The Pegasus Review: UCF

Undergraduate Research Journal

(URJ)

Volume 4 Issue 1 Article 3

2009

Silence of the Sexes: Gender Inversion in Jonathan Demme's The

Silence of the Lambs
Megan Evans
University of Central Florida, [email protected]

Part of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons

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Recommended Citation
Evans, Megan (2009) "Silence of the Sexes: Gender Inversion in Jonathan Demme's The Silence of the
Lambs," The Pegasus Review: UCF Undergraduate Research Journal (URJ): Vol. 4 : Iss. 1 , Article 3.
Available at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/urj/vol4/iss1/3
 Evans: Gender Inversion in Jonathan Demme's The Silence of the Lambs

Published
Vol. 4: 23-30
January 11, 2010
THE UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL FLORIDA
UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH JOURNAL

Silence of the Sexes:

Gender Inversion in Jonathan Demme’s
The Silence of the Lambs
By: Megan Evans
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Kathleen Oliver

ABSTRACT: “Silence of the Sexes: Gender Inversion in Jonathan Demme’s The Silence of the Lambs” focuses on the
role gender plays in and between the characters of Clarice Starling, Buffalo Bill, and Dr. Hannibal Lecter in Jonathan
Demme’s film The Silence of the Lambs (1991). Specifically, the paper focuses on the struggle for Clarice to masculinize
herself to be accepted in her career, and the struggle for Buffalo Bill to feminize himself in order to accept himself. The
paper then discusses the inability for the one person to succeed while the other is still an obstacle in his or her path,
which then brings in the role of the phallus for Clarice, who otherwise lacks the symbolic authority encoded in the
phallus.

Republication not permitted without written consent of the author.

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ESSAY and a pseudo-transsexual who has been rejected for a sexual

When Jonathan Demme’s film The Silence of the Lambs reassignment operation due to his psychoses; he therefore
entered theatres in 1991, many movie goers were highly becomes a serial killer who skins size-fourteen women in
entertained. However, for others, including many in the order to assemble a woman-suit for himself, thus to obtain
feminist and gay communities, irritation and, in some a feminine form. From the first, Bill’s record for violence
cases, outrage, surfaced. The film’s portrayal of the and the mutilation of his victims shocks and confounds in
homosexual serial killer Buffalo Bill (as played by Ted its brutality. Yet, when more is learned of Bill’s psyche, his
Levine) caused many scholars to criticize Demme’s violent and malevolent behavior reveals his desire to
portrayal of homosexuality as negative and homophobic become a delicate woman. As a woman, Bill can erase his
(Phillips 37). On the other hand, many feminist critics homosexuality; his attraction to men would thus
praised Jodie Foster’s portrayal of Clarice Starling as a metamorphose into the social norm. Here, viewers see that
strong feminist making her way in a man’s world while Bill’s goal of outwardly becoming a woman “expresses an
rejecting the male gaze (Phillips 42). However, one critic illicit desire to be another sex [and] it reveals confusion
in particular, Martha Gever, rejected Clarice as a “feminist about the function of the symbolic nature of ‘skins’ in the
hero” as a “result of her subjugation by patriarchal law of nature” (Wolfe and Elmer148). This “symbolic
superiors” (Phillips 40). In light of these conflicting nature of skins” is the physiological division between male
