Literature Review
Literature Review
High cost of biogas technology is one of a crucial issue in rural area of India for its application in the
villages (Raoand Ravindranath, 2002). Because of low income level the cost of biogas construction,
labour and equipment cost, installation of biogas is not affordable by the
Villagers. The installation of one household size biogas plant having capacity 1 m3of biogas production
every day cost about Rs 2000 (Samar et al., 2016; Mittal et al.,2018).
A subsidy given to install one household biogas plant of different size 1 to 6 m3is around Rs 8000 to
14000. It is20-40% of total installation cost of biogas plant. In rural area low income household’s average
monthly expensesis less than Rs10000 (MOSPI, 2015). It reveals that it is difficult to bear cost of biogas
Plant even after receiving subsidy. Thus, they do not agree to accept biogas
technology. Usually there is postponement in the release of capital subsidies due to procedure,
guideline followed which increases the administrative cost and create additional financial burden on the
project receivers (Chandra et al., 2006b; Rao and Ravindranath, 2002). Low income
households are unable to use to biogas for cookingpurpose because of limited availability of initial
fundsrequired installation of biogas which is besides the highinitial cost (Ravindranath and Balachandra,
2009)
In the NBMMP project, the central government had the highest job opportunity. One of the methods of
receiving subsidies based on investment cost is given to households with 2-3 heads of cattle in rural area
s. This makes the program a target for the rural population. Rural households are not eligible for subsidi
es because they do not have 2-3 cows, which hinders rural people's transition to biotechnology (Raha et
al., 2014).
Therefore, most of the low-income families in the village rely on firewood and baking cakes. The country
's biogas development has been implemented with the cooperation of many organizations. There is a lac
k of coordination among these organizations, and it has been found that the poor performance and low
technology of the society encourage competition (Bansal et al., 2013; Kaniyamparambil, 2011).
In addition to financial assistance, there are costs to identify eligible beneficiaries, provide guidance, ong
oing monitoring and outreach, but the cost Lack of time and delays make implementation difficult for N
GOs or grassroots organisations.
In order for biogas to be stored in order to operate at full capacity, two important issues should be consi
dered. Low or no feeding will cause the biogas plant to fail. Having 2-3 cows cannot provide a reliable an
d continuous substrate for the biogas plant. The combination of water and raw material should be kept i
n accordance with the standard; otherwise the wrong rate will affect the functioning of the factory. Ther
e is a problem with manure collection during winter grazing, and manure collection is difficult during this
month (Rupf et al., 2012).
, 2015). In rural areas, there is no knowledge and necessary services for biogas and few skilled workers t
o produce and maintain it. Biogas production is affected by temperature, which is very important to con
sider when operating a biogas plant.
In cold regions, biogas production decreases in winter and the temperature drops sharply, resulting in in
hibition of the growth of methanogens. At temperatures below 15°C, the hydraulic retention time also i
ncreases to 120-150 days (Zeeman, 1991; Daxiong et al., 1990; Kalia and Kanwar, 1998). Since biogas pro
duction is not sufficient, especially in winter, users have to switch to other fuel sources. In addition, whe
n malfunctions are detected during the operation of the biogas plant, there are no qualified people to so
lve technical and other problems.
This has become another barrier to the spread of biotechnology in Indian villages (Kaniyamparambil, 20
11).
The Government of India has implemented various incentives for biogas development such as the Natio
nal Biogas and Fertilizer Management Program (NBMMP), off-grid biogas scheme, waste-to-energy sche
me (MNRE, 2015; Shukla, 2007). Despite these efforts, the use of biogas technology is limited by various
financial, social and economic factors (Rao and Ravindranath, 2002; Schmidt and Dabur, 2013). Some res
earchers have looked at barriers to bioenergy diffusion in rural India (Rao and Ravindranath, 2002; Ravin
dranath and Balachandra, 2009; Vijay et al., 2015); while others focus on stakeholders (Hassan, 20 et al.
Zyadinet et al.
Various studies have also been conducted in rural areas to evaluate the success of biogas development (
Bhat et al., 2001; Raha et al., 2014; Reddy, 2004). However, no research has yet focused on commercial
scale and the deployment of biogas technology in cities. Previous studies have identified several barriers
to biogas exports in many countries, such as the United Kingdom (Adams et al., 2008).
, 2011), Europe (McCormick and Kaberger, 2007), Sweden (Lantz et al., 2007), China (Chen et al., 2012),
and Thailand (Prasertsan and Sajjakulnukit, 2006), some people (Adams et al.), respectively., 2011), som
e from an internal perspective (Lantz et al., 2007), some from a multidisciplinary perspective (Kamp and
Bermúdez Forn, 2016), but none of these studies compared issues affecting the efficiency of different bi
ogas.
