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Task 1 - Electromagnetic waves in open media
Individual work
Luis David Giraldo López

Group 16
Identification 1037369895
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2023 16-01
Exercises development
Activity
Answers: (write with your own words)
1. In the context of electromagnetic waves, what is an open
propagation medium?
R/The medium in which the waves are transmitted, in this case an open
medium, can be throughthe air, that is, it does not encounter obstacles in its
propagation.
2. Within the propagation mediums, what is the meaning of the “Loss
Tangent”?
R/It represents an indicator of the quality of the insulation since the losses are
correlated withthe useful life of the material. That is why this parameter is
widely used in the technologicalsector of insulating materials
3. How can we classify a medium according to the value of its “loss
tangent”?
R/The basic classification for media based on the loss tangent as follows:
Perfect dielectrics: they do not present conduction current, therefore, they do
not have Joule effect losses.
Perfect conductors: they do not present bias current, therefore,
they do not possess capacitive or charge accumulation effects.
Good insulators: they present conduction current and effect losses Joule, but
this effect isalmost negligible compared to the capacitive effect, they are called
also "dielectrics as losses".
Good conductors: they present bias current, therefore possessing capacitive
effects or charge accumulation, but the conduction current and Joule effect
losses.
Dissipative dielectrics: they present both effects and neither is negligible
against the other.
4. What is "penetration depth" of an electromagnetic wave?
R/The penetration depth is commonly defined as the distance, inside a lossy
medium, at which the electric field, or the magnetic field, amplitude reduces of
a factor 1/e with respect to its maximum value at the separation interface.
Application exercise:
The following 4-step exercise describes the method to characterize an
electromagnetic wave when propagating in an open environment, for which,
each student must choose 1 propagation media of the proposed in Table 1 and
announce it within the Task 1 forum to avoid repetition.
Table 1: Conductivity σ and electrical permittivity ε rof some media.
Media σ [S /m] εr [ ]
7
1. Copper 5.80 x 10 1
2. Sea water 4 80
−15
3. Air 5.5 x 10 1.0005
4. Vegetable soil 1.00 x 10
−2
14
5. Dry soil 1.00 x 10
−4
3
−3
6. Sweet water 1.00 x 10 80
7. Vacuum 0 1
−12 2 2
ε =ε r ε o ; ε o =8.8542 x 10 C /N m
Step 1: Calculate the tangent of losses Tan (δ) and the angle of losses δ of
the medium chosen in Table 1, if through it travel an electromagnetic wave E
of frequency f =(CCC+ 20) MHz . Note that CCC are the last 3 digits of your
identification number.
σ σ
tan ( δ )= =
ω ε 2 πf ε r ε o
CCC=895
f =( 895+20 ) MHz
f =915 MHz
Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation editor.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
Presentation example:
Equation editor (values and units)
S −3
1.00 x 10
σ m
tan ( δ )= =
2 πf ε r ε o Hz∗80∗8.8542 x 10−12 C 2
2 π∗915 M
N m2
tan ( δ )=2.455611864 x 10−4
Calculator evidence
Figure 1: operation 1 on a virtual scientific calculator.
Step 2: According to the result obtained in point 1, classify the behavior of the
chosen medium according to one of the 5 options in Table 2:
Media Tan(δ) δ [°]
1. Perfect dielectrics (Not dissipative) Tan(δ) = 0 δ = 0°
2. Good insulators (Lost low dielectric) 0 < Tan(δ) <= 0,1 0° < δ <= 6°
3. Dissipative dielectrics (Dielectrics with losses) 0,1 < Tan(δ) <= 10 6° < δ <= 84°
4. Good conductors (Good conductors) Tan(δ) > 10 84°< δ < 90°
5. Perfect conductors (Perfect conductors) Tan(δ) >>> 10 δ = 90°