viewpoints, it is apparent that Jonathan Demme provides and female bodies. The roles these bodies play extend to
in Buffalo Bill and Clarice a diverse mix of characteristics the social definitions of what it means to be male or female,
permitting them to defy and reinscribe gender stereotypes masculine or feminine, which determines the social rules
simultaneously. Specifically, Demme’s film offers two other characters (not including Bill) live by. Thus, Bill’s
principle characters, Clarice Starling and Buffalo Bill, gender confusion is manifested in the symbolic wolf-in-
who challenge traditional gender roles, but the film also sheep’s camouflage with which he hopes to deceive people,
suggests that to be feminine is fatal, as is seen in the while it also recognizes his need to change his outward
deaths of Buffalo Bill’s victims and his own death, and to identity so that it will conform to his internalized identity.
be masculine is to survive and conquer in life-threatening
situations, as is seen in Clarice’s final battle with Buffalo Bill’s mental processes and overall psychological state
Bill. reflect key concepts explored in Jacques Lacan’s theoretical
paradigm of the Mirror Stage. According to Lacan, “the
Buffalo Bill and Clarice Starling, despite their disruptions mirror stage [is] an identification, in the full sense that
to longstanding cultural assumptions regarding analysis gives to the term: namely, the transformation that
masculinity and femininity, do not provide diversity takes place in the subject when he assumes an image”
within the film. Instead, they act as mirror images of each (“Mirror” 1124). Lacan points out that one of the symptoms
other, not only in the present action of the film, but also of a negative response to the mirror stage is that the person
in both of the characters’ histories. While Buffalo Bill will become inverted, isolated, and will feel a sense of
strives to become a woman by constructing a suit made displacement (“Mirror” 1126). For Bill, these aspects of his
from his female victims’ skin, Clarice also attempts to psychoses come to fruition in his behavior. Throughout the
become a man, or man-like, through appropriating the film, when Bill is shown communicating with another
symbolic power of the phallus as represented by Dr. person, it is his victim whom he is ordering to prepare
Hannibal Lecter (Anthony Hopkins), who, in Lacanian herself for the slaughter by rubbing lotion on her skin.
fashion, becomes the signifier through which Clarice Even Bill’s home is in a small, isolated suburb, closed up
overcomes the expectations that society places on the with dusty, covered windows, and the defining feature of
female. Furthermore, the gendered objectives that Buffalo his residence is its basement that holds the only lives he
Bill and Clarice Starling seek depend on defeating each cherishes: that of his poodle and the room of “deaths-head”
other: to become a woman, Bill needs to kill the moths. Therefore, with no person with whom to form a
masculinized woman who threatens his goal of becoming bond, Bill develops a narcissistic desire to admire his
a woman, and Clarice, to achieve her goal of being makeup and wigs in a mirror. In regard to the film’s mise-
recognized and accepted as masculine in her job, must en-scene, the mirror stage takes on a tangible form in the
stop this feminized male serial killer. Thus, without the physical mirror in front of which Bill transforms himself
death of his/her nemesis, the other cannot achieve his/
her goal to become identified with the opposite gender. Bill’s sexual orientation also plays a significant role in his
In The Silence of the Lambs, Buffalo Bill is a homosexual mental processes. According to Guy Hocquenghem, “a

