Experiment No.

Aim of the experiment - Design a Low Pass Filter and High Pass
Filter

Apparatus Used -
1. Function Generator
2. Bread Board
3. CRO

Components used –
1. Resistors (10K)
2. Capacitors ( 0.01uF)

Theory:-A filter is a circuit that passes a specific range of

frequencies while rejecting other frequencies. A passive
filter consists of passive circuit elements, such as capacitors,
inductors, and resistors. The most common way to describe the
frequency response of a filter is to plot the filter voltage
gain (Vout/Vin) in dB as a function of frequency (f). The frequency
at which the output power gain drops to 50% of the maximum
value is called the cut-off frequency (fc). When the
filter dB voltage gain is plotted as a function of frequency on a
semi log graph using straight lines to approximate the actual
frequency response, it is called a Bode plot. A Bode plot is an ideal
plot of filter frequency response because it assumes that the
voltage gain remains constant until the cut-off frequency is
reached. The filter network voltage gain in dB is calculated from
the actual voltage gain (A) using the equation   AdB = 20 log A   
where A = Vout/Vin.

A low-pass filter (LPF) is designed to pass all frequencies below

the cut-off frequency and reject all frequencies above the cut-off
frequency. It is simply an RC series circuit across the input, with
the output taken across the capacitor. At the cut-off frequency, the
capacitive reactance of capacitor C is equal to the resistance of
resistor R, causing the output voltage to be 0.707 times the input
voltage (-3 dB). The expected cut-off frequency (f c) of the low-
pass filter based on the circuit component values, can be
calculated from   

Circuit Diagram -

Low pass filter High-Pass Filter

Procedures –
1. Set up the circuit as shown taking the output across
the capacitor (For HPF set the circuit as shown and
take the output across resistor). The input for the
filter is taken from output of function generator. The
input to filter is also connected to channel 1 and the
output is connected to channel 2 of the CRO.
2. Vary the frequency of the input signal over a wide
frequency range (but keep the input amplitude
fixed). Note the Values of Vout for each frequency and
calculate the corresponding Gain.
 3. Plot the values of Gain vs Frequency in a semi-log
graph paper and find out the cut-off frequency from
it (higher cut-off for LPF and lower cut-off for HPF)

Results –

Vin=10Volt(pk-pk) Frequency(fin)   Vout Gain in

dB
50Hz
100Hz
500Hz
1Khz
2khz
3KHz
4Khz
5KHz
6KHz
7KHz
8KHz
9KHz
10KHz
Calculated Measured fc

fc= 1/2πRC

Lowpass Highpass Lowpass Highpass

Conclusion –
FROM THE ABOVE EXPERIMENT WE LEARNT ABOUT

Precautions –
Ayush Anshuman Supakar [118MN0579 (S5)]
Experiment No. 5

Aim of the experiment – To study the input and output

characteristics of BJT

Apparatus Used -
1.    Ammeter 
2.    Voltmeter
3.    Bread Board 
4. 0 - 30 V dc P.S.

Components used –
1. Transistor (No-BC548) NPN
2. Resistors- 1k, 470K, 1M

Theory –
There are three terminals in a BJT, and they are Emitter terminal
(E), Collector terminal (C) and Base terminal (B). In the Common
Emitter (CE) configuration the emitter is common to both the
input (Base) and output (Emitter) terminals.
The behaviour of the CE configuration can be fully described by
its input and output characteristics. The plot of base current
IB versus the voltage VBE across its base and emitter for different
values of voltage VCE is called the input characteristics and the plot
of collector current IC versus the voltage VCE across its collector
and emitter for different values of base current IB is called the
output characteristics.

Input Characteristics
 Output Characteristics

Procedures –

Input Characteristics
1.  The circuit was set up according to the diagram.
2.  VCE was set at 1V.
3. The input voltage VBE was increased in the steps of
0.5V and the corresponding IB was noted.
4. The process was repeated for VCE = 2V
5. The input characteristics curve with VBE on x-axis
and IB on y-axis was plotted.

