POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

AMPLIFIED SOLAR-POWERED CHARGING STATION USING

FRESNEL LENS IN POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
LOPEZ BRANCH

Polytechnic University of the Philippines

ARANDELA, RONIEL
CALVELO, JIM
FRANCIA, SHAN KENNETH
GLIFONEA, PATRICIA
MAGISTRADO, GLAIZA MAE

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

2022
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Philippine Copy Right 2022

By:

Arandela, Roniel B. 

Calvelo, Jim O.

Francia, Sham Kenneth M.

Glifonea, Patrcia L.

Magistrado, Glaiza Mae N.

And the

Polytechnic University of the Philippines

Lopez, Quezon Branch

All Rights reserved. Portion of this manuscript may be reproduced with

proper referencing and due acknowledgement of the authors.

 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

AMPLIFIED SOLAR-POWERED CHARGING STATION USING

FRESNEL LENS IN POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
LOPEZ BRANCH

A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of the Electrical Engineering Department
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Lopez Branch

In Partial Fulfilment Of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

by

ARANDELA, RONIEL
CALVELO, JIM
FRANCIA, SHAN KENNETH
GLIFONEA, PATRICIA
MAGISTRADO, GLAIZA MAE

2022

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CERTIFICATION AND APPROVAL SHEET

CERTIFICATION

This thesis, AMPLIFIED SOLAR CHARGING STATION USING

FRESNEL LENS IN POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
LOPEZ BRANCH prepared and submitted by JIM O. CALVELO, GLAIZA N.
MAGISTRADO, PATRICIA L. GLIFONEA, RONIEL B. ARANDELA and SHAN
KENNETH M. FRANCIA in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree, BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING has been
examined and recommended for Oral examination.
Evaluation Committee

ENGR. JR THADEUS L. ARCHE

Adviser

ARCH RIZA RIZALINA A. QUINCINA DR. LEILIDYN Y. ZURBANO

Member Member

APPROVAL

Approved by the Panel on Oral Examination on February 10, 2022 with the

grade of __

DR. LEILIDYN Y. ZURBANO

Chair

DR. VERONICA S. ALMASE ARCH RIZA RIZALINA A.

QUINCINA
Member Member

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor

of Science in Electrical Engineering.

DR. RUFO N. BUEZA

Dean

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to express their heartfelt gratitude to

everyone who assisted them in any way by sharing their time and expertise in

order to make this study a reality. Whatever has been completed and produced,

there is a great source of effort, guidance, and gracious favors without whom

this task would have been impossible.

The researchers give glory to God, the Almighty, for providing them with

wisdom, strength, and knowledge in exploring things; for the guidance in

overcoming all trials that came along the way and for the inspiration to pursue

this study until its completion.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our thesis adviser,

Engr. JR Thadeus L. Arche for his unwavering support to our research, as well

as for his patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and vast expertise. His guidance

has been invaluable throughout the research, we could not have asked for a

greater adviser and mentor. We would like to give our deepest gratitude to our

panelist Dr. Leidilyn Y. Zurbano, Dr. Christopher Valencia, Engr. JL U. Umali,

who were great contributors in improving this study. The researchers give

salute to their expertise which enabled the researchers to surmount what

seemed to be an uphill task.

To the loving parents of the researchers, for their emotional, financial,

and moral support every step of the way.

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CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY

This is to certify that the research work presented in this thesis,

AMPLIFIED SOLAR CHARGING STATION USING FRESNEL LENS IN

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LOPEZ BRANCH for the

degree Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering at the Polytechnic

University of the Philippines embodies the original result of original and

scholarly work carried out by the undersigned. This thesis does not contain

words or ideas taken from published sources or written works that have been

accepted as basis for the award of a degree from any other higher education

institution, except where proper referencing and acknowledgement were made.

JIM O. CALVELO

GLAIZA MAE N. MAGISTRADO

PATRICIA L. GLIFONEA

RONIEL B. ARANDELA

SHAN KENNETH M. FRANCIA

Researchers

_____________________

Date signed

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 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

ABSTRACT

THESIS TITLE : AMPLIFIED SOLAR CHARGING STATION USING

FRESNEL LENS IN POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE

PHILIPPINES LOPEZ BRANCH

RESEARCHERS : Arandela, Roniel B. 

Calvelo, Jim O.

Francia, Sham Kenneth M.

Glifonea, Patrcia L.

Magistrado, Glaiza Mae N.

DEGREE : Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

INSTITUTION : Polytechnic University of the Philippines

YEAR : 2022

ADVISER : Engr. JR Thadeus L. Arche

The purpose of the study was to determine whether using a Fresnel lens on

a solar panel affects its ability to deliver a greater voltage to a solar charging

station that will be constructed at the Polytechnic University of the Philippines

Lopez, Branch. In two test, one solar panel was equipped with a Fresnel lens,

and the other was’nt.

Different tests were conducted at various times. In various weather

conditions, and on various days as part of the study’s experimental and

comparative designs. Here, the researchers will be able to determine whether

the Fresnel lens affects voltage harvesting and charging speed.

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The researchers discovered that the Fresnel lens’s location on the solar

panel had no bearing on how quickly the batteries charge and how much

voltage is harvested by the solar charging station at the Polytechnic University

of the Philippines Lopez Branch.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page i
Certification and Approval Sheet ii
Acknowledgement iii

Certification of Originality iv

Abstract v

Table of Contents vii

List of Tables viii

List of Figures ix

1 The Problem and Its Setting 1

Introduction 1
Conceptual Framework 5
Statement of the Problem 6
Scope and Delimitations of the Study 6
Definition of Terms 6

Significance of the Study

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CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

Electrical engineering is a discipline that deals with the development and

application of equipment, devices and systems that use electricity, electronics,

and electromagnetism. After the commercialization of the electric telegraph,

telephone, and the generation, distribution, and use of electricity, it became a

distinct profession in the second half of the nineteenth century.

