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NOTES Mod6

The document discusses different types of three-phase transformer connections: 1. A three-phase transformer can be constructed as a bank of three single-phase transformers or as a single unit with three windings on a common core. 2. Common connections include star-star, delta-delta, star-delta, and delta-star. Each has advantages and disadvantages for things like voltage transformation ratio, phase shift, ability to handle unbalanced loads, and use in 4-wire systems. 3. Special connections like open-delta (V-V) and Scott connection allow transforming power using fewer than three transformers as backups or to convert to two-phase supply.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
243 views16 pages

NOTES Mod6

The document discusses different types of three-phase transformer connections: 1. A three-phase transformer can be constructed as a bank of three single-phase transformers or as a single unit with three windings on a common core. 2. Common connections include star-star, delta-delta, star-delta, and delta-star. Each has advantages and disadvantages for things like voltage transformation ratio, phase shift, ability to handle unbalanced loads, and use in 4-wire systems. 3. Special connections like open-delta (V-V) and Scott connection allow transforming power using fewer than three transformers as backups or to convert to two-phase supply.

Uploaded by

eeetist
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MODULE VI

THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER


To generate and transmit electric power, a three-phase system is used. In three-phase
system if we want to step-up (raise) or step-down (lower) the voltages, 3-phase
transformers are used. 3-phase transformers can be built in two ways.

i. Bank of 3 single-phase transformers (3-phase transformer bank)


ii. Three phase transformer as a single unit

In the former type (i), three identical units of single phase transformers are used to
form a three-phase transformer. Each transformer for each phase.

Bank of 3 single-phase transformers

In the later type, transformer is constructed by having 3 primaries and 3 secondary windings
on a common frame. It can be of core type or of shell type construction. In core type
construction, 3-limbed core is used, each limb for each phase winding. In shell type
construction, there will be a 5-limbed core and the 3 inner limbs are having the windings. In
both case primary and secondary windings are placed on the same limb. In each limb low-
voltage (LV) windings are placed adjacent to the core and high-voltage (HV) windings are
placed over LV winding. Appropriate insulation is placed between the core and LV windings
and also in between LV and HV windings.

Core Type 3-phase transformer


3-PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
STAR-STAR CONNECTION

In this connection, both primary and secondary windings of 3-phase transformer are
connected in star.

Let, N1 be the number of turns per phase in the primary winding and N2 is the number
of turns per phase in the secondary. ‘x’ is the phase turn ratio (ie. x= N1/N2).

For transformers, phase voltage transformation ratio V2  N 2  (where V1 and V2 are


1
V 1 N1 x
the phase voltages of primary and secondary sides respectively).
If a line voltage of V is applied at the primary side of transformer and there is a primary line
current of I.
Pr

So

Th

DELTA-DELTA CONNECTION
In this connection, both primary and secondary windings of 3-phase transformer are
connected in delta.
Let, N1 be the number of turns per phase in the primary winding and N2 is the number
of turns per phase in the secondary. ‘x’ is the phase turn ratio (ie. x= N1/N2).

For transformers, phase voltage transformation ratio V N2


 (where V1 and V2 are
2
1 
V 1 N1 x
the phase voltages of primary and secondary sides respectively).
If a line voltage of V is applied at the primary side of transformer and there is a primary
line current of I.
Pr 

So

Th

STAR-DELTA CONNECTION
In this connection, primary windings are connected in star and secondary windings are
connected in delta.

Let, N1 be the number of turns per phase in the primary winding and N2 is the number
of turns per phase in the secondary. ‘x’ is the phase turn ratio (ie. x= N1/N2).

For transformers, phase voltage transformation ratio V2  N 2  (where V1 and V2 are


1
V 1 N1 x
the phase voltages of primary and secondary sides respectively).

If a line voltage of V is applied at the primary side of transformer and there is a primary
line current of I.
Primary phase voltage, V  V Primary phase current, I1  I
1
3 So, Secondary phase current, I 2  xI
Then Secondary line current = I 2  3  x 3I
So, Secondary phase voltage, V2  V
x3
V
Then Secondary line voltage = V2 x 3

DELTA-STAR CONNECTION
In this connection, primary windings are connected in delta and secondary windings are
connected in star.