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man who in intercourse with men feels himself to be a Interestingly, this masochism and savagery do not make
woman is inverted in respect to his own ego, [thus] he Bill a completely unfeeling and monstrous man,
feels himself to be a woman, and this not only in genital demonstrating the gendered complexity of Demme’s
intercourse, but in all relations of life” (Hocquenghem characters. According to Hocquenghem, “inversion is
1657). This definition fits Buffalo Bill in regard to his entangled with masochism because perversion is
desire to become female. For him, it is not enough to feel inevitably entangled with neurosis,” in which a cycle of
like a woman, but he must be a woman. Yet, Bill’s “pleasure in guilt, the guilt of pleasure and … the pleasure
perception of himself does not end with an attainment of of guilt, reign supreme” (Hocquenghem 1660). When
a female body. As Hocquenghem hypothesizes, the Bill imprisons his newest victim, Catherine Martin
attitude associated with “subject-inversion” may also (Brooke Smith), in the well of his basement, and orders
include “narcissism,” which is used to repress the her to “rub the lotion on its skin,” he begins to see
unwanted gendered identity, which in Bill’s case, is male Catherine as a human being rather than merely as skin
(Hocquenghem 1658). Specifically, Hocquenghem for his suit. As she cries, “I want to see my mommy,” Bill’s
employs the term “narcissism” to identify behavior that lip begins to quiver and his eyes tear up. Then, irritated by
involves excessive self-love, particularly physical self- the guilt he feels, Bill screams at Catherine and mockingly
love. Ironically, the physical self-love named for the mimics her panic when she sees the fingernail of his last
Greek god, Narcissus, in this instance, is used to describe victim stuck in the wall of the well. His guilt here
a character whose self-love involves viewing himself as a transforms into a perverted pleasure at reminding himself
Greek goddess. In the scene in which Bill cross-dresses that he has power over the frightened Catherine. In a
in his basement, this narcissism regarding typical female similar fashion, his stereotypical feminine behavior, his
behavior is depicted in his gently applying makeup, quivering lip and tears, transforms into stereotypical
wrapping himself in a delicate, colorful satin wrap, and masculine behavior, as he demonstrates his power. This
tucking his genitalia between his legs. Here, the proof depiction of Bill demonstrates that his goal to achieve
that Bill knows how to become feminine begins. However, femininity threatens real women, not only his female
it is when he poses in the form of a naked Greek goddess, victims, but also Clarice who is trying to slough off her
in front of a camera, that the narcissism is most evident. own female identity. For Bill to achieve a female body to
And it is through this act that Bill also becomes more accompany his feminine behavior rewrites the sexual
convinced that he must succeed at being a woman to feel boundaries of the female gender. Specifically, if Bill
comfortable in his own skin. attains the female form, and is able to deceive both men
and women, barring them from realizing his biological
Why is it, though, that Bill can only be comfortable in sex, he will have redefined what it means to be female.
the skin of the opposite sex? In theorizing the mind-set This possibility of gender reassignment leaves women to
of the subject-inverted homosexual, Hocquenghem reconsider their own gender: can women completely
discusses a perversion in the minds of such feminized erase their gender by obtaining a male body, or could a
males. He states that this “perversion […] leads both to a person who is born female be stripped of her right to call
passive homosexuality and to a moral masochism—the herself “woman” by men who become women? This is the
fear of man as the father image” (Hocquenghem 1660). threat Bill poses to all women, whether they identify
For Bill, though, only the latter part applies. In one of themselves as feminine or lack a sexual identification, as
Clarice’s meetings with Dr. Lecter, Lecter explains that is the case with Clarice. In his attempt to become
as a child Bill was sexually abused by a male figure feminine, Bill uses masculine physical strength to thwart
(whether it is the father is not known), which explains Clarice, while also, although without his direct knowledge,
why Bill covets the female form. It is the gender that has risking Clarice’s career. Without Bill’s capture or death,
not harmed him, and therefore, one that he would rather Clarice cannot attain the masculine recognition she tries
embrace. This masochism, however, is the only part of so hard to gain.
this particular section of Hocquenghem’s theory that fits
Bill. Lecter also says in the same scene that Bill “hates his Bill is not the only obstacle that Clarice faces in her quest
own identity … and he thinks that makes him a to attain masculine privilege. While Bill dresses up as a
transsexual. But his pathology is a thousand times more woman and attempts to behave in a feminine mannewhilin
savage.” that guise, Clarice attempts to look as non-feminine as
possible. While her appearance and behavior do not
cause terror for those she encounters, confusion