With regards to renewable energy, the technique utilized to harness and

use the sun's energy is known as solar energy. To date, less than one-tenth of

one percent of worldwide energy consumption was met by this technology in

2011. Known as photovoltaic cells, or solar panels, they can be found on

everything from rockets to rooftops to calculators. In addition, ssemiconductor

materials, like those used in computer chips, are used to make the cells. When

light reaches the cells, it causes them to lose electrons from their atoms.

Electricity is produced as electrons pass through the cell. Solar-thermal power

plants, on the other hand, use a variety of strategies to concentrate the sun's

energy as a source of heat. The heat is then utilized to heat water and operate

a steam turbine, which creates electricity in the same way that coal and

nuclear power plants do, supplying thousands of people with electricity.

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Solar power has the obvious advantage over fossil fuels in that it is

essentially 100 percent clean energy, producing zero emissions that contribute

directly to climate change and environmental problems. Fossil fuel extraction

and use is costly and detrimental to the environment. When fossil fuels are

used, greenhouse gases are released, resulting in rising global temperatures

and climate change. Extreme weather events, increasing sea levels, and

ecological changes all contribute to major environmental and public health

challenges caused by climate change. The emissions from the sun are a tiny

fraction of the emissions from the other two sources.

Solar panels also ensure energy security, independence, and

dependability. The sun's rise and set are certainly quite predictable. Information

about when the sun rises and sets every day is available across the world.

Aside from the fact that no one can buy the sun or convert it into a monopoly,

there is also security in the fact that no one can control it. People lack the

seven-fold power or capacity to prevent the sun from rising every day. There is

energy independence since solar panels' "fuel" cannot be purchased or

monopolized. Everyone may use it for free.

Solar energy has long been used by humans for a variety of reasons and

in different forms. Many conventional techniques of transporting solar energy

have been significantly enhanced by decades of scientific and technological

advancement, and new systems.

There are many methods that have been found. In addition to a solar

energy system itself being updated and improved, other ancillary components

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have also been used to increase the effectiveness of power conversion. The

use of non-imaging Fresnel lenses, one of the well-established technologies,

has produced results that demonstrate its contribution to system improvement

and aid in increasing the efficiency of solar energy systems' power conversion.

Sunlight rays are intended to be focused onto a single point or line using

a Fresnel lens with numerous refracting facets. The light intensity will be greatly

improved by focusing these concentrated sun rays onto the surface of solar

panels. This opens the door for both an improvement in efficiency and a

decrease in the overall number of solar cells used. The usage of the lens

imposes a significant potential for financial return on investments because the

material determines the primary cost of a solar panel along with efficiency

improvement. Therefore, a great deal of study has been done on both the

integration of Fresnel lenses into solar energy systems and the enhancement of

the lens's performance.

This study is being conducted with the intention of enhancing the solar

energy system.

Specifically, one of the system's components is a Fresnel lens concentrator.

Through experimental research into how well-made lenses convert energy,

Using various techniques, analysis and consequent improvement can be

performed to assist raise the system efficiency. The ideal design was

determined by testing these lenses in both lab and outdoor settings. Can be

supported, and the benefits and drawbacks of each process of manufacture

compared.

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As more homework and classwork are completed electronically rather

than on paper, mobile technologies like cell phones, tablets, and laptops have

grown in importance in the classroom setting. Even though it was previously

forbidden to use smartphones in high schools and universities, cell phone

charging stations are now being utilized in classrooms for a variety of purposes,

including attendance taking, sourcing information, and even engaging in

interactive in-class activities. So that teachers can take advantage of the

advantages of mobile devices for learning, many schools are exploring for ways

to store phones in the classroom and provide charging stations for mobile

devices.

Every student in a classroom is constantly checking the battery life of

their smartphone. This is a problem because they are constantly used in the

downtime between courses, activities, and study sessions. The study

environment's productivity, opportunity, and social connectivity are all

hampered by low battery levels. However, the issue also affects the center's

workers and faculty.

In recent years a series of powerful storms have hit the Philippines. It

causes widespread damage to buildings, crops, businesses, power outages,

and so on. Our research is about creating a solar charging station amplified

using Fresnel lens for mobile devices because powerful storms often hit, power

outages last for days or weeks. So, we did this to get people to charge their

cellphones while the electricity was not restored. We know today the mobile

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devices are very important for fast communication and its first source of power

and electricity where it is charged.

Moreover, electricity is crucial today since it is required to run equipment

and is also utilized to communicate via television, radio, computers, and mobile

devices.

Conceptual Framework

Public Solar Charging Station

Control: Experimental:
Solar Panel Solar Panel with
Solar Panel
Fresnel Lens

Battery
Test:
Cloudy
Sunny
Rainy
Observed Result of
the experiment

Conclusion and
Recommendation

The construction of Solar-Powered Charging Station will prepare with several

treatments. Once the foregoing things needed are done, the researchers will

construct a research instrument and dissimilate the analysis of the data

gathered. After that, the statistical results of the data which was treated and

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interpreted along with its conclusion. The entire process will be done under the

observation of the researchers. Lastly, the possible ways to improve solar

charging station.

Statement of the Problem

1. Does using Fresnel lenses helps the power increase in capturing solar

energy?

2. Does the weather condition affect the power output of the solar panel with

Fresnel lens?

3. How long will it take to charge the battery using fresnel lens?

Scope and Delimitations

The research is focused on the data gathered from the experiment

conducted by the researcher. The limitation of the research is that the research

experiment will only be conducted in Polytechnic of the Philippines Lopez

Branch and not the other schools. This study is also limited to a small-scale

prototype. This study was limited only to design and fabricate solar charging

station. The design is to generate a target output of at least 20 watts of power.

Significance of the Study

The following individuals can be benefitted to this research as shown

below:

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The students, this research would help student to have access to free power

supply to charge their smart gadgets, as the focus of this study, they can attend

school regularly without having any personal problems being in the way of their

studying.

The Professors, this study would help faculty and employees to understand

what solar charging station is and to know the advantage and disadvantage of

using solar charging station, as instructors and secondary parents, they can

understand more about their students’ problem and position they are in and

able to give action based on the findings of this research.

The Researchers, as the one conducting this research, they are able to

contribute and help them school that are related to the study.

The Future Researchers, they can support their future findings based on this

research that have been conducted. To further improve the design and study

about solar charging station.