The analysis shows that regional problems change with economic growth and the availability of natural r
esources such as biomass, soil and water. Problems such as heat and water scarcity in arid regions are p
articularly regional (Shane et al., 2015), while specific processes such as inadequate distribution, crop pr
otection against biogas have expanded in the middle region (Lantz et al., People, 2007). Sociocultural ba
rriers to the use of animal and human feces as raw materials are related to local values and culture (Rup
f et al.
, 2007), 2015). In rural areas of developing countries, there are technological and information problems
such as inability to build and maintain, competition from free energy, lack of data (Rao and Ravindranat
h, 2002; Rupf et al., 2015. ). Some problems, such as transportation or power generation, are specific to
their use.
The high variability of the heating season makes it difficult to use biogas for electricity generation, while
the landfill does not affect the use of biogas as a medium fuel (Lantz et al., 2007; Poeschl et al., 2010). T
hese factors may also vary by country or region.
The high cost of capital is one of the main barriers to the deployment of biogas systems in rural areas (R
ao and Ravindranath, 2002). The initial cost of setting up a biogas plant, such as construction, labor and
materials, is very high for rural families. The total cost of setting up a biogas plant varies by size, location
and model. The average cost of setting up a domestic biogas plant that produces 1 m3 of biogas per day
is approximately US$348 (Samar et al., 2016).
Government subsidies for domestic biogas plants range from $123 to $200 depending on the capacity of
the plant, for example 1 to 6 cubic meters or 20-40% of total installation costs. It is clear from Table 3 th
at more than half of the rural population in India has a household budget of less than US$150 per month
(MOSPI, 2015). 1 This indicates that the biogas plant up-front cost is higher than the monthly household
expenses of low-income households in rural areas. This makes it difficult for low-income families in rural
areas to pay for biogas plants even after receiving subsidies.
Bansal et al.
(2013) also pointed to the lack of purchasing power of rural households as a barrier to the adoption of n
ew technologies in India. Moreover, delay in payment will increase the cost of money and increase the b
urden of beneficiaries (Chandra et al., 2006b; Rao and Ravindranath, 2002). In addition to high initial cos
ts, limited access to finance for the construction of biogas plants also discourages low-income household
s from using biogas for cooking (Ravindranath and Balachandra, 2009).
Biogas faces stiff competition from other fuel options on the market. Various factors such as safety of fu
el consumption, ease of purchase, fuel price and household income affect household fuel choice (Bansal,
Saini, & Khatod, 2013). In rural areas, biogas competes with cheaper inputs such as biomass, oil and cow
dung that can be used for local cooking (Rao and Ravindranath, 2002). These families did not take into a
ccount the negative externalities associated with the use of traditional biomass products, such as wood l
ifetime, indoor climate, deforestation.
In contrast, the reliability of fuel sources and ease of purchase are two important factors for high-
income families.
Bhat et al. (2001) identified limited access to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as one of the reasons for the
spread of methane in the Sirsi region. However, in areas where LPG is more efficient, biogas competes w
ith LPG.
Adequate water and substrate material are two important factors for the efficient operation of biogas plant
s. Inadequate or unfair input rates may result in ineffectiveness of the biogas plant or waste generation, re
sulting in a complete shutdown of the biogas plant (Rupf et al., 2015). These failures have led to misunder
standing of biogas technology and confusion among consumers.
Temperature is also an important factor affecting biogas yield. In winter, biogas production drops as temp
eratures inhibit methane formation in colder regions. At temperatures below 15°C, the hydraulic retention
time also increases to about 120-150 days (Zeeman, 1991; Daxiong et al., 1990; Kalia and Kanwar, 1998)
.
Lack of knowledge about the technology, its benefits and government support were cited as reasons for ba
nning the use of biogas as the main fuel for cooking (Blenkinsopp et al., 2016).
2013; Rao and Ravindranath, 2002). The main problem in the use of biogas technology in rural areas is th
e lack of cattle. Other conversion factors that can be used in digesters are unknown (Raha et al., 2014).
Urban households do not separate organic and non-organic waste, causing organic waste to decompose (p
ersonal communication A).
There are also dust and inert substances in the raw materials that are divided into different parts due to im
proper separation. In this case, the wastes should be separated without being separated from the field. Mitt
al et al. Energy Policy 112 (2018) 361–370 367 plus overall manufacturing costs and complexity. In addit
ion, especially in small and medium-sized cities, the wrong collection and inadequate transportation of wa
ste increases the risk of supply disruption.
The inability of the city to process waste for production facilities has been identified as one of the reasons
for the waste-to-energy shutdown (Planning Commission, 2014).
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