.Determine graphically the magnitude and
direction of the resultant force.

20
 1.7 Vector Addition of Forces
Solution (Parallelogram Law)
Unknown: magnitude of FR and angle θ
Force x - component y - component
F150N = 150N sin 10˚ = 150N cos 10˚
= 26.05N = 147.72N
F100N = 100N cos 15˚ = 100N sin 15˚
= 96.59 =25.88N
∑F =122.64N =173.60N

Magnitude, FR  Fx  Fy  (122.64 N ) 2  (173.60 N ) 2  212.55 N

2 2

 Fy 
  tan 1 
173.60 N 
Direction,   tan 1    54.76

 x
F  122.64 N 
21
 1.7 Vector Addition of Forces
Solution (Trigonometry)

Law of Cosines
FR  100 N 2  150 N 2  2100 N 150 N  cos115
 212.55 N
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 1.7 Vector Addition of Forces
Solution (Trigonometry)
Law of Sines
150 N 212.55 N

sin  sin 115
150 N
sin  
234.52 N
  39.76

Direction Φ of FR measured from the horizontal

  39.76  15
 54.76 
23
 1.7 Vector Addition of Forces
CLASS EXERCISE
FE 1011
Two forces are applied to an eye bolt fastened to a beam as shown in Figure 1
below. With aid of sketching, determine the magnitude of resultant and direction
using:
a) The parallelogram law.
b) The triangle rule.

24
 1.7 Vector Addition of Forces
CLASS EXERCISE
Solution: Magnitude :
R Fx  Fy
2 2

 (9.67kN ) 2  (4.02kN ) 2
 10.47kN
Direction,  :
θ  FX 
  tan 1  

 Fy 
FR

  4.02kN 
 tan 1  
 9.67kN 
x - component y - component  22.57
5 kN = 5 kN cos 25˚ = 5 kN sin 25˚ R
= 4.53kN = 2.11kN
-ve is measure
8 kN = 8 kN cos 50˚ = - 8 kN sin 50˚ in the clockwise 22.39˚
= 5.14kN = - 6.13kN direction 10.56kN

∑F ∑Fx = 9.67kN ∑Fy = -4.02kN 25

 1.7 Vector Addition of Forces
CLASS EXERCISE
Solution: 25˚ 50˚
50˚ θ
FR
25˚ 105˚
105˚
θ
50˚ 25˚
FR

Magnitude : Magnitude :
FR  a 2  b 2  2ab cos  R FR  a 2  b 2  2ab cos  R
 52  82  2(5)(8) cos105  52  82  2(5)(8) cos105
 10.47kN  10.47kN

Direction,  : Direction,  :
b FR a FR
 
sin  b sin FR sin  a sin FR
8kN 10.47kN 5kN 10.47kN
 
sin(25   ) sin 105 sin(50   ) sin 105
  22.57   22.53 26
 1.8 Addition of a System of
Coplanar Forces
Scalar Notation
 x and y axes are designated positive and negative

 Components of forces expressed as algebraic scalars

F  Fx  Fy
Fx  F cos  and Fy  F sin 

27
 1.8 Addition of a System of
Coplanar Forces
Cartesian Vector Notation
 We ‘ resolve’ vectors into

components using the x and y

axes system
 Each component of the vector is
shown as a magnitude and a
direction.
 The directions are based on the x
and y axes. We use the “unit
vectors” i and j to designate the
x and y axes.

28
 1.8 Addition of a System of
Coplanar Forces
Cartesian Vector Notation
F = Fxi + Fyj F’ = F’xi + F’y(-j)
F’ = F’xi – F’yj

29
 1.8 Addition of a System of
Coplanar Forces
Coplanar Force Resultants
 Step 1 is to resolve each force into its
components

 Step 2 is to add all the x components

together and add all the y
components together. These two
totals become the resultant vector.

FR = F1 + F2 + F3
= F1xi + F1yj - F2xi + F2yj + F3xi – F3yj
= (F1x - F2x + F3x)i + (F1y + F2y – F3y)j
= (FRx)i + (FRy)j
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 1.8 Addition of a System of
Coplanar Forces
Step 3 is to find the magnitude and direction angle of the resultant
vector.
Magnitude of resultant vector

Direction angle of resultant vector

You can also represent a 2-D vector

with a magnitude and direction angle.
31
 1.8 Addition of a System of
Coplanar Forces
Example 1.8.1

Given: Three concurrent forces acting

on a bracket.
Find: The magnitude and direction
angle of the resultant force.