To develop a new design and fabricate solar charging station and increase

solar energy harvest using Fresnel lens.

Definition of Terms

 Commercialization - the process of managing or running something

principally for financial gain.

 Encompass - cause (something) to take place.

 Peripherals - A computer peripheral is any external device that provides

input and output for the computer.

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 Photovoltaic cells - is an electrical device that converts the energy of light

directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and

chemical phenomenon. It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device

whose electrical characteristics, such as current, voltage, or resistance,

vary when exposed to light.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter will exhibit the related literature and studies gathered from

e-books, articles, and online resources in relation to the construction and

implementation of the solar charging station. The first part of the review

presents the meaning of solar energy coming from different references. Also

presented are some advantages and disadvantages of solar energy and how it

affects people’s livelihood. Afterward, the impact of implementing a solar-

powered charging station using Fresnel lens is stated including the experiments

and studies of the researchers.

Review of Related Literature

Technology is not a new thing, From the 7 th century BC to today its history

spans. From concentrating the sun’s heat with glass and mirrors to light fires

are where we started out. Nowadays we have everything from solar-powered

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buildings to solar-powered vehicles according to (the US Department of energy,

Energy Efficiency, and Renewable energy). Moreover, mankind is as old as the

history of solar energy. In 1839, Alexander Edmund Becquerel, a French

scientist first discovered the photovoltaic effect while experimenting with an

electrolytic cell made up of two metal electrodes placed in an electrically

conducting solution, electricity increases when exposed to light. Also, in 1912,

Albert Einstein won the novel Prize for his theories explaining the effect of

photoelectric. It was Daryl M. Chaplin, Calvin Fuller, and Gerald Pearson in

1954 who developed the first solar cell. They developed the silicon

Photovoltaic (PV) cell at Bell Laboratory – the first solar cell capable of

converting enough of the sun’s energy into power to run every day electrical

equipment. The first Solar cells were used on the vanguard orbiting satellites,

just only two years after. And since then, the use of solar Electricity the

increased year by year, and by 30 years, some have been doing continuous

operations on Earth. (Busaña, M. A. (2021)).

The use of Fresnel lenses as solar concentrators dates back to the

1950s, with the main focus being solar power generation and concentrated

photovoltaics (Kumar et al. 2015) and was adopted in the United States by

1810. These early lenses were thick, excessively heavy, and of poor-quality

glass. Therefore, they were not very effective and prone to losing the light

through the thick glass. In 1811, the French Commission on Lighthouses

established a committee to investigate improvements in lighthouse illumination.

Among the committee members was Augustin Fresnel, who in 1822 completed

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the design of his flashing lens using thin bull’s eye shaped panels, which

refracted the light both horizontally and vertically, producing a much stronger

beam of light.

Fresnel lenses are important compact optical components, which are

comprised of multiple faceted concentric rings. These lenses are the most

widely utilized diffractive optical element in the industry and has been

extensively applied in various optical systems due to their distinct advantages.

These include the reduction in the lens thickness, smaller occupied volume and

less material required compared to their conventional spherical and aspherical

counterparts ( Kasaeian, A., Tabasi, S., Ghaderian, J., & Yousefi, H. (2018)

As all the optical lenses, imaging and nonimaging Fresnel lenses are

prone to different types of losses; some of these losses are as follows first is

the Absorption losses, these are related to the material and the optical path

length. Next is the Chromatic losses, these losses are due to the chromatic

dispersion of the light as a result of the changes in the refractive index of the

material according to the wavelength of their incident light. The chromatic

aberrations may cause geometrical losses when, as an effect of the chromatic

dispersion in the boundary within the range boundaries of wavelengths

collected, the light is collected outside the focal area. And lastly, the Reflection

losses, the light reaching the boundary of 2 materials is not totally refracted;

instead, some portion of this light is reflected; these losses are called Fresnel

losses.

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The world’s energy demand is growing fast because of population

explosion and technological advancements; Therefore, it is important to go for

reliable, cost-effective, and everlasting renewable energy sources for energy

demand arising in the future. Among other renewable sources of energy, Solar

energy, is a promising and freely available energy source for managing long-

term issues in energy crises. The Solar industry is developing steadily all over

the world because of the high demand for energy while fossil which is a major

energy source is limited and other sources are expensive. It has become a tool

to develop the economic status of developing countries and to sustain the lives

of many underprivileged people as it is now cost-effective after long aggressive

research is done to expedite its development. The solar industry would be the

best option for future energy demand since it is superior in terms of availability,

cost-effectiveness, accessibility, capacity, and efficiency compared to other

renewable energy sources. (Kannan, N., & Vakeesan, D. (2016).

There is also a Hybrid solar system combines the best from grid-tied and

off-grid solar with utility backup power or grid-tied solar with extra battery

storage as ZeeShan Hyder (2019) denotes that. Moreover, Alpha Zee System

(2018) said that solar systems can be classified into 3 different categories

based on their grid connectivity. They are on-grid solar, off-grid solar, and

hybrid system which are a combination of both. On a grid, the solar power

system is a solar power generation 430 system where it is connected to the

utility grid. The electricity produced by the system is routed to the grid from

where it is used to run the various appliances. The excess power at any point in

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time is transmitted back to the grid. An on-grid solar system is much more

attractive than an off-grid system. In an on-grid solar system, solar power is

produced only when the grid is available. The power supply gets completely cut

off in case of a grid outage. Hence, one needs to depend on back-ups supply.

The power shut down happens, mostly in case of safety and technical reasons.

One of the main types of solar power systems is off grid also known as a stand-

alone power system (SAPS). It works by generating electricity from solar panels

and using it to charge a solar battery via charger controller.

