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    Chapter 5

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    Kendrick Romero
    This chapter introduces transistors and their ability to amplify signals and act as switches. It discusses how amplification works, making weak signals strong enough to be useful. Specifically, it explains that amplifiers provide gain by taking in a small input signal along with dc power and producing a larger output signal. Gain can be measured for voltage, current, or power. While transformers can provide voltage or current gain, only amplifiers produce an overall power gain. The chapter distinguishes between small-signal amplifiers that emphasize voltage gain and power amplifiers designed to handle larger signals.

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    Chapter 5

    Uploaded by

    Kendrick Romero
    16 views2 pages
    This chapter introduces transistors and their ability to amplify signals and act as switches. It discusses how amplification works, making weak signals strong enough to be useful. Specifically, it explains that amplifiers provide gain by taking in a small input signal along with dc power and producing a larger output signal. Gain can be measured for voltage, current, or power. While transformers can provide voltage or current gain, only amplifiers produce an overall power gain. The chapter distinguishes between small-signal amplifiers that emphasize voltage gain and power amplifiers designed to handle larger signals.

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    This chapter introduces transistors and their ability to amplify signals and act as switches. It discusses how amplification works, making weak signals strong enough to be useful. Specifically, it explains that amplifiers provide gain by taking in a small input signal along with dc power and producing a larger output signal. Gain can be measured for voltage, current, or power. While transformers can provide voltage or current gain, only amplifiers produce an overall power gain. The chapter distinguishes between small-signal amplifiers that emphasize voltage gain and power amplifiers designed to handle larger signals.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    16 views2 pages

    Chapter 5

    Uploaded by

    Kendrick Romero
    This chapter introduces transistors and their ability to amplify signals and act as switches. It discusses how amplification works, making weak signals strong enough to be useful. Specifically, it explains that amplifiers provide gain by taking in a small input signal along with dc power and producing a larger output signal. Gain can be measured for voltage, current, or power. While transformers can provide voltage or current gain, only amplifiers produce an overall power gain. The chapter distinguishes between small-signal amplifiers that emphasize voltage gain and power amplifiers designed to handle larger signals.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    Chapter 5

    This chapter introduces the transistor. Transistors are solid-state devices similar in some ways to the
    diodes you have studied. Transistors are more complex and can be used in many more ways. The most
    important feature of transistors is their ability to amplify signals and act as switches. Amplification can
    make a weak signal strong enough to be useful in an electronic application. For example, an audio
    amplifier can be used to supply a strong signal to a loudspeaker.

    5-1 Amplification

    Amplification is one of the most basic ideas in electronics. Amplifiers make sounds louder and signal
    levels greater and, in general, provide a function called gain. Figure 5-1 shows the general function of an
    amplifier. Note that the amplifier must be provided two things: dc power and the input signal. The signal
    is the electrical quantity that is too small in its present form to be usable. With gain, it becomes usable.
    As shown in Fig. 5-1, the output signal is greater because of the gain provided by the amplifier. Gain can
    be measured in several ways. If an oscilloscope is used to measure the amplifier input signal voltage and
    the output signal voltage, then the voltage gain can be determined. A certain amplifier may provide an
    output voltage that is 10 times greater than the input voltage. The voltage gain of the amplifier is 10. If
    an ammeter is used to measure amplifier input and output currents, then the current gain can be
    obtained. With a 0.1-A input signal, an amplifier might produce a 0.5-A output signal for a current gain
    of 5. If the voltage gain and the current gain are both known, then the power gain can be established.
    An amplifier that produces a voltage gains of 10 and a current gain of 5 will give the following power
    gain: P = V × I

    Pgain = Vgain × Igain = 10 × 5 = 50

    Only amplifiers provide a power gain. Other devices might give a voltage gain or a current gain, but not
    both. A step-up transformer provides voltage gain but is not an amplifier. A transformer does not
    provide any power gain. If the transformer steps up the voltage 10 times, then it steps down the current
    10 times. The power gain, ignoring loss in the transformer, will be.

    Pgain = Vgain × Igain = 10 × 0.1 = 1

    A step-down transformer provides a current gain. It cannot be considered an amplifier. The current gain
    is offset by a voltage loss, and thus, there is no power gain. Even though power gain seems to be the
    important idea, some amplifiers are classified as voltage amplifiers. In some circuits, only the voltage
    gain is mentioned. This is especially true in amplifiers designed to handle small signals. You will run
    across many voltage amplifiers or small-signal amplifiers in electronic systems. You should remember
    that they provide power gain, too.

    The term power amplifier is generally used to refer to amplifiers that develop a large signal. Power
    amplifiers use power transistors, which are covered in Sec. 5-7. A signal can be large in terms of its
    voltage level, its current level, or both. In the electronic system in Fig. 5-2, the speaker requires several
    watts for good volume. The signal from the Bluetooth receiver is in the milliwatt (mW) region. A total
    power gain of hundreds is needed. However, only the final large-signal amplifier is called a power
    amplifier. In electronics, gain is not expressed in volts, amperes, or watts. If voltage gain is being
    discussed, it will be a pure number. Gain is the ratio of some output to some input. The letter A is often
    used as the symbol for gain or amplification. For voltage gain, it is AV = Vout/ Vin

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