NOTES Mod6
NOTES Mod6
In the former type (i), three identical units of single phase transformers are used to
form a three-phase transformer. Each transformer for each phase.
In the later type, transformer is constructed by having 3 primaries and 3 secondary windings
on a common frame. It can be of core type or of shell type construction. In core type
construction, 3-limbed core is used, each limb for each phase winding. In shell type
construction, there will be a 5-limbed core and the 3 inner limbs are having the windings. In
both case primary and secondary windings are placed on the same limb. In each limb low-
voltage (LV) windings are placed adjacent to the core and high-voltage (HV) windings are
placed over LV winding. Appropriate insulation is placed between the core and LV windings
and also in between LV and HV windings.
In this connection, both primary and secondary windings of 3-phase transformer are
connected in star.
Let, N1 be the number of turns per phase in the primary winding and N2 is the number
of turns per phase in the secondary. ‘x’ is the phase turn ratio (ie. x= N1/N2).
So
Th
DELTA-DELTA CONNECTION
In this connection, both primary and secondary windings of 3-phase transformer are
connected in delta.
Let, N1 be the number of turns per phase in the primary winding and N2 is the number
of turns per phase in the secondary. ‘x’ is the phase turn ratio (ie. x= N1/N2).
So
Th
STAR-DELTA CONNECTION
In this connection, primary windings are connected in star and secondary windings are
connected in delta.
Let, N1 be the number of turns per phase in the primary winding and N2 is the number
of turns per phase in the secondary. ‘x’ is the phase turn ratio (ie. x= N1/N2).
If a line voltage of V is applied at the primary side of transformer and there is a primary
line current of I.
Primary phase voltage, V V Primary phase current, I1 I
1
3 So, Secondary phase current, I 2 xI
Then Secondary line current = I 2 3 x 3I
So, Secondary phase voltage, V2 V
x3
V
Then Secondary line voltage = V2 x 3
DELTA-STAR CONNECTION
In this connection, primary windings are connected in delta and secondary windings are
connected in star.
Let, N1 be the number of turns per phase in the primary winding and N2 is the number
of turns per phase in the secondary. ‘x’ is the phase turn ratio (ie. x= N1/N2).
Pr
So
Th
xI
Then Secondary line current = I 2
3
3-phase transformer connections - Advantages and Disadvantages
STAR-STAR CONNECTION
ADVANTAG DISADVANTAGES
ES
• Due to star connection, phase voltage is (1/√3) times of line • There harmonics will
voltage. Hence less number of turns are required and be present in the
insulation thickness can be reduced. This makes the primary side.
connection more economical for high voltage low current This connection can be
applications. used only if the
• There is no phase shift between primary and secondary connected load is
voltages. balanced.
• As neutral point is available, it is suitable for 3-phase 4-wire
system.
DELTA-DELTA CONNECTION
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Delta connection provide closed path for the circulation of • Due to the absence
third harmonic component of current. This connection can be of neutral point, it is
used even for unbalanced loading. not suitable for 3-
• Phase current is only (1/√3) of line current. So cross-section phase 4-wire
of winding can be reduced. So this connection is economical system.
for high current low voltage applications.
• If one of the transformers is disabled, the supply can be
continued with remaining 2 transformers in open delta
configuration.
STAR-DELTA CONNECTION
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Economical for large high voltage step- • There is a 30° shift between the primary and
down transformers. secondary line voltages So, it is not able to
• Large unbalanced loads can be handled. operate in parallel with star-star or delta-
• Neutral point is available on primary can delta connected transformers.
be earthed to avoid distortion. • It can’t be used for 3-phase 4-wire system.
DELTA-STAR CONNECTION
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Economical for step-up transformers. • There is a 30° shift between the primary
• It can be used for 3-phase 4-wire system. and secondary line voltages So, it is not
• Large unbalanced loads can be handled able to operate in parallel with star-
without any difficulties. star or delta- delta connected
transformers.