According to Guangul, F. M., & Chala, G. T. (2019), there are lots of

advantages to using Solar Energy. First, it was limitless, wherein it originates

from the sun, and one of the sources of unlimited free energy available on

Earth. It is Environmentally Friendly, the author added, as the energy from the

sun is collected and stored to generate electricity. This method is considered as

a renewable alternative to non-renewable technologies. Guangul denotes that it

is Ease of usage or harvest because solar energy is collected mostly using

solar panels that generate electricity by using Photovoltaic technology and

Installation of the solar energy system can be done anywhere, it can easily

place on the rooftops of houses for example. Another advantage according to

the authors is that it has a less overall cost. Maybe at first, the investment in

solar energy system seems to be expensive but once the solar is installed, the

running cost will be very low, and we will benefit from it in the long run

compared to other sources of energy. Lastly, he said that it is versatile having

solar energy for it can be utilized either directly or indirectly in numerous

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applications such as charging stations, industrial products, water heating, and

many more.

As there are advantages, we cannot hide the fact that there are also

some disadvantages of using solar power. According to Guangul, F. M., &

Chala, G. T. (2019), solar power is available only in the daytime, so it cannot

convert solar energy into electricity thus for this reason it needs to have an

energy storage system to get uninterrupted power supply. Solar panels are also

inefficient, the conversion efficiency is very low compared to other energy

conversion systems, because of it, larger space is required to collect solar

energy which is just enough for an average household. Additionally, Solar

Power has a high initial cost. Although the installation has immense benefits as

stated above, the initial investment cost is expensive.

According to Guno, (2021), In the next decades, it is expected to bring

significant changes in the energy transition from fossil fuel-based to low- or

zero-carbon power systems of the own-use solar photovoltaic technologies in

residential houses, commercial buildings, and industries. In addition to financial

benefits, the adoption of solar PV contributes to GHG emission reduction from

the decrease in consumption of fossil-based electricity; creates jobs solar PV

market development; provides reliable and more stable grid supply, particularly

in rural areas; and other health and environmental benefits. They added that

governments support the adoption of own-use solar projects as these will

reduce the burden of paying high electricity costs from the grid. On a larger

scale, this will significantly contribute to addressing the problems of energy

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security and sustainability as well as reducing emissions from burning fossil

fuels for electricity generation. The government support may include a subsidy

for using cleaner technology or a carbon tax for using electricity from fossil

fuels. The government may also encourage private companies to invest in

research and development to accelerate the maturity of solar technology which

may eventually reduce its capital cost.

Mehrjerdi and Hemmati proposed a model that optimizes the rated

power of charging facilities, power and capacity of battery energy storage

system, hourly operation of diesel generator, and hourly operation of battery

energy storage system which helps design an EVCS integrated with renewable

energy. In a further study, the authors addressed an advanced model for

dynamic capacity expansion in the micro-grid and investigated the ability of

hybrid storage in the electrical networks including parametric uncertainty

Aberilla, J. M., Gallego-Schmid, A., Stamford, L., & Azapagic, A. (2020). Design

and environmental sustainability assessment of small-scale off-grid energy

systems for remote rural communities. Applied Energy, 258, 114004.

In the Philippines, the ratio of renewable energy production as primary

energy against electric distribution exceeds that of most countries in Asia and

Europe. To exponentially expand the renewable energy capacity, the Philippine

National RE Program was introduced to increase that capacity by three times

within the time frame of 2011 to 2030 (Roxas & Santiago, 2016). Additionally,

the Philippines is in a region that is commonly affected by severe storms –

thereby being of an increased potential for electric generation via wind power.

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Furthermore, theoretical calculations show that the Philippines can produce

76,600 MW or technically, 7404 MW of electric using wind power. However,

only approximately 1.18 MW of its electricity originates from this form of

renewable resource.

(Maka and Alabid, 2022) stated the role of solar energy in sustainable

development. Sustainable energy development is defined as the development

of the energy sector in terms of energy generating, distributing, and utilizing

that are based on sustainability rules. Energy systems will significantly impact

the environment in both developed and developing countries. Consequently,

the global sustainable energy system must optimize efficiency and reduce

emissions. The sustainable development scenario is built based on the

economic perspective. It also examines what activities will be required to meet

shared long-term climate benefits, clean air and energy access targets. In

addition, sustainable development includes utilizing renewable-energy

applications, smart grid technologies, energy security, and energy pricing, and

having a sound energy policy. The demand-side response can help meet the

flexibility requirements in electricity systems by moving demand over time. As

a result, the integration of renewable technologies for helping Applications of

solar energy Concentrated solar power Solar photovoltaics Parabolic. The

demand-side response is currently used mostly in Europe and North America,

where it is primarily aimed at huge commercial and industrial electricity

customers. Numerous additional countries might benefit from more actively

engaging in developing global solar PV standards. The leading countries in

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solar PV manufacturing and deployment have embraced global standards for

PV systems and highly contributed to clean-energy development. Additional

assistance and capacity-building to enhance quality infrastructure in developing

economies might also help support wider implementation and compliance with

international solar PV standards. Thus, support can bring legal requirements

and frameworks into consistency and give additional impetus for the trade of

secure and high-quality solar PV products.

Related Studies
Lazaro and Rubio (2018) proposed an alternative way of disposing of

garbage using a microcontroller-operated charging station that provides

incentives to users that properly disposed of their plastic bottle scraps with a

power supply to charge their electronic gadgets. Based on the testing for

accuracy and power conservation and dissipation, the system has accurately

classified several materials that have been disposed of within the chamber of

the system.

Sanchez (2014) studied the mobile solar charging station. Based on the

reports, it assesses the functionality of a mobile charging station that will be

used on campus to recharge groundskeeping tools. It also provides a

comparison of different solar tracking systems and explains which solution is

best for the location’s climate.

Ovalle et.al., (2021) designs a convenient charging station for mobile

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devices with wireless charging capability. The design parameters they used

are 200-W solar panel, 12-V 900-Wh deep-cycle lead-acid battery, 300-W 120-

VAC pure sine-wave inverter, 8 outlets (2wireless, 4 DC USB, and 2 AC). They

aim to supply an average load of 175Wh. As a result, the station works

properly. The control system switches the outlets on and off accurately based

on the battery’s available energy. Moreover, when the solar panel and battery

are both operational, the system can support a full load of 150Wh until sunset.

Their study has also shown that when operating without the solar panel using

the fully charged battery, the system can last at least 1.5 hours. It concluded

that the station could serve as a convenient power source and help promote

the use of solar energy that is beneficial to the environment.