Plan:
a) Resolve the forces in their x-y components.
b) Add the respective components to get the resultant vector.
c) Find magnitude and direction angle from the resultant components.
32
 1.8 Addition of a System of
Coplanar Forces
Solution

F1 = { 15 sin 40° i + 15 cos 40° j } kN

= { 9.64 i + 11.49 j } kN

F2 = { -(12/13)26 i + (5/13)26 j } kN
= { -24 i + 10 j } kN

F3 = { 36 cos 30° i – 36 sin 30° j } kN

= { 31.18 i – 18 j } kN

33
 1.8 Addition of a System of
Coplanar Forces
Solution
Summing up all the i and j components respectively, we get,
FR = { (9.64 – 24 + 31.18) i + (11.49 + 10 – 18) j } kN
= { 16.82 i + 3.49 j } kN

y
FR  (16.82)  (3.49)  17.2kN
2 2 FR

 3.49  

  tan 1    11.7 x
 16.82 
34
1.8 Addition of a System of Coplanar Forces
CLASS EXERCISE

Given: Three concurrent forces acting on a bracket

Find: The magnitude and angle of the resultant force.

35
 1.8 Addition of a System of Coplanar Forces
CLASS EXERCISE
Solution:

F1 = { (4/5) 850 i - (3/5) 850 j } N

= { 680 i - 510 j } N

F2 = { (-625 sin 30°) i - (625 cos 30°) j } N

= { -312.5 i - 541.3 j } N

F3 = { (-750 sin 45°) i + (750 cos 45°) j } N

{ -530.3 i + 530.3 j } N

36
1.8 Addition of a System of Coplanar Forces
CLASS EXERCISE
Solution:
Summing up all the i and j components respectively, we get,
FR = { (680 – 312.5 – 530.3) i + (-510 – 541.3 + 530.3) j }N
= { - 162.8 i - 521 j } N
y

FR  (162.8) 2  (521) 2  546 N x



 521   FR
  tan  1
  72.64
 162.8 
Or From Positive x axis  = 180 + 72.64 = 253 °
DNT122 – Applied Mechanics Farah Hanan Mohd Faudzi | PPD | UniMAP 37
 1.9 Cartesian Vectors
Right-Handed Coordinate System
A rectangular or Cartesian coordinate system is said
to be right-handed provided:

- Thumb of right hand points in the

direction of the positive z axis

- the right-hand fingers are curled

about this axis and directed from the
positive x towards the positive y axis
38
 1.9 Cartesian Vectors
Rectangular Components of a Vector
- A vector A may have one, two or three rectangular
components along the x, y and z axes, depending on
orientation
- By two successive application of the parallelogram law
A = A’ + Az
A’ = Ax + Ay
- Combing the equations, A can be
expressed as
A = Ax + Ay + Az

39
 1.9 Cartesian Vectors
Cartesian Unit Vectors
- Cartesian unit vectors, i, j and k are used to
designate the directions of z, y and z axes

- Sense (or arrowhead) of these

vectors are described by a plus
or minus sign (depending on
pointing towards the positive
or negative axes)

40
 1.9 Cartesian Vectors
Cartesian Vector Representations
- Three components of A act in the positive i, j and k
directions

Cartesian
A = Axi + Ayj + AZk Vectors Form

*Note the magnitude and

direction of each components
are separated, easing vector
algebraic operations.
41
 1.9 Cartesian Vectors
Magnitude of a Cartesian Vector
- From the colored triangle,
A  A'2  Az2
- From the shaded triangle,

A'  Ax2  Ay2

- Combining the equations gives

magnitude of A
A  Ax2  Ay2  Az2
42
 1.9 Cartesian Vectors
Direction of a Cartesian Vector
- Orientation of A is defined as the
coordinate direction angles α, β and
γ measured between the tail of A and
the positive x, y and z axes

- 0° ≤ α, β and γ ≤ 180 °

43
 1.9 Cartesian Vectors
Direction of a Cartesian Vector
- For angles α, β and γ (blue colored
triangles), we calculate the direction
cosines of A

Ax
cos  
A

44
 1.9 Cartesian Vectors
Direction of a Cartesian Vector
- For angles α, β and γ (blue colored
triangles), we calculate the direction
cosines of A

Ay
cos  
A

45
 1.9 Cartesian Vectors
Direction of a Cartesian
Vector
- For angles α, β and γ (blue colored
triangles), we calculate the direction
cosines of A

Az
cos  
A
46
 1.9 Cartesian Vectors
Unit Vector
- the unit vector of any position vector
uA = A /A
= (Ax/A)i + (Ay/A)j + (AZ/A)k
where
A  Ax2  Ay2  Az2

47
 1.9 Cartesian Vectors
Example 1.9.1:
Determine the magnitude and coordinate direction
angles of resultant force acting on the ring

48
 1.9 Cartesian Vectors
Solution:
Find the Resultant force
FR  F  F1  F2  {60j  80k}kN  {50i - 100j  100k}kN
 {50i - 40j  180k}kN

Magnitude of Resultant force

FR  (50) 2  (40) 2  (180) 2  191kN

The coordinate direction angles

50  40 180
cos   cos   cos  
191 191 191
  74.8   102   19.6
 1.9 Cartesian Vectors
Example 1.9.2:
Two forces act on the hook. Specify the coordinate direction
angles of F2, so that the resultant force FR acts along the
positive y axis and has a magnitude of 800N.

