In general, electric machines are part of non-linear

Electric machines energy conversion devices, that is, any change in the
input does not always appear in the same proportion
in the output.
Collegian Pouria Heidarian (01120022742013)
In electric machines, the energy conversion process is
Collegian Alireza rafiei (01121022742023)
reversible. This means that by observing a series of
Collegian Hossein feizoalahi ( 01120022742035) practical considerations, any electric machine can be
used as an electric motor, converting electrical energy
This article is intended to be a textarticle on “electric into mechanical energy or as a generator, converting
machines”.The title, “electric machines” is often the mechanical energy into electrical energy.
title of a course givenin almost every electrical
engineering department of the universities, colleges, Since we want to advance the topic more specialized,
andpolytechnics. the article was directed towards DC electric
machines.
electric machines is one of the essential topics fora
license in electrical engineering. A new approach to Direct-current motors are widely used in hoists,
this rather old and classicalsubject will be presented steel mills, cement plants, the pulp and paper
in this article.There are quite a few books published industry, and mining operations. They are versatile
on the subject. and can be adjusted to meet tough job
requirements, such as high starting torque, constant-
This new approach, however, will provide modern, power or constant-torque loads, quick acceleration
lean, and up-to-date information on electric and deceleration, and speed variations of up to 6
machines.electric machines is a vast subject and can 400% of base value.Although their torque-speed
be difficult tograsp if went into details. characteristics are easily adjustable, dc ma-chines
are not used for ordinary industrial applications
What is more a right amount of this knowledge is a
because of the limitations, cost, and unavailability of
necessity for every electronic and electrical engineer.
dc voltage sources.This chapter deals with the dc
Only thenecessary information on the subject will be
machine’s principles of operation, steady-state
conveyed to the audience in a simple.
operation, and modern techniques of speed control.
Electric machines are classified from two points of
Like all the three-phase ac machines, direct-current
view: "type of energy conversion" and "type of
machines have a stator and a rotor winding. The
electric current".
stator winding is referred to as the field winding, and
From the point of view of energy, if an electric the rotor winding is known as the armature winding.
machine converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy, it is called an "electric motor" and if this
electric machine converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy, it is called an "electrical generator".

Electric cars are classified in two ways:

1- In terms of the type of electric current:

A- Direct current (DC) electric machines

B- alternating current (AC) electric machines

2- In terms of the type of energy conversion: Field windings are wound around the poles of the
stator and are supplied with dc current, which
A- Electric generators that convert mechanical energy
produces the main magnetic field of the machine.
into electrical energy.
Depend-ing on the machine type and rating, the
B- Electric motors that convert electrical energy into stator structure may incorporate addi-tional
mechanical energy windings, such as the compensating, the
commutating, and the auxiliary field windings. The
end connections of the armature wind-ings expression for the torque developed by a dc motor is
terminate in the commutator segments (longitudinal derived as follows.
bars of copper), which ride on the stationary brushes.
The commutator segments are insulated from each
other. In conjunction with the brushes, they rectify
the ac current of the armature windings. The
armature current of a dc motor is conducted from the
external ma-chine terminals to the brushes, then to
the commutator segments, and from there to the
armature conductors.Depending on how the field
winding is excited relative to the armature coil, dc
machines are generally classified as shunt, series,
or separately excited.Depending on the location and
relative magnetic orientation of the auxiliary field
winding, dc shunt machines are further subdi-vided
into other categories.

DC electric motor system

• DC motors compared to AC motors are able to

produce more uniform and adjustable torque.

• The DC motor is very accurate in controlling the

rotor speed.

• In DC motors, the amount of torque and speed of

the rotor can be controlled as desired without using a
change gear box.

• Starting and controlling the DC electric motor is

much easier and faster than the AC motor.
Regardless of the winding connection, as shown in Fig Disadvantages of DC electric motor
, the current through the field windings (If) produces
the field flux (ff), and the current through the • The price and cost of DC electric motors increases
armature windings (Ia) produces the armature flux compared to other models.
(fa). The field flux combines with the armature flux to
produce the machine’s net effective flux (f) per pole. • Dc motors have low efficiency, but they are very
The natural tendency of the stator and rotor fields popular due to easier control of torque.
to align their magnetic axes produces torque. • This type of electric motors respond from relatively
Direct current motors low acceleration.