Maroma (2014) conducted a study on the development of a cell phone

charging station that is solely operated through solar power by means of a

solar cell that is attached to the charging station through a backup storage

battery. As a result, the device can still charge phones if the battery still has

power.

Robinsons et al (2014) Implementing solar-powered charging stations

into an entity’s parking provide benefits such as improved image, increased

clientele base, credit towards LEED certification, as well as convenience and

shade for customers. In addition, the benefits of constructing SPCS extend

beyond the entity and associated consumers; it provides a greater charging

infrastructure for electric vehicles and helps shift the nation from a focus on

fossil fuels to alternative fuel sources. As the result of their study, it showed

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that 69% of respondents would be more willing to invest in an electric vehicle if

there was sufficient charging station infrastructure at the university.

According to Duc, Sang, and Phap (2021), internal combustion engine

vehicles burn fuels directly and emit carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, so

electric vehicles were developed to overcome the internal combustion engine

vehicle’s disadvantage which widely affects the environmental aspect. In

addition, if renewable sources are used, the emission amount from generating

the power and transportation sector will be reduced. For the EV power

charging station, if this system consumed electricity from traditional power

generating plants, it leads to increasing the greenhouse gas emission amount.

However, for EV development, the charging station uses power from

renewable energy sources, which will improve the increasing greenhouse gas

emission.

Pessoa et al (2019) examined the development of a mobile device

charging station with solar energy as a source of energy to meet the

population’s needs in a sustainable way. The findings reveal it was observed

that the best performance was at noon, with two photovoltaic solar panels, but

the energy was generated throughout the daytime.

Bartfeld et al (2017) studied the Solar Roller a solar-powered USB

charging station that allows people to create a useful solar-powered system to

charge people’s devices while providing information about the opportunities

that solar power can provide. Their results show that the solar roller was

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 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

effectively able to charge an array of devices through the USB ports, as well

as provide enough power to supply a TV as well as a lighting system. At full

load with a fully charged battery, the Solar Roller system can run without a

direct source of light for approximately 3-4 hours. They also concluded that a

solar-powered charging station is something that the general public would

enjoy using at events or festivals.

Chowdhury et al (2021) have observed varieties of renewable sources

that have been used for the development of portable or stationary mobile

charging stations, along with the features the system comprises will benefit a

lot to people and will be inspired more to use renewable energy, saving grid

power and keeping the environment pollution free and healthy.

According to Tirmare, Khandare, and Mali (2015) solar-powered mobile

charging stations in public places can be used for educational or business

purposes. Some experiments have dealt with charging mobile phones through

solar energy based on detection and measurement of the weight of inserted

coins. In their study “Solar Energy Based Mobile Charger”, the weight of the

coin is monitored and compared with the preset standard value, stored in the

system. Atmel‟s 89c52 microcontroller controls the whole operation of

measuring, comparing, and detecting the right coin. The controller also selects

the type of mobile inserted and depending on coin value, the system charges

the mobile for a certain duration of time. It also shows a charge completion

message through an LCD display. As a result, they conclude that the system is

effectively used for charging mobile phones at having low cost. It can be used

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 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

also at any public place and be more useful in rural areas which are suffering

because of electricity problems.

Hidayanti et al (2020) studied the Solar Tracker on Solar Panel with

Fresnel Concentrator to increase the solar panel power output and efficiency

of a solar panel. From eleven days of testing, there was an increase in power

generated by the solar panel system with the solar tracker and Fresnel lens

concentrator by 76.85% to 82.52%. If on average, there will be an increase in

the average power for eleven days of 79.8%. The result of the study showed

that the design of solar cells with solar tracker and Fresnel lens concentrator in

this study can increase power by 76.85% to 82.52%.

Johnson et al (2019) studied the Thermal Model for Predicting the

Performance of a Solar Still with Fresnel Lens where Fresnel lens was used in

the experiments to increase the effective solar heat input. It was found that

using a Freshnel Lens raises the temperature of the water and the glass and

can boost the still's output dramatically. Parametric study by varying the water

depth showed the Fresnel lens was more effective for larger water depths.

Additionally, the still's thermal efficiency increased when Freshnel lens was

utilized. The findings demonstrate that using the Freshnel Lens can greatly

increase the productivity of the still, which would be advantageous in particular

in isolated places. Utilizing a tracking method for much greater FRL focus into

the still, scale-up analysis, and other future advancements are possible.

Y. Zhao (2018) conducted a study on development and performance of a

novel portable solar cooker using a curved Fresnel lens concentrator. Since,

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 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

the currently available solar cookers now have some weaknesses such as low

heating temperature and overlong cooking time. The researchers designed a

novel portable solar cooker using a curved Fresnel lens as the concentrator

where it can focus sunlight onto an evacuated tube collector to heat the food

here. It has a high concentration ratio and allows tracking the sun in both

zenith and azimuth angles manually, therefore it is possible to get higher

cooking temperature and shorten the cooking time. The optical performance of

the system is simulated by a software and the heat transfer model of the

system is established and presented. Experimental studies have been carried

out, and the variation of maximum temperature of the system during the day

under no-load condition has been obtained. The results show that when direct

irradiance is I = 712 W/m2. Without any load, the system can attain its peak

average temperature of roughly 361 °C. Additionally, four varieties of 0.5 kg

sample meals, including sweet potato, pork (all lean), yam, and radish, were

used to test the solar cooker's performance. According to the findings, radish

takes the longest to cook (72 minutes), while pork takes the least (34 minutes)

(64 min). All prepared food is of an edible quality.

T. Williams et al (2019) studied on enhancing the performance of a

single-basin single-slope solar still by using Fresnel lens. A Fresnel Lens was

integrated with a single-basin single-slope solar still. During each test, the

Freshnel lens concentrated solar radiation into a focal point that was

constantly located on the bottom of the water basin. Due to the introduction of

the Fresnel Lens, two major noteworthy findings were observed. The first

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 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

observation was a high hourly productivity window (HHPW), during which the

proposed system produced fresh water at a relatively high and stable rate.