Let, N1 be the number of turns per phase in the primary winding and N2 is the number
of turns per phase in the secondary. ‘x’ is the phase turn ratio (ie. x= N1/N2).

For transformers, phase voltage transformation ratio V N2


 (where V1 and V2 are
2
1 
V 1 N1 x
the phase voltages of primary and secondary sides respectively).
If a line voltage of V is applied at the primary side of transformer and there is a primary
line current of I.

Pr

So

Th

 xI
Then Secondary line current = I 2
3
3-phase transformer connections - Advantages and Disadvantages

STAR-STAR CONNECTION
ADVANTAG DISADVANTAGES
ES
• Due to star connection, phase voltage is (1/√3) times of line • There harmonics will
voltage. Hence less number of turns are required and be present in the
insulation thickness can be reduced. This makes the primary side.
connection more economical for high voltage low current  This connection can be
applications. used only if the
• There is no phase shift between primary and secondary connected load is
voltages. balanced.
• As neutral point is available, it is suitable for 3-phase 4-wire
system.

DELTA-DELTA CONNECTION
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Delta connection provide closed path for the circulation of • Due to the absence
third harmonic component of current. This connection can be of neutral point, it is
used even for unbalanced loading.  not suitable for 3-
• Phase current is only (1/√3) of line current. So cross-section phase 4-wire
of winding can be reduced. So this connection is economical system.
for high current low voltage applications.
• If one of the transformers is disabled, the supply can be
continued with remaining 2 transformers in open delta
configuration.

STAR-DELTA CONNECTION
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Economical for large high voltage step- • There is a 30° shift between the primary and
down transformers. secondary line voltages So, it is not able to
• Large unbalanced loads can be handled. operate in parallel with star-star or delta-
• Neutral point is available on primary can delta connected transformers.
be earthed to avoid distortion. • It can’t be used for 3-phase 4-wire system.

DELTA-STAR CONNECTION
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Economical for step-up transformers. • There is a 30° shift between the primary
• It can be used for 3-phase 4-wire system. and secondary line voltages So, it is not
• Large unbalanced loads can be handled able to operate in parallel with star-
without any difficulties. star or delta- delta connected
transformers.
SPECIAL TYPES OF CONNECTIONS
V-V CONNECTION (OPEN-Δ CONNECTION)

By this connection, it is possible to transform 3-phase power by means of two


single-phase transformers. Here two identical transformers are needed.
If one transformer breaks down in a star-star connected system of three single-
phase transformers, 3-phase power cannot be supplied until the defective transformer has
been replaced or repaired. To eliminate this undesirable condition, in three phase system of
three single-phase transformers, they are usually connected in delta-delta. In this case, one
transformer breaks down, it is possible to continue supplying 3-phase power with the
remaining two transformers. However, with 2 transformers, capacity of bank is reduced to
57.7% of the power transferred with 3 single-phase transformers.
If one transformer is removed from delta-delta connected 3 single-phase
transformers, the resulting connection is called V-V connection or Open- Δ connection. The
figure given above shows the V-V connection of transformers.
Let IL : Line current
VL : Line voltage
I ph : Phase current

Capacity of Δ- Δ connected transformers, P 


3VL IL = 3VL 3I ph  3VL I ph

Capacity of Open-Δ connected transformers, PV V
3VL IL 3VL  I ph


It is because, in Open-Δ connection phase current is same as line current.
PV V
3VL I 1
   0.577 or 57.7%
P 3V ph
L I ph 3
SCOTT CONNECTION

Three phase supply can be converted to two-phase supply through Scott


connection of two single-phase transformers. One transformer is called Main transformer
and the other one is called Teaser transformer. Main transformer has N1 turns in the
primary side and primary side is centre-tapped. It is connected across Y and B phase of three
3
phase supply. Teaser transformer has N1 turns (0.866N1 turns) in the primary side. One
2
end of this primary windings is connected to R phase and other end is to the centre-tapping
of Main transformer. Main and Teaser transformers have N 2 turns in the secondary side. In
this connection voltage across the secondaries are equal in magnitude and phase shifted by
900. Thus Scott connection of 2-single phase transformers enables us to convert 3-phase
supply to 2-phase supply.
Connection diagram and phasor diagram of Scott connection are shown above.
Main Transformer
Primary side voltage, V1 = VYB = Line voltage, VL
N2 N2
Secondary side voltage, =V V
V B 1
N1
L N1