Output characteristics

1.  The circuit was set up according to the diagram.

2. IB was set at 4.3uA for R1=1MΩ.   
3. V2 is varied in steps of 1V and the corresponding
IC and VCE were noted.
4. The process was repeated for R1=470k and IB =
10uA.
5. The output characteristics curve with VCE on x-axis
and IC on y-axis was plotted.
Result Table –
Input Characteristics                IB=10uA IB=4.3uA
V2(V) IC(mA) VCE(mV) V2(V) IC(mA) VCE(mV)
                          VCE=1V 0   VCE=2V
0 0 0 0 12
1 0.89 141 1 0.98 23
IB  VBE   IB  V
2 1.60 BE 0.42 2 1.91 44
V1 (uA)  (V)   (uA) (V)
3 1.61 1.48 3 2.84 60
4 1.63 2.39 4 3.47 510
5 1.64 3.43 5 3.51 520
0  0 0 60 1.65
0 4.4 6 3.55 630
.5V  0 0.497 0 0.49
1.66 5.4 7 3.59 820
1V  0.26 0.748 0.29 0.74
1.67 6.41 8 3.62 1000
1.5V  0.78 0.75 0.73 0.75
9 1.68 7.36 9 3.66 1240
2V  1.20 0.79 1.29 0.75
10 1.70 8.3 10 3.69 1490
2.5V  1.70 0.80 1.73 0.76
3V  2.19 0.81 2.24 0.76 Output
3.5  2.67 0.82 2.78 0.76 characteristics
4V  3.19 0.82 3.22 0.77
4.5V  3.73 0.83 3.78 0.77
5V  4.19 0.84 4.25 0.78
Conclusion –

From the above experiment we could learn and understand the

Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT), its configuration as well as its
various input and output characteristics and its graphical
behaviour.

Precautions –

1. The connections must be tight.

2. The forward voltage across base - emitter junction and the
reverse voltage across the collector - emitter junction should
be suitable to prevent the transistor from getting damaged.
Ayush Anshuman Supakar [118MN0579 (S5)]

Experiment No. 6

Aim of the experiment - Design a RC Coupled CE Transistor

Amplifier
Apparatus Used -
1) multimeter 
2) Bread Board
3) 12V dc power supply
4) Function Generator      
5) DSO

Components used –
1) Resistors (R1=68K,R2=18k,Rc=1.2K,Re=1K))
2) Capacitors Cin=Cout=1uF, Ce=33uF
3) Transistor no- BC548 (NPN)

Theory –
Amplifier is used to amplify input voltage or current.  The RC
coupled CE transistor amplifier is a popular scheme of cascading
two or more amplifiers to achieve the required levels of
amplification. The inter-stage coupling is done by using a RC
network, hence the name. The variation of gain with frequency of
an amplifier is called the frequency response characteristics of the
amplifier.

The bandwidth of the RC amplifier is the difference

between upper cut-off frequency and lower cut-off frequency. It
represents the range of frequencies that the amplifier is most
effective in amplifying. The cut-off frequency points are
determined from the frequency response graph, where the gain
(dB) is 3 dB lower than the maximum gain.

For a transistor to act as an amplifier, it must be properly biased.

i.e. its emitter base junction must be forward biased & collector
base junction must be reverse biased. The transistor is operating
in the active region, is verified by measuring the dc bias
conditions.

Circuit diagram for measuring dc bias conditions:-

Circuit diagram to find the frequency response curve :-

 Procedures –

1.  The components were connected according to the diagram and a

50mv peak-to-peak signal was applied from the function
generator to the input of the amplifier and the output voltage in
the CRO was measured. The Vpk-pk readings for different
frequencies were noted keeping the input signal constant.
2.  The voltage gain for each frequency was calculated in db and the
frequency response curve in a semi-log graph paper was plotted
and the bandwidth was also derived from it.
3.   Signal Handling Capacity:- In the mid frequency, any particular
frequency was selected and the input was kept increasing, while
the output in the oscilloscope was observed. At some value of
input, the output waveform started showing distortion and that
input was named signal handling capacity.

Results –

Vin Frequency(f)   Vout Gain (Vout/Vin) Gain in

dB
50mv pp 50Hz 504 10.08 20.07
100Hz 848 16.96 24.58
500Hz 2.16 43.2 32.71
1Khz 2.64 52.80 34.45
5khz 2.82 56.4 35.56
 10KHz 3 60 35.56
20Khz 3.2 64 36.12
50KHz 3.2 64 36.12
100KHz 3.2 64 36.12
200KHz 3.2 64 36.12
500KHz 2.96 59.2 35.44
700KHz 2.56 51.2 34.18
1MHz 2.32 46.4 33.33

Conclusion –
From the above experiment we could understand about the RC
coupled CE amplifier and its frequency response curve and we
also learnt to identify the signal handling capacity.

Ayush Anshuman Supakar [118MN0579 (S5)]