METTU UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTEMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
STREAM: COMMUNICATION
FOUR MONTH INTERNSHIP REPORT
PROJECT TITLE: DESIGN AND SIMULATION NETWORK SYSTEM OF
TELECOMMUNICATION

INTERNSHIP HOSTING CAMPANY

WESTERN REGION ETHIO TELECOM

NEKEMTE TWON
NAME ID
1, CHALTU LAMI…………………………………….RU/1923/10
2, DEBELA TULU…………………………………….RU/1729/10
3, FIKIRU WONDIMU………………………………RU/1789/10
4, GEMECHU FENTA…………………………….....RU//1722/10
5, YERUSALEM TASFAYE…………………………..RU/1425/10
Mettu, Ethiopia
Submission date March, 14, 2022
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𝐌𝐄𝐓𝐓𝐔 𝐔𝐍𝐈𝐕𝐄𝐑𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐘

𝐂𝐎𝐋𝐋𝐄𝐆𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐄𝐍𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐄𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐄𝐂𝐇𝐍𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐘

𝐃𝐄𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐌𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐄𝐋𝐄𝐂𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐏𝐔𝐓𝐄𝐑 𝐄𝐍𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐄𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐍𝐆

2022

We bearing ID number are RU/1722/10, RU/1789/10, RU/1729/10, RU/1425/10 and RU/1923/10

hereby declare that the internship report entitled design and simulation of Network system of
Ethiotelecom worked under the guidance of Diriba Chali.( M.Sc.), Head department of ECE,
College Of Engineering and Technology, Mettu University, Mettu is a Bona fide work carried out
by us during 1stsemester of 5th year, 2022 G.C, being submitted to METTU UNIVERSITY,
ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING with specialization in ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING from METTU UNIVERSITY.

This is bona fide report of the work carried out by us the material contained in this report has not
been submitted to any university or institution for the award of any degree, diploma or mini project
of any kind.
Name Signature Date

1 Chaltu Lami _____________ ____________

2. Debela Tulu _____________ ___________
3. Fikiru Wondimu _____________ ____________
4. Gemechu Fenta _____________ ___________
5. Yerusalem Tesfaye ______________ _____________

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𝐌𝐄𝐓𝐓𝐔 𝐔𝐍𝐈𝐕𝐄𝐑𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐘

𝐂𝐎𝐋𝐋𝐄𝐆𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐄𝐍𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐄𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐄𝐂𝐇𝐍𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐘

𝐃𝐄𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐌𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐄𝐋𝐄𝐂𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐏𝐔𝐓𝐄𝐑 𝐄𝐍𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐄𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐍𝐆

(Mettu, Oromia, Ethiopia)

2022

CERTIFICATE BY THE SUPERVISOR

This is to certify that the internship report entitled design and simulation of Network system of
Ethiotelecom is being submitted by RU/1729/10, RU/1722/10, RU/1789/10, RU/1425/10 and
RU/1923/10 to METTU UNIVERSITY is a Bona fide record of internship report work carried out
during the academic year 2022.

The results obtained in this work have been verified and found satisfactory. The material contained
in this report has not been submitted to any university or institution for any kind of report.

Diriba Chali (M.Sc.)

Head of department, Department of ECE

Mettu University

Mettu

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Acknowledgement
At the beginning we would like to express our deepest gratitude to Almighty God for giving us
the strength, and the composure to complete our internship trainee and prepare this document
within the scheduled time. It’s our pleasure to thank Mettu University and Ministry of Education
for setting up this internship program. Also, we thanks to Ethio telecom for allowing us to work
and introduce us with the currently technologies being.