Table 2: Classification of propagation media.
Classified as: Good insulators
Step 3: According to the classification obtained in step 2 and using Table 3
shown below, calculate the following propagation parameters of the wave in
the chosen medium:
a. Propagation constant  (gamma).
b. Attenuation constant  (Alpha).
c. Phase constant  (Beta).
Not Lost low Dielectrics with Good
Parameter
dissipative dielectric losses conductors
γ jω √ με jω √ με √ jωμ(σ + j ωε) √ jω σ μo
α 0 ση/2 ℜ¿) √ πf σ μ o
β ω √ με ω √ με ℑ() √ πf σ μ o
η √ μ/ε √ μ/ε √ jω μ/( σ + j ωε) √ jω μo /σ
Table 3: Propagation parameters in open media.
−6
μ=μ r μ o ; μ r=1 ( non−magnetic media ) ; μ o=1.2566 x 10 T m/ A
Note that ω=2 πf , μ=μ r μ o and ε =ε r ε o
γ= jω √ με
γ= j2 πf √ μr μ o ε r ε o
w=2 πf =2 π ( 915000000 ) =5749114556.069322
ε =ε r ε o= ( 80 ) ( 8.8542 x 10 )=0.0000000007083
−12
μ=μ r μ o=( 1 ) ( 1.2566 x 1 0 ) =0.0000012566

−6
γ=171.5217296178156 i
η=√ μ /ε= ( 0.0000012566 )( 0.0000000007083 ) =42.1190794149171
( 1.00 x 10−3 ) ( 42.1190794149171 )

α =ση/2=
2
α =0.0210595397075 Np/m
β=ω √ με
β=5749114556.069322 √ (0.0000012566)(¿ 0.0000000007083)¿
β=171.5217296178156

Attention, for the calculations:
1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
Step 4: According to the results obtained in step 3 and using the following
equations, calculate the propagation characteristics of the wave in the chosen
medium:
d. Propagation speed v p .
e. Wavelength λ .
f. The penetration depth of the δ pwave in the medium.
Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator, paste the image of the
operation on the report, then write the result including the units.
ω 5749114556.069322 7
V p= = =3.3518286976 x 1 0 m/s
β 171.5217296178156
2π 2π
λ= = =0.0366320076248 m
β 171.5217296178156
1
δ p=
1
¿ α ∨¿= ¿
¿ 0.0210595397075∨¿=47.4844186478508m ¿
Interpretation
𝑉𝑝 is the speed with which the wave propagates in the medium (sweet water),
the speed is 3.3518286976e7 𝑚/𝑠.
𝜆 is the distance between two maximum points followed by the
propagation wave is 0.0366320076248 𝑚.
𝛿𝑝 It is the depth of penetration of the wave in sweet water médium is
47.4844186478508 m.
Video link
URL: https://videorecorder.page.link/Vidma-Best
References
Reference 1:
Quesada-Perez, M., & Maroto-Centeno, J. (2014). From Maxwell's Equations to

Free and Guided Electromagnetic Waves: An Introduction for First-year
Undergraduates. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (pp. 46-60).
Recovered from
https://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/lo
gin.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=746851&lang=es&site=edslive&scope=site&ebv=E
B&ppid=pp_49
Reference 2:
Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Academic Press. (pp.

513-519).
https://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/
login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=eds-
live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_513
Reference 3:
Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Loss Tangent. VIO [Virtual Information Object].

http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13139
Reference 4:
Leyton L., & Quintero, D. (2019). Characterization of electromagnetic waves in

open media. VIO [Virtual Information Object].
https://repository.unad.edu.co/handle/10596/30439

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Task 1 - Electromagnetic waves in open media

Luis David Giraldo López

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Attention, for the calculations:

tan ( δ )=2.455611864 x 10−4

Figure 1: operation 1 on a virtual scientific calculator.

4. Good conductors (Good conductors) Tan(δ) > 10 84°< δ < 90°

5. Perfect conductors (Perfect conductors) Tan(δ) >>> 10 δ = 90°

Note that ω=2 πf , μ=μ r μ o and ε =ε r ε o

w=2 πf =2 π ( 915000000 ) =5749114556.069322

μ=μ r μ o=( 1 ) ( 1.2566 x 1 0 ) =0.0000012566

( 1.00 x 10−3 ) ( 42.1190794149171 )

Figure 2: operation 2 on a virtual scientific calculator.

Quesada-Perez, M., & Maroto-Centeno, J. (2014). From Maxwell's Equations to

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Academic Press. (pp.

Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Loss Tangent. VIO [Virtual Information Object].

Leyton L., & Quintero, D. (2019). Characterization of electromagnetic waves in

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