The second observation was the occurrence of nucleate boiling phenomenon,

which is believed to significantly increase the heat transfer coefficient for the

phase change process of the basin water. Therefore, with the increased heat

input and the high heat transfer rate, the utilization of Freshnel lens achieved a

significant pure water production enhancement of about 467%, as well as a

significant daily efficiency improvement of about 84.7%, compared to a

conventional system without Fresnel lens. A number of tests were

performed variables affecting system performance to investigate the effects of

the operational changes. As a result, Fresnel lens are significantly enhance

water productivity in a solar still system and could aid much higher productivity

rates when combining it with other enhancement technologies.

Synthesis

Based on the research found, Solar-Powered Charging Station is

known for being an alternative power source to non-renewable resources.

Moreover, charging stations would help provide people access to a free power

supply whenever there are cases of sudden power shortages. Furthermore,

solar-charging stations with Fresnel Lens was used to increase the effective

solar heat input. However, most of these stations are not portable meaning

they need to be kept on the charging pad for it to be charged. These studies

aim to help the community utilize the usage of electricity and to make use of

the renewable resources present in the location’s climate.

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CHAPTER III

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

This chapter deals with the research methods and procedures used in

carrying out the study. It describes the research design, research instrument,

flowchart of the research, and subjects of the study, materials requirements,

specimen details, laboratory experiment/ field experiment.

Research design

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 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

The researchers are designing a system and making a prototype of

Amplified Solar Charging Station using Fresnel Lens. This is to enhance and

improve the existing design of the public solar powered charging station. To

come up with a better design of the solar powered charging station the

researcher needs to consider the materials to be use, aesthetic, safety, and

functionality of the device. To accomplish those things, research skills need to

develop like critical thinking, hardworking, teamwork and patience. This study is

designed to show the readers data and information about the topic of the

research. This research will show how to make Amplified Solar Charging

Station using Fresnel Lens.

Research flow chart

Research flow chart are the step-by-step process in making this

research. This flow chart serves as the guide and plan from the start of the

study up to the end to come up with a great result and to finish in systematic

way.

Writing and
Conceptualizing Theoretical Organizing Data and
Ideas Designing Information

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Experimenting
and Prototype Prototype Making Modeling and Design
Testing and Assemble Making

Data Gathering Data Analysis Conclusion

Recommendations

Description of Research Instrument Used

The researchers will use the amplified solar charging station with a Fresnel

lens on the actual experiment. It composed of solar panels, solar charging

controller. Lead acid battery. Dc voltage step down power supply buck module

12v 24v 8-35v to 5v 8a with 4 USB phone charger, alligator clip, stainless

fastener bolt, and plywood. It will be a phone charger consisting solar panel that

will collect and store energy to the battery. The Fresnel lens will be used as

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 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

concentrator to increase the power output and efficiency of a solar panel. The

researchers will also use multimeter to test the battery and measure its voltage.

Design Plan and Operational Process

The following shows the process of building the prototype, schematic diagram,

block diagram, structural plan, materials, and specifications.

Fig. 1 Schematic Diagram

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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Fig. 2 .1 Right side View

Fig. 2.2 Front View

Fig. 2.3 Top View

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Materials and Specification

 Fresnel Lens

 30A/10A Solar Charger

Controller
12V 24V

 12 Volt Monocrystalline
Photovoltaic Solar Panel

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 Lead Acid Battery 12V 7.2AH

 DC-DC Voltage Step Down Power

Supply Buck Module 12V 24V 8-35V to 5V
8A with 4 USB Phone Charger

 Alligator clip

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 Stainless fastener bolt and nut

 Plywood

Procedure

1. Setting up the workplace

2. Making sure all the components are properly working.

3. Measuring and cutting of materials

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4. Mounting of solar panel

5. Do the electrical wiring

6. Connect the solar panel to the charge controller

7. Connect charge controller and battery

8. Putting the components in the enclosure

9. Installation of DC-DC buck converter step down module

10. Inserting usb multi pin cable charger

Laboratory Experiment/ Field Experiment

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This section focuses on the essential features of the study, which is

comparing the power obtained between a solar panel system and solar panel

with a Fresnel lens. Presentations of data are solely based on what the

researchers obtain from various experiments conducted. Interpretation of data

is fully dependent on what the researchers have observed during the analysis

and is objectively conveyed.

The researchers obtained three-day tests that are displayed in the graph

comparing the power obtained between a solar panel system and a solar panel

with a Fresnel lens. The magnitude of the ratio of increase in power can be

determined using the equation

p with fresnel−¿ p
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 = without fresnel
¿ 𝑥 100%
pwithout fresnel

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 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

PART I: Solar panel power output

Figure 3.0 Comparison of solar panel power output (DAY 1)

DAY 1
(August 15,2022)
Without Fresnel Lens With Fresnel Lens
1.8
1.65 1.65 1.7
1.6 1.625 1.6 1.55
1.4 1.4 1.38
1.34
1.2
1 1.05
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2 0.136
0.102
0 0
9 :0 0 am 1 0 :0 0 am 1 1 :0 0 am 1 2 :0 0 am 1 :0 0 pm 2 :0 0 pm 3 :0 0 pm

Time

Figure 3.0 reveals the comparison of solar panel power output on Day 1. The

average power produced by a solar panel without a Fresnel lens is 1.21 watts

while the average power produced by a solar panel with a Fresnel lens is 1.33

watts. Based on these data, it shows an increased power in the solar panel with

the use of Fresnel lens concentrator is 9.92%. Also, it shows that the best time

of the day that gets more sunlight is at 11:00 am.

Figure 4.0 Comparison of solar panel power output (DAY 2)

DAY 2
(August 16,2022)
Without Fresnel Lens With Fresnel Lens
3
2.7
2.5
32
2
1.8 1.728 1.75 1.75 1.752
1.65 1.82 1.75 1.704
1.5 1.44 1.4
1.36
1 1.11
 0.5

0
9 :0 0 am 1 0 :0 0 am 1 1 :0 0 am 1 2 :0 0 am 1 :0 0 pm 2 :0 0 pm 3 :0 0 pm

Time
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Figure 4.0 reveals the comparison of solar panel power output on Day 2. The

average power produced by a solar panel without a Fresnel lens is 1.75 watts

while the average power produced by a solar panel with a Fresnel lens is 1.63

watts. Based on these data, it shows that there’s no increased power in the

solar panel with the use of a Fresnel lens concentrator and its power decreases

by 6.85 %watts. Also, it shows that the best time of the day that gets more

sunlight is at 9:00 am.