SPECIAL TYPES OF CONNECTIONS
V-V CONNECTION (OPEN-Δ CONNECTION)
Teaser Transformer
Primary side voltage, V1 = VRC
VR
C
VRY VCY
3 3
From phasor diagram it is clear that, VRC = VRY cos(30) = VL
VRY 2
2
N2
Thus secondary side voltage, VA V1 N2 3 N2
3 3 VRC N 2 VL VL
3 2 N1
2 N1 2 N1
2 N1
From the analysis, it is clear that, magnitudes of secondary side voltages (V B and VA)
of Main and Teaser transformers are equal. Also they are phase shifted by 90 0 because the
primary voltages of Main and Teaser transformers (VYB and VRC) are phase shifted by 900.
So, Scott connection of 2single-phase transformers is able to produce 2-phase
output from a 3-phase supply.
VECTOR GROUPS
Yy0
In this vector group, primary windings and secondary windings are connected in
star. It is able to give an output voltage in-phase with the input voltage. That means, there is
no phase shift between input and output line voltages.
The connection and phasor diagram for Yy0 vector group is shown below.
Dd0
In this vector group, primary windings and secondary windings are connected in
delta. It is able to give an output voltage in-phase with the input voltage. That means, there
is no phase shift between input and output line voltages.
The connection and phasor diagram for Dd0 vector group is shown below.
Yd1
In this vector group, primary windings are connected in star and secondary
windings are connected in delta. It is able to give an output voltage, which lags 30 0 with
respect to the input voltage. That means, there is a 30 0 phase shift between input and
output line voltages.
The connection and phasor diagram for Yy0 vector group is shown below.
Dy1
In this vector group, primary windings are connected in delta and secondary
windings are connected in star. It is able to give an output voltage, which lags 30 0 with
respect to the input voltage. That means, there is a 30 0 phase shift between input and
output line voltages.
The connection and phasor diagram for Yy0 vector group is shown below.
Yd11
In this vector group, primary windings are connected in star and secondary
windings are connected in delta. It is able to give an output voltage, which leads 30 0 with
respect to the input voltage. That means, there is a 30 0 phase shift between input and
output line voltages.
The connection and phasor diagram for Yy0 vector group is shown below.
Dy11
In this vector group, primary windings are connected in delta and secondary
windings are connected in star. It is able to give an output voltage, which leads 30 0 with
respect to the input voltage. That means, there is a 30 0 phase shift between input and
output line voltages.
The connection and phasor diagram for Yy0 vector group is shown below.
Yy6
In this vector group, primary windings and secondary windings are connected in
star. It is able to give an output voltage out-off phase with the input voltage. That means,
there is 1800 shift between input and output line voltages.
The connection and phasor diagram for Yy0 vector group is shown below.
Dd6
In this vector group, primary windings and secondary windings are connected in
delta. It is able to give an output voltage which is out-off phase with the input voltage. That
means, there is 1800 shift between input and output line voltages.
The connection and phasor diagram for Yy0 vector group is shown below.
THREE WINDING TRANSFORMER
In some high rating transformers, a third winding is constructed in addition to the
primary and secondary windings. This third winding is called Tertiary Winding and
the transformer is called Three Winding Transformer.
The voltage ratings of all three windings of transformer are usually unequal. The
primary winding has the highest voltage rating; the tertiary has the lowest voltage
rating, and the secondary has the intermediate voltage rating.
The most significant advantage of the third winding is that the harmonic generated
by the primary and secondary winding extinguish by the third winding. The third
winding is connected in delta.
• It reduces the unbalancing in the primary due to three phase unbalanced load.
• It can supply additional load providing isolation from the secondary windings.
• It can act as a voltage source to supply substation auxiliaries at a voltage different
from those of primary and secondary winding.
• Three transmission lines at different voltage levels can be interconnected by using
three winding transformer.
• Tertiary winding can be served for the purpose of measuring voltage of a high
voltage transformer.
• Static capacitors or synchronous condensers may be connected to the tertiary
winding for reactive power injection into the system.
• A delta-connected tertiary reduces the impedance offered to the zero sequence
currents thereby allowing a large earth-fault current to flow through the protective
device facilitating its proper operation.
• It also permits the third harmonic current to flow.