50
 1.9 Cartesian Vectors
Solution: F1  (F1cos1 )i  (F1cos1 )j  (F1cos 1 )k
 (300cos45 N)i  (300cos60 N)j  (300cos120 N)k
 {212.1i  150j - 150k}N
F2  (F2x )i  (F2y )j  (F2z )k
FR  800 j

FR  F1  F2
800j  212.1i  150j - 150k  F2x i  F2y j  F2z k
800j  (212.1  F2x )i  (150  F2y )j  (- 50  F2z )k

component i, 212.1N  F2 x  0  F2 x  212.1N

component j , 150 N  F2 y  800  F2 x  650 N
component k ,  150 N  F2 z  0  F2 z  150 N
51
 1.9 Cartesian Vectors
Solution:

Magnitude of F2

FR  (212.1) 2  (650) 2  (150) 2

 700 N

The coordinate direction angles

212.2 650 150

cos  2   cos  2  cos  2 
700 700 700
 2  108  2  21.8  2  77.6
52
 1.9 Cartesian Vectors
CLASS EXERCISE
FE1617
The tower is held in place by three cables. If the force of each cable
acting on the tower is shown as Figure 6. Given x = 15m and y = 20m ,
determine :
a) Compute the forces in each cable.
Express the each force in
Cartesian vector form.
b) Determine the resultant of force
acting on the tower
c) Determine the magnitude and the
coordinate direction of angles of
resultant force acting on the tower.
53
 1.9 Cartesian Vectors
CLASS EXERCISE
Solution: i)
 16i  18 j  24k 
TDC  600 

 16 2  (18) 2  (24) 2 
 
 (282.35i  317.65 j  423.53k ) N

 15i  20 j  24k 
TDA  400 
 
 20 2  152  (24) 2 
 
 (173.11i  230.81 j  276.98k ) N

  6i  4 j  24k 
TDB  800 
 
 (6) 2  4 2  (24) 2 
 
 (191.54i  127.69 j  766.16k ) N

54
 1.9 Cartesian Vectors
CLASS EXERCISE
Solution:
ii )
 T  TDC  TDA  TDB
 (282.31i  317.65 j  423.53k ) N  (173.11i  230.81 j  276.98k ) N  (191.54i  127.69 j  766.16k ) N
 (263.88i  40.84 j  1466.67k ) N

iii )
TR  T X
2
 TY  TZ
2 2
  263.88 2

 (40.84) 2  (1466.67) 2  1490.78 N

 TX  263.88 
  Cos 1    Cos 1    79.80

 TR  1490 .78 
T   40.84 
  Cos 1  Y   Cos 1    88.43
 R
T  1490. 78 
 TZ    1466.67 
  Cos 1    Cos 1    169.68
 R
T  1490 .78 
55
 1.9 Cartesian Vectors
CLASS EXERCISE
Knowing that the tension is 1425 N in cable AB and 2130 N in cable
AC, determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant of the
forces exerted at A by the two cables.

 900i  600 j  920k 

TAC  2130 
 
 900 2  (600) 2  920 2  

 (1350i  900 j  1380k ) N

 900i  600 j  360k 

TAB  1425 
 
 900 2  (600) 2  360 2  

 (1125i  750 j  450k ) N

56
 1.9 Cartesian Vectors
CLASS EXERCISE
Solution:
 T  TAB  TAC
 (1125i  750 j  450k ) N  (1350i  900 j  1380k ) N
 (2475i  1650 j  930k ) N

TR  T X
2
 TY  TZ
2 2
  2475 2

 (1650) 2  930 2  3116.57 N

 TX
  2475 
  Cos 1    Cos 1    37.43
 TR
  3116.57 
T    1650 
  Cos 1  Y   Cos 1    121.97
 R
T  3116.57 
 TZ   930 
  Cos 1    Cos 1    72.64
 TR   3116.57 

57
 1.9 Cartesian Vectors
CLASS EXERCISE
Determine the magnitude and coordinate direction
angles of the resultant force acting at A.

 (4.5 sin 45)i  (4.5 cos 45) j  6k 

TAB  900 
 
 (4.5 sin 45) 2  (4.5 cos 45) 2  6 2  

 (381.60i  381.60 j  720k ) N

  3i  6 j  6k 
TAC  600 
 
 (3) 2  (6) 2  (6) 2  

 (200i  400 j  400k ) N

58
 1.9 Cartesian Vectors
CLASS EXERCISE
Solution:
 T  TAB  TAC
 (381.60i  381.60 j  720k ) N  (200i  400 j  400k ) N
 (181.60i  781.60 j  1120k ) N

TR  T X
2
 TY  TZ
2 2
  181.60 2

 (781.60) 2  (1120) 2  1377.78 N

 TX
  181.60 
  Cos 1    Cos 1    82.43
 TR
  1377.78 
T    781.60 
  Cos 1  Y   Cos 1    124.56
 R
T  1377.78 
 TZ    1120 
  Cos 1    Cos 1    144.38
 TR   31377.78 

59
BY : NOR SHAIFUDIN BIN ABDUL HAMID