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nonetheless surfaces, particularly in response to her feminine ways. Even the limited amount of time she
wardrobe. Throughout the film Clarice hides her breasts spends with her aunt and uncle does not teach her
by wearing some form of baggy clothing, such as a feminine behavior.
sweatshirt, sweater, or sport jacket, deliberately drawing
attention away from her feminine form. In addition, she Despite this upbringing that fails to shape her into a
rarely, if ever, engages in feminine behavior. Rather than feminine mold, Clarice does not remain ignorant of the
reinforcing gender stereotypes by acting in a flirtatious male gaze. Instead, as viewers look beyond Clarice’s
and chatty manner, she is reserved and shows little childhood into her career and her decision to become a
emotion in most situations. In fact, it is only when her student at the FBI training school, it is apparent that the
psyche is deeply affected by Dr. Hannibal Lecter that she “myth of woman” is placed on her by her male superiors
cries alone. Instead, she fights for her safety and that of and co-workers. According to Wittig, this “myth of
Catherine Martin (overcoming the danger she faces and woman” is the mark imposed by the “oppressor” (1638).
rescuing the damsel in distress, in a sense) to prove her In the film, this “myth of woman” not only extends to the
strength to the men in her occupational sphere. However, caution which men take around Clarice in discussing
despite Clarice’s strength, she does not rescue Catherine Buffalo Bill’s victims due to their belief in the myth that
Martin, kill Buffalo Bill, or achieve her masculinity on women are delicate, but it also manifests itself in her
her own. Instead, by modeling herself on her father, on colleagues’ and even Lecter’s sexual advances.
successful men within her profession, and, curiously
enough, on Dr. Lecter, Clarice gains a new psychological Because Clarice did not imbibe the woman myth in her
outlook on herself and thus is able to become masculine youth, she is able to oppose the ways in which
from what begins as an asexual identity. heterosexuality often subjugates women. Tim Edwards
maintains that “sexuality is a socially constructed means
In her essay “One Is Not Born a Woman,” Monique for male domination of women,” and that the domination
Wittig quotes Simone de Beauvoir’s assertion that “one of women “seeks to deconstruct the idea of any central
is not born, but becomes a woman. No biological, sexuality,” thereby validating sexual diversity (Edwards
psychological, or economic fate determines the figure qtd. in Phillips 36). In Clarice, though, viewers see her
that the human female presents in society” (de Beauvoir constant attempt to subvert the male-dominant system
qtd. in Wittig 1638). From this perspective, Wittig in her ability to assert herself in places and situations
defines what does not make a “woman.” In biology, there where she is either not allowed or not wanted. For
is no gender, but only sexes. And psychologically, if there instance, when she interviews Lecter without the
is no female role model to teach a young girl to follow permission of Dr. Chilton (the warden of the mental
societal standards of feminine behavior, then that girl hospital/prison where Lecter is imprisoned, as played by
will develop an identity that does not conform to the Anthony Heald), Dr. Chilton confronts her, claiming
social standards and stereotypes of her gender. This is the that he has a right to the information she is gathering. To
case with Clarice. In one of Clarice’s many meetings with this comment, Clarice tells him to contact the state office
Lecter, she tells him that her mother died when she was and to let her do her job, which not only shows strength,
very young, so young in fact that she did not even have a but also her rejection of the social standards set up for
memory of her mother to share with Lecter. female submissiveness. This lack of engagement with the
female role, however, is not the only means by which
Yet, she does express the impact that her father had on Clarice is able to assert herself in a male-dominated
her. In the same conversation in which she mentions her profession.
mother, Clarice tells Lecter, “My father had become my
whole world to me, and when he left me I had nothing.” While rejecting typical female behavior, Clarice does not
Because Clarice’s immediate and most intimate express male behavior either, at least initially. Rather, she
community is her father, she does not learn the difference approaches her career and colleagues with an asexual
that lies “between male and eunuch, which is described attitude, so much in fact that she “seems utterly indifferent
as feminine” (de Beauvoir qtd. in Wittig 1638). Instead, to any suggestion of romance” no matter who or in what
she only sees the gender role her father played until the form it is presented to her (Robbins 72). One such
time of his death. She sees his dedication to law example of her gendered indifference is directed toward
enforcement, and, as her father never remarries, she never Dr. Chilton upon her first visit to his mental hospital. In
receives a new mother to take care of her and teach her his office, he asks her if she will be staying in Baltimore

