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Maternal and Child Health Nursing

INFERTILITY AND
SUBFERTILITY
Refuerzo, Juane Cedric
BSN
 WHAT IS
INFERTILITY?
 What is
INFERTILITY
Infertility is a term used to describe the
inability to conceive a child or sustain a
pregnancy to birth. Infertility is generally understood to be
the inability to conceive after one year
It may be used synonymously with (or more) of unprotected intercourse.
sterility with only sporadically occurring Some healthcare professionals assess
spontaneous pregnancy.
and treat women aged 35 or older
after six months of unprotected
intercourse because it is known that
women's fertility declines steadily with
age.
Etiology of
INFERTILITY
Female
FACTORS
Male
FACTORS Ovarian Factors
Tubal & Peritoneal Factors
Infertility Defective Uterine Factors
Spermatogenesis Cervical Factors
Obstruction Of Efferent Duct
Vaginal Factors
Failure To Deposit Sperm
Seminal Fluid Errors Combined Factors
 Female Infertility
MAY OCCUR CAN BE
WHEN CAUSED BY
Autoimmune disorders, such as
antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)
A fertilized egg or embryo does not survive Birth defects that affect the
once it attaches to the lining of the womb reproductive tract
(uterus). Cancer or tumor
The fertilized egg does not attach to the Clotting disorders
Diabetes
lining of the uterus.
Drinking too much alcohol
The eggs cannot move from the ovaries to Exercising too much
the womb. Eating disorders or poor nutrition
The ovaries have problems producing Ovarian cysts and polycystic ovary
eggs. syndrome (PCOS)
Smoking
Surgery to prevent pregnancy (tubal
ligation) or failure of tubal ligation
reversal(reanastomosis)
Thyroid disease
Male Infertility CAN BE CAUSED
MAY BE DUE TO BY Birth defects
Cancer treatments, including chemotherapy
Decreased number of sperm
and radiation
Blockage that prevents the Exposure to high heat for prolonged periods
sperm from being released Heavy use of alcohol, marijuana, or cocaine
Defects in the sperm Hormone imbalance
Impotence
Infection
Medicines such as cimetidine, spironolactone,
and nitrofurantoin
Obesity
Older age
Retrograde ejaculation
Scarring from sexually transmitted infections
(STIs), injury, or surgery
Smoking
Toxins in the environment
Vasectomy or failure of vasectomy reversal
History of testicular infection from mumps
Here are
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
OF INFERTILITY
Signs and symptoms of infertility are often related to other underlying
conditions. For example, 10 to 15 percent Trusted Source of untreated
chlamydia cases will lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID
leads to a blockage of the fallopian tubes, which prevents fertilization.

There are numerous conditions that can contribute to infertility in men

and women.
 Common signs of Infertility in
MEN WOMEN
Irregular periods
Changes in sexual desire
Testicle pain or swelling Painful or heavy periods
Problems maintaining erection No periods
Issues with ejaculation Symptoms of hormone fluctuations
Small, firm testicles that include
a. skin issues
b. reduced sex drive
c. facial hair growth
d. thinning hair
e. weight gain
Pain during sex
General Instructions
MANAGEMENT
Maintenance of body weight.
Avoid smoking & alcohol.
Maintain ideal coital frequency. [3-4 times / week in
fertile period]
Use of LH surge kit.
Avoid lubricants, spermicidal jellies and creams.
Avoid fertility impairing medications.
Psychological support.
SUBFERTILITY
What is
SUBFIRTILITY
It is a delay in conceiving.
It generally describes any form of reduced fertility with
prolonged time of unwanted non-conception.
Subfertility affects as many as 14% of couples who desire
children.

In subfertility, the possibility of conceiving naturally exists, but

takes longer than average. In infertility, the likelihood of
conceiving without medical intervention is unlikely.
Subfertility Factors for
MALE FEMALE
Disturbance in spermatogenesis Anovulation (faulty or inadequate
Obstruction in the seminiferous tubules, production of ova)
ducts, or vessels Problems of ova transport through the
Preventing movement of spermatozoa fallopian tubes to the uterus
Qualitative or quantitative changes in the Uterine factors such as tumors or poor
seminal fluid endometrial development
Preventing sperm motility Cervical and vaginal factors that
Development of autoimmunity that immobilize spermatozoa
immobilizes sperm
Problems in ejaculation or deposition
preventing spermatozoa
From being placed close enough to a
woman’s cervix to allow ready penetration
and fertilization In addition, nutrition, body weight and exercise
may also be factors in subfertility.
Subfertility treatmeant
MEN WOMEN
Surgery to repair a varicocele or
Fertility drugs to regulate or induce
blockage
Medications to improve testicular fertility
function, including sperm count Surgery to treat uterine problems
and quality Intrauterine insemination (IUI), which is
Sperm retrieval techniques to placing healthy sperm inside the uterus
obtain sperm in males who have
problems ejaculating or when
ejaculated fluid doesn’t contain
sperm
THANK
YOU!