Figure 5.0 Comparison of solar panel power output (DAY 3)

DAY 3
(August 18,2022)
Without Fresnel Lens With Fresnel Lens
45
42.3
40.7
40 40.1
38.5
35
30 29.6 30.5
29.2
27.4 27.2 27
25 27.3 27.2
20 20.5
15
10
5
0
9 :0 0 am 1 0 :0 0 am 1 1 :0 0 am 1 2 :0 0 am 1 :0 0 pm 2 :0 0 pm 3 :0 0 pm

Time

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 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Figure 5.0 reveals the comparison of solar panel power output on Day 3. The

average power produced by a solar panel without a Fresnel lens is 0.79 watts

while the average power produced by a solar panel with a Fresnel lens is 0.58

watts. Based on these data, it shows that there’s no increased power in the

solar panel with the use of a Fresnel lens concentrator and its power decreases

by 26.58% watts. Also, it shows that the best time of the day that gets more

sunlight is at 10:00 am.

PART II: Power output of a solar panel with a Fresnel Lens during its weather

condition.

Table 1.0 Tests of the power output of a solar panel with a Fresnel Lens
during its weather condition.
Day 1
DATE: AUGUST 15, 2022
Witho With
ut Fresn
Fresn el
el Lens
Lens
Time Powe Powe Weath
r r er
8:00a
m
9:00a 1.65 1.625 CLOU
m DY
10:00a 1.65 1.6 CLOU
m DY
11:00a 1.4 1.7 CLOU
m DY

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12:00p 1.05 1.55 CLOU

m DY
1:00p 1.38 1.34 CLOU
m DY
2:00p 0.102 0.136 CLOU
m DY
3:00p - - LIGHT
m RAIN
4:00p
m

As stated in table 1.0, by 9:00 AM, the weather is cloudy. A solar panel

without a Fresnel lens produces 1.65 watts, then decreases to 1.625 watts

when a solar panel uses a Fresnel lens. It shows that the power reduces by

1.51% when solar panel uses Fresnel Lens on a cloudy day. Then, by 10:00

AM, the weather is cloudy. A solar panel without a Fresnel lens produces 1.65

watts, then decreases to 1.6 watts when a solar panel uses a Fresnel lens. It

shows that the power reduces by 3.03% when solar panel uses Fresnel Lens

on a cloudy day. By 11:00 AM, a solar panel without a Fresnel lens produces

1.4 watts, then increases to 1.7 watts when a solar panel uses a Fresnel lens. It

shows that the power adds 21.43% when solar panel uses Fresnel Lens on a

cloudy day. By the time noon, the weather is cloudy. A solar panel without a

Fresnel lens produces 1.05 watts, then increases to 1.55 watts when the solar

panel uses a Fresnel lens. It shows that the power adds 47.62% when a solar

panel uses a Fresnel lens on a cloudy day. By 1:00 PM, still, the weather is

cloudy. From 1.38 watts of a solar panel without a Fresnel lens, it decreases to

1.34 watts when the solar panel uses a Fresnel lens. It shows that the power

reduces by 2.90% when a solar panel applies a Fresnel lens on a cloudy day.

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Lastly, by 2:00 PM, the weather is cloudy. A solar panel without a Fresnel lens

produces 0.102 watts, then increases to 0.136 watts when the solar panel uses

a Fresnel lens. It shows that the power adds 33.33% when the Fresnel is

applied to the solar panel on a cloudy day.

Table 2.0 Tests of the power output of a solar panel with a Fresnel Lens
during its weather condition.
Day 2
DATE: AUGUST 16, 2022
Witho With
ut Fresn
Fresn el
el Lens
Lens
Time Powe Powe Weath
r r er
8:00a
m
9:00a 2.7 1.65 SUNN
m Y
10:00a 1.8 1.82 SUNN
m Y
11:00a 1.728 1.75 SUNN
m Y
12:00p 1.11 1.75 SUNN
m Y
1:00p 1.44 1.36 SUNN
m Y
2:00p 1.75 1.4 SUNN
m Y
3:00p 1.752 1.704 SUNN
m Y
4:00p
m

As stated in table 2.0, by 9:00 AM, the weather is sunny. A solar panel

without a Fresnel lens produces 2.7 watts, then decreases to 1.65 watts when a

solar panel uses a Fresnel lens. It shows that the power reduces by 38.89%

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when solar panel uses Fresnel Lens on a sunny day. Then, by 10:00 AM, the

weather is sunny. A solar panel without a Fresnel lens produces 1.8 watts, then

increases to 1.82 watts when a solar panel uses a Fresnel lens. It shows that

the power adds by 1.11% when solar panel uses Fresnel Lens on a sunny day.

By 11:00 AM, a solar panel without a Fresnel lens produces 1.728 watts, then

decreases to 1.75 watts when a solar panel uses a Fresnel lens. It shows that

the power reduces by 1.62% when solar panel uses Fresnel Lens on a sunny

day. By the time noon, the weather is sunny. A solar panel without a Fresnel

lens produces 1.11 watts, then increases to 1.75 watts when the solar panel

uses a Fresnel lens. It shows that the power adds 57.66% when a solar panel

uses a Fresnel lens on a sunny day. By 1:00 PM, still, the weather is sunny.

From 1.44 watts of a solar panel without a Fresnel lens, it decreases to 1.36

watts when the solar panel uses a Fresnel lens. It shows that the power

reduces by 5.56% when a solar panel applies a Fresnel lens on a sunny day.

Lastly, by 2:00 PM, the weather is sunny. A solar panel without a Fresnel lens

produces 1.75 watts, then decreases to 1.4 watts when the solar panel uses a

Fresnel lens. It shows that the power reduces by 17.71% when the Fresnel is

applied to the solar panel on a sunny day.