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overnight, offering her a fun time with the “right guide.” malevolent grin, Clarice receives the confirmation of
To this overture, Clarice simply states that she must Lecter’s masculinity, and thereby recognizes Lecter as
report back to base that afternoon. Then, when Chilton the mentor who can fill the role of the symbolic phallus
again refers to Clarice’s attractiveness and suggests that for her.
she will suit Lecter’s “taste,” she states “I graduated from
UVA, doctor. It is not a charm school.” Her initial In this scene Clarice’s training into masculinity begins.
indifference to Dr. Chilton becomes a warning that he is Bruce Robbins points out that, for Clarice, “to become a
entering dangerous territory, and from here, she discusses professional is to resemble the serial murderer [Hannibal
Lecter’s pathology and the protocol for interviewing Lecter] who is her mentor” (81). When Clarice initially
him, thus directing attention away from her and focusing offers Lecter the questionnaire, after having a civil
on the job she has undertaken. Then, of the numerous conversation about the prisoner Miggs’ comment (“I can
sexual allusions and innuendoes made throughout the smell your cunt”), and her status as a student at the FBI
film, a significant scene takes place in which Lecter asks academy, Lecter says, “no, you were doing just fine. You
Clarice if she ever considers having intercourse with her had been courteous and receptive to courtesy. You had
superior, Jack Crawford (Scott Glenn). To this, she established trust with the embarrassing truth about
responds that it does not interest her, and then turns his Miggs.” This is the first guidance Clarice receives from
question to the prison mate Miggs’ earlier comment that Lecter, and as the plot continues, this first piece of advice
he can smell Clarice’s “cunt.” In these scenarios, Clarice proves useful in obtaining entry into Buffalo Bill’s home.
shows emotional strength and even rigidity to avoid In the scene depicting Catherine’s rescue, Clarice gains
further objectification by the male gaze. It is important entrance into Buffalo Bill’s home by courteously
to note that Clarice does not behave indifferently simply addressing him as James Gumb, feigning ignorance that
because of asexuality, but because she feels threatened by Gumb is Buffalo Bill. She acquires his trust by inquiring
these men, not in a submissive sense, but in a sense that about the relationship between the previous owner of the
these men will strip her of the masculinity she is trying home and Bill’s first victim, implying that the former
to gain if their advances are encouraged. Thus she strives owner is the person whom she is investigating, and she
even harder as the film progresses to gain acceptance in lets Bill think that the FBI is close to capturing Buffalo
the masculine sphere as an equal. Bill, but that they lack a physical description of him.
Clarice’s courteousness and her lies that pretend to be
No matter how much she desires to transcend the “embarrassing truth[s]” put Bill temporarily at ease,
gendered paradigm of femininity, Clarice cannot become giving Clarice an advantage over the serial killer.
masculine on her own; as Wittig observes, “for becoming
a man would demand from a woman not only a man’s It is not enough, however, that Clarice learns how to be
external appearance but his consciousness as well” (1639). masculine. It is equally important that her desire for
Therefore, to avoid the threat of castration and fully gain masculine power be recognized by the phallus, which
masculinity, Clarice must access the symbolic power of Lecter does not fail to decipher. According to Jacques
the phallus as engendered in Dr. Hannibal Lecter. During Lacan, the phallus is a signifier that the Other achieves
the initial meeting between Clarice and Lecter, Clarice through desire. This desire then must be recognized by
recognizes that Lecter possesses this potent symbolic the subject of the phallus ( “Phallus” 1154). In the film,
power, and she, slowly and almost subconsciously, realizes Lecter is the subject of the phallus who must recognize
that she may access it by choosing Lecter as her mentor. Clarice’s desire lies in achieving status within her career.
In this scene, after Lecter brutally gives Clarice his Upon Clarice’s leaving her first interview with Lecter, he
analysis of her as being “one generation away from poor calls her back and tells her, “I will make you happy. I’ll
white trash” and who only wants to join the FBI to escape give you a chance for what you love most …
her roots, Clarice retorts “You see a lot, Doctor. But are Advancement.”
you strong enough to point that high-powered perception
at yourself ?” Here, rather than simply defending herself Nonetheless, achieving advancement through Lecter’s
from Lecter, she challenges his masculinity. She wants to guidance does not fully assist Clarice to realize her
see how he will respond as she pushes back against his transformation into masculinity and masculine privilege.
antagonistic baiting. Then, when Lecter slams the As it stands at this point in the film, Buffalo Bill threatens
questionnaire Clarice had earlier given him back through Clarice’s advancement more than the sexual advances
the slot in his cell wall and locks eyes with her in a posed on her, or the delicacy with which her superiors