Direct current motors are machines whose electrical • DC electric motor needs DC current during startup.
system is direct current and they convert electrical • The cost of maintenance and repairs of this type of
energy into mechanical energy. And part of the electric motors is much higher compared to other
energy will be converted into heat, which is called as motors.
loss. The operation of a dc motor is based on the
tendency of a current-carrying coil, when placed in Types of DC motors
an external magnetic field, to rotate in such a way
that the field it creates is parallel to, and in the same Getting to know the different types of DC motor will
direction as, the external field. The general help you to know how each of them is chosen to work
in different situations and that you can choose the
right DC motor for your project. DC motor is divided Consequently, the equivalent circuits include only the
into 4 main categories: resistance of the armature (Ra) and field windings
(Rf).The resistance of the armature winding is
Permanent magnet DC motor relatively small, normally a fraction of an ohm. It
A permanent magnet DC motor uses a permanent includes the resistances of the armature conductors
magnet to generate the field flux. This type of DC and the resist-ances of the compensating and
motor provides excellent starting torque and has commutating windings. The effects of the contact
good speed regulation, but its torque is limited so it is between the brush and the commutator segments
typically used in low horsepower applications. is represented by a constant voltage drop (about 1
V).The resistance of the field winding, when
Series DC motor connected in series with the ar-mature winding, is
very small. When connected in parallel to the supply
In a series DC motor, the magnetic field is created by voltage, however, it is several hundred times larger
several turns of a large wire through which the than the resistance of the armature windings.
armature current passes. Usually, the series DC motor
produces a large starting torque but cannot regulate Dc Motors Shunt
the speed and may even be damaged by running at
no load. These limitations mean that this type of DC equivalent circuit of a dc shunt motor is shown in Fig
motor is not a good choice for variable speed (a). The voltage Vtrepresents the motor’s dc supply
projects. or terminal voltage, and Ia represents the cur-rent
of the armature windings. The armature current is
Shunt DC motor determined by the supply voltage, the driven load,
and the field current. The resistance of the field
In shunt DC motors, the field is connected in parallel winding (Rf, 100 V) is much greater than the
(shunt) with the armature winding. These motors resistance of the armature coil (Ra, 0.2 V), and under
offer excellent speed regulation due to the fact that normal operating conditions, the field current is much
the shunt field can be excited independently of the smaller than the armature current.Ordinarily, a dc
armature windings, this also allows for simple reverse shunt motor is equipped with a “starting box” that
control. houses an external resistor whose value can be
Compound DC motor decreased in several steps. The purpose of the
external resistor is to limit the armature current
Compound DC motors, like shunt DC motors, have a during starting (see Section 6.1.8).When stopping a dc
separate magnetic field. Compound DC motors have shunt motor, the armature circuit should be opened
good starting torque but may have control problems either before or at the same time as the field circuit.
in variable speed projects. If the field current is interrupted while the armature
circuit is energized, severe sparking on the
Each of these 4 types of DC motors have different
commutator will result, and the motor’s speed will
applications depending on the type of project and
increase to dangerously high levels.For purposes of
have different strengths and weaknesses, and
speed control, the motor may be equipped with
knowing these things can help you in knowing and
variable ex-ternal resistors in the armature (Rax) and
choosing the right motor for your work.
field (Rfx) circuits. The motor’s external
Equivalent Circuits and External Machine characteristics are derived as follows.
Characteristics
The rotor is the moving part of DC motors. By creating
The equivalent circuit of a dc machine explicitly a magnetic field in a certain direction with respect to
shows how the field wind-ing is excited in relation the stator, this piece creates a rotating force in the
to the armature winding. As such, an equivalent rotor and this causes the rotor or the armature to
circuit reveals the type of machine (series, shunt, rotate. Therefore, the duties of the rotor are:
separately excited, etc.) it represents, An equivalent 1- Creates a field
circuit may include the actual values of the winding
impedances, so that it can be used for transient 2-converting electrical energy into mechanical energy
and steady-state analyses. In this section, however, and rotating
only steady-state analyses are discussed.
If I want to give a general idea about this topic, I can
say that electric machines are tools and devices that
generally make up the world and the space around us,
without which a normal life would be very difficult for
people on earth. Perhaps, without them,
transportation functions will be more difficult and it
will be more and more difficult to make tools and
equipment using energy.

Resources

[1] electromechanical energy conversion “dr zeki

ugurata kocabiyicoglu. Publisher: crc press year: 2020

[2] electric machines : principles applications and

control schematic.

[3] DC electric machines, electrotechnical field, field

of industry, vocational technical education branch,
lesson number 2134.