Teaser Transformer
Primary side voltage, V1 = VRC
VR
C
 VRY VCY
3 3
From phasor diagram it is clear that, VRC = VRY cos(30) = VL
VRY  2
2
N2
Thus secondary side voltage, VA V1 N2 3 N2
3 3 VRC  N 2 VL  VL
3 2 N1
2 N1 2 N1
2 N1
From the analysis, it is clear that, magnitudes of secondary side voltages (V B and VA)
of Main and Teaser transformers are equal. Also they are phase shifted by 90 0 because the
primary voltages of Main and Teaser transformers (VYB and VRC) are phase shifted by 900.
So, Scott connection of 2single-phase transformers is able to produce 2-phase
output from a 3-phase supply.

VECTOR GROUPS
Yy0
In this vector group, primary windings and secondary windings are connected in
star. It is able to give an output voltage in-phase with the input voltage. That means, there is
no phase shift between input and output line voltages.
The connection and phasor diagram for Yy0 vector group is shown below.
Dd0

In this vector group, primary windings and secondary windings are connected in
delta. It is able to give an output voltage in-phase with the input voltage. That means, there
is no phase shift between input and output line voltages.
The connection and phasor diagram for Dd0 vector group is shown below.
Yd1

In this vector group, primary windings are connected in star and secondary
windings are connected in delta. It is able to give an output voltage, which lags 30 0 with
respect to the input voltage. That means, there is a 30 0 phase shift between input and
output line voltages.
The connection and phasor diagram for Yy0 vector group is shown below.
Dy1

In this vector group, primary windings are connected in delta and secondary
windings are connected in star. It is able to give an output voltage, which lags 30 0 with
respect to the input voltage. That means, there is a 30 0 phase shift between input and
output line voltages.
The connection and phasor diagram for Yy0 vector group is shown below.
Yd11

In this vector group, primary windings are connected in star and secondary
windings are connected in delta. It is able to give an output voltage, which leads 30 0 with
respect to the input voltage. That means, there is a 30 0 phase shift between input and
output line voltages.
The connection and phasor diagram for Yy0 vector group is shown below.
Dy11

In this vector group, primary windings are connected in delta and secondary
windings are connected in star. It is able to give an output voltage, which leads 30 0 with
respect to the input voltage. That means, there is a 30 0 phase shift between input and
output line voltages.
The connection and phasor diagram for Yy0 vector group is shown below.
Yy6

In this vector group, primary windings and secondary windings are connected in
star. It is able to give an output voltage out-off phase with the input voltage. That means,
there is 1800 shift between input and output line voltages.
The connection and phasor diagram for Yy0 vector group is shown below.
Dd6

In this vector group, primary windings and secondary windings are connected in
delta. It is able to give an output voltage which is out-off phase with the input voltage. That
means, there is 1800 shift between input and output line voltages.
The connection and phasor diagram for Yy0 vector group is shown below.
THREE WINDING TRANSFORMER
 In some high rating transformers, a third winding is constructed in addition to the
primary and secondary windings. This third winding is called Tertiary Winding and
the transformer is called Three Winding Transformer.
 The voltage ratings of all three windings of transformer are usually unequal. The
primary winding has the highest voltage rating; the tertiary has the lowest voltage
rating, and the secondary has the intermediate voltage rating.
 The most significant advantage of the third winding is that the harmonic generated
by the primary and secondary winding extinguish by the third winding. The third
winding is connected in delta.

Various Purposes of Tertiary Windings

• It reduces the unbalancing in the primary due to three phase unbalanced load.
• It can supply additional load providing isolation from the secondary windings.
• It can act as a voltage source to supply substation auxiliaries at a voltage different
from those of primary and secondary winding.
• Three transmission lines at different voltage levels can be interconnected by using
three winding transformer.
• Tertiary winding can be served for the purpose of measuring voltage of a high
voltage transformer.
• Static capacitors or synchronous condensers may be connected to the tertiary
winding for reactive power injection into the system.
• A delta-connected tertiary reduces the impedance offered to the zero sequence
currents thereby allowing a large earth-fault current to flow through the protective
device facilitating its proper operation.
• It also permits the third harmonic current to flow.

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