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and fellow officers treat her. Robbins states that Clarice both in occupational and gendered status. For the first
encounters Bill, who is “clearly a vision of herself. Like time in the film, Jack Crawford shakes Clarice’s hand
her, Buffalo Bill is a product of provincial poverty; like upon congratulating her, and says, “Your father would have
her, he wants to change his life by refusing or subduing been proud today.” Here, not only is Clarice’s father
his ‘natural’ sexuality. A would-be transsexual, he can acknowledged as contributing to his daughter’s success (as
hardly avoid echoing the woman who is forced to desex a father to his son), but the handshake also symbolizes
or “resex” herself, to try to be a man in order to make a that Clarice is now an equal in the male-dominated FBI.
life for herself in a man’s world” (Robbins 74-75). It is Thus, rather than Clarice Starling acting as an example of
this mirror image of herself that most threatens Clarice. a feminist character who sheds a stereotypical feminine
As long as Bill continues to kill women in order to persona, as many feminist critics assert, Clarice adopts the
become a woman, Clarice cannot become masculine, for gender role that best suits her, in this case, a masculine
without his capture or death, Clarice’s efforts to capture gender role, to replace her former asexual identity.
Bill will go unnoticed and unrewarded. In this instance,
masculinity and reward are synonymous, or, alternately, Converse to Clarice’s positive outcome and acceptance in
obtaining masculinity will secure the reward for Clarice. the male sphere, Bill’s outcome is significantly different.
Whereas Clarice’s lack of a sexual orientation allows her to
In the first scene of the film, with her superior Jack advance her career, Demme’s film provides a negative and
Crawford, Clarice is told that she was chosen to interview homophobic outlook on Bill’s transsexuality. As the only
Lecter (and as she finds out later, to secure information gay represented within the film, Bill seeks to render his
about Bill) based on her exceptional performance in her love of men socially acceptable by becoming a woman. In
classes and her high grades. She clearly was not chosen addition, when Bill dresses as a woman and undertakes his
for her beauty. However, because her appearance is not a own version of sexual reassignment surgery, the film
key factor in her advancement, Clarice knows that portrays Bill as almost inhuman in the shape-shifting
without Bill’s death, she will not succeed in her highest transformation predicated upon skinning and sewing his
desire. Therefore, as viewers approach the climax of the murdered victims’ skin. Bill’s scenes in drag similarly
film that brings Bill and Clarice to fight for their chosen portray him as creepily and threateningly psychotic, not as
sexualities, it can be observed that Clarice “rises by someone deserving of sympathy for finding himself
suppressing both her own sexuality and Buffalo Bill’s” trapped in the wrong body. Finally, Demme’s film assigns
(Robbins 75). This suppression of sexualities, though, a stigma to gay men who might seek sexual reassignment
does not necessarily imply that Clarice is suppressing her by suggesting that they are dangerous, even fatal, to
heterosexuality or Bill’s homosexuality. Instead, she women, and that they could potentially replace women
suppresses the male gaze that she is subject to, while entirely. In actuality, most transsexuals do not identify
suppressing Bill’s ability to gain the male gaze through themselves as homosexuals because they identify
deception, using his suit made from women’s skin. themselves as a man or woman trapped in the wrong body.
Thus, the film attempts to skew the viewers’ perspectives
Bill also plays a more symbolic role within the film, in on gay men and transsexual men by combining these two
regard to gender. Because, as Bruce Robbins states, Bill separate identities into one psychotic character, providing
is an inverse image of Clarice reversed, he represents the a negative stigma on both identities.
female that Clarice tries to kill within herself. And vice
versa: Clarice tries to become the male that Bill tries to This then leads to the underlying theme that to be feminine
kill within himself through his ritual slaughter and is to be flawed and fatal, and to be masculine is to maintain
skinning of women. Each character plays a crucial role in physical and mental strength and stability. As revealed
the other’s success, and therefore, neither can succeed through Clarice’s case files, each woman whom Bill
while the other lives. Thus, for Clarice to achieve full slaughters and skins responds in sympathy to Bill’s
masculinity, and to be accepted as an equal among her helplessness. In order to abduct Catherine Martin, for
male colleagues, she must kill Buffalo Bill. When this instance, Bill has his arm in a sling and attempts to push a
final goal is achieved, Clarice is rewarded with recognition couch into his van. Seeing his supposedly broken arm,
by her male colleagues and superiors. Catherine approaches him and offers to help him. In

In the final scene in which Clarice graduates from the

FBI academy, viewers finally see her treated as an equal

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addition, unlike Clarice, Bill’s female victims engaged in

stereotypical feminine behavior, thereby allowing Bill to
play on their culturally learned gentility and passivity,
which, in turn, led to their deaths. In fact, the only reason
Catherine Martin is not killed is due to the masculine
strength that Clarice demonstrates. Not only does
Clarice’s masculinity save Catherine, it destroys the
perversely feminine Bill, who, in his struggle to become
feminine, has lost some measure of the masculine strength
he once possessed.

Contrary to the threat Bill’s feminine transformation

poses for women, Clarice’s masculine transformation is
viewed as non-threatening. The men who encounter
Clarice and who maintain their masculinity continue to
be successful in their careers, with the only short-term
damage being to their pride, after Clarice’s rejection of
their sexual advances. Thus, Demme’s film supports
masculine achievement, while condemning feminine
behavior, in both the male and female sexes, demonstrating
the rewards of masculinity and the fatal consequences of
femininity.

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