Table 3.0 Tests of the power output of a solar panel with a Fresnel Lens
during its weather condition.

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Day 3

DATE: AUGUST 18, 2022

Witho With
ut Fresn
Fresn el
el Lens
Lens
Time Powe Powe Weath
r r er
8:00a
m
9:00a 1.26 0.99 CLOU
m DY
10:00a 1.26 0.99 CLOU
m DY
11:00a 1.005 0.64 LIGHT
m RAIN
As 12:00p - - RAINY stated in table
m
2.0, by 9:00 1:00p - - RAINY AM, the weather
m
is cloudy. A 2:00p 1.02 0.768 RAINY solar panel
m
without a 3:00p 1.005 0.65 CLOU Fresnel lens
m DY
produces 4:00p 1.26 watts, then
m
decreases to 0.99 watts when a solar panel uses a Fresnel lens. It shows that

the power reduces by 21.43% when solar panel uses Fresnel Lens on a cloudy

day. Then, by 10:00 AM, the weather is cloudy. A solar panel without a Fresnel

lens produces 1.26 watts, then decreases to 0.99 watts when a solar panel

uses a Fresnel lens. It shows that the power reduces by 21.43% when solar

panel uses Fresnel Lens on a cloudy day. By 11:00 AM, the weather is light

rain. A solar panel without a Fresnel lens produces 1.005 watts, then decreases

to 0.64 watts when a solar panel uses a Fresnel lens. It shows that the power

reduces by 35.32% when solar panel uses Fresnel Lens on a light rain day. By

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 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

the time 12:00 to 1:00 PM, there’s no power produced because it rains. By the

time 2:00 PM, A solar panel without a Fresnel lens produces 1.02 watts, then

decreases to 0.768 watts when the solar panel uses a Fresnel lens. It shows

that the power reduces by 24.71% when a solar panel uses a Fresnel lens on a

rainy day. Lastly, by 3:00 PM, the weather is cloudy. From 1.005 watts of a

solar panel without a Fresnel lens, it decreases to 0.65 watts when the solar

panel uses a Fresnel lens. It shows that the power reduces by 35.32% when a

solar panel applies a Fresnel lens on a sunny day.

On two days of cloudy weather, the researchers found that most of the

power output of a solar panel with a Fresnel lens decreases, but some of the

time increases. On a sunny day, most of the power output of a solar panel with

Fresnel Lens decrease, but some of the time increase. The results reveal that

the weather conditions affect the power output produced by a solar panel with a

Fresnel lens.

From three days of testing, the data presented above reveals that on

Day 1, there was an increase in power generated by the solar panel with

Fresnel lens concentrator by 9.92%. On Day 2, the power output was reduced

by 6.85% watts when the solar panel used a Fresnel lens. Lastly, on day 3, the

power output was reduced by 26.58% watts when the solar panel used a

Fresnel lens. Moreover, it shows that the time 9:00, 10:00, and 11:00 in the

morning is the best time to get more sunlight. Therefore, the researchers found

that a solar panel with a Fresnel lens is not constantly effective in increasing

the power output of a solar panel.

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Table 4.0. Charging Time of Battery per hour

Using 2 – 3watts, 6volts solar panel, Lead Acid Battery 12V 7.2ah with and

without Fresnel lens

Witho With
ut Fresn
Fresn el
el Lens
Lens
Time Volts Volts
10:00a 12.6 12.6
m
11:00a 12.6 12.6
m
As stated at 12:00p 12.7 12.7 the table, In the test,
m
a 3 watts, 6 1:00pm 12.8 12.8 volts solar panel

connected to a 12 volts, 7.2 ah lead acid battery produced 12.6 volts at

10:00 am in both panels with and without a Fresnel lens. With or without

Fresnel lens the gathered voltages are unchanged at 11:00 am. At 12:00

am, with or without the Fresnel lens, the harvested volts increased

marginally by 0.1 and were recorded at 12.7 volts. With or without Fresnel

lens, it reported 12.8 volts at 1:00 pm, which was a modest rise of 0.2 volts

from 10:00 am to 11:00 am. Based on these data, researchers found that it

took 4 hours to fully charge the battery, but the battery’s harvested voltage

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remains constantly the same of both solar panel with and without a Fresnel

lens.

Chapter 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary and conclusion derived from the conduct

of the study. It also provides recommendations that can be pursued by future

researchers

Findings

1. Based on the data collected by the researcher during the three-day test,

it appears that on the first day, the solar panel output with Fresnel lens

was recorded with higher watts, while on the second day and third day it

turns out that the use of the fresnel lens gave lower watts.

2. During the three-day test, the researchers found the following data:

a) On Day 1, the weather is cloudy. The obtained average power

output of a solar panel is 1.21 watts while the average power output

of a solar panel using with Fresnel lens is 1.33 watts between 9:00

AM and 2:00 AM

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 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

b) On Day 2, the weather is sunny. The obtained average power output

of a solar panel is 1.75 watts while the average power output of a

solar panel using with Fresnel lens is 1.63 watts between 9:00 AM

and 2:00 AM

c) On Day 3, the weather is rainy. The obtained average power output

of a solar panel is 5.55 watts while the average power output of a

solar panel using with Fresnel lens is 3.49 watts between 9:00 AM

and 2:00 AM

3. It took 4 hours to fully charge the battery and the harvested voltage

produced by the battery from both solar panel with and without Fresnel lens

are constantly the same.

Conclusion

           Based on the analysis of the resulting data gathered the following

conclusions are hereby advanced.

1. The three-day test shows that the best day and time was the third day of the

test at 9:00 am it gave the highest watts with an average of 1.75watts.

2. The solar panel power output with a fresnel lens is not effective.

3. The speed at which the batteries are changed by solar panels with and

without Fresnel lenses was confirmed to be the same.

Recommendation

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           Based on the results accomplished from the experiment and on the

conclusion given previously the following recommendations are offered:

1. The researcher recommends conducting similar studies using a different

type of fresnel lens where the sun’s rays are scattered.

2. To get a significant result, future researchers may undertake a study with

more tests and samples than those used in this study.

REFERENCES

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