We would like to extend our heartfelt gratitude to the Western Region Ethio telecom director
Eng.Mulatu Gudeta and Network division manager Eng.Talaku Getahun as well as our supervisors
Eng.Abdiwak from transmission section for helping and guiding us from the beginning of this
internship program and until day of finalized this internship report. Then we want to give our
thanks to our mentor Mr.Diriba Chali for his guidance and encouragement Also we would like to
express our heartfelt gratitude to our advisor Eng. Abdiwak for his constructive advises, guiding
and correcting our documents with attention and care as well as follow ups. Finally, we would like
to thank all group members that had always been dedicated in making this internship report
successful no matter how hard this internship report is impossible to complete

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Executive Summary
These report formally written document that explains what we have learned, done and gain in the
four months during the internship. This paper clearly described the general background of the
company (Ethio telecom).Starting from the introduction that explains the Ethio telecom brief
history, its main product, main customers or end users of its products and overall organization and
work flow. It contain company mission and values, the service and product of the company, and
the overall organization of the company (Ethio telecom). Our report explains all about the overall
internship experience that includes how we get to the company, the sections of the company that
we have worked. This mostly focused on wireless and transport network department and also
explains how each section works (operates), the tasks in each section with the detailed Personal
Critique of Self. Regarding the knowledge we got during internship, we had designed Network
system of Ethio telecom. Finally, we concluded and recommended our project and report in short
term.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES

Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................................... iii
Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... iv
List of Figure................................................................................................................................ viii
List of Table ................................................................................................................................... ix
Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................ x
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background of Ethio Telecom ........................................................................................... 1
1.2 Mission and Vision of Western Region Ethio Telecom ................................................... 2
1.2.1 Mission........................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.2. Vision ............................................................................................................................ 3
1.2.3 Values ............................................................................................................................ 3
1.2.4 Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 4
1.3 Main product or Services of Ethio Telecom ......................................................................... 4
1.4 The Main Customers or End Users of Its Product or Services ............................................. 6
1.5 Overall Organization and Work Flow of ET, (Western Region) .......................................... 6
1.5.1. Functions of Fixed Line Access Network (FAN) ......................................................... 6
1.5.2. Functions of Operation and Maintenance (O&M) ........................................................ 7
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 8
Over All Internship Experience ...................................................................................................... 8
2.1 How we get in to the Company............................................................................................. 8
2.2 The Section of The Company we have been working .......................................................... 8
2.3 Work Flow in Western Region Ethio Telecom..................................................................... 8
2.4. Work Tasks .......................................................................................................................... 9
2.5 Procedures Used to Perform Work Task .............................................................................. 9
2.5.1 Transmission Section ................................................................................................... 10
2.5.1.1 Microwave Transmission ...................................................................................... 11
2.5.1.2 IP backbone ........................................................................................................... 13
2.5.1.3 Fiber-optic communication ................................................................................... 13
2.5.1.4 Wave length division multiplexer (WDM) ........................................................... 15

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2.5.1.5 DWDM ................................................................................................................. 15

2.5.1.6 CWDM.................................................................................................................. 16
2.5.1.7 MSAG ................................................................................................................... 16
2.5.1.8 MSAN ................................................................................................................... 17
2.5.2. Optical Communication .............................................................................................. 17
2.5.2.1 Optical Transport Network (OTN) ....................................................................... 18
2.5.3 Radio Access Network (RAN) Section........................................................................ 20
2.6 GSM (Global System Mobile Communication................................................................... 23
2.7 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) RAN ......................................... 25
2.8 Core Network ...................................................................................................................... 27
2.9 IP protocols ......................................................................................................................... 29
2.9.1 The Challenges We Have Been Faced While Performing in Our Work Task............. 31
2.9.2 Procedure We Have Been Used In Performing Our Task ........................................... 31
CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 31
Detailed Personal Critique of Self ................................................................................................ 31
3.1 Objectives of the Internship ............................................................................................. 32
3.1.1 General Objective ........................................................................................................ 32
3.1.2 Specific Objective ........................................................................................................ 32
3.2 In terms of improving our Practical skills ...................................................................... 33
3.3 In terms of improving my Theoretical knowledge ......................................................... 33
3.4 In terms of improving my team working skills .............................................................. 34
3.5 How we improved our Individual Performance ............................................................ 34
CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 36
Design and Simulation of Telecommunication Network System ................................................. 36
4.1 Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 36
4.2 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 36
4.3 Objective ............................................................................................................................ 37
4.3.1 General Objective ........................................................................................................ 37
4.3.2 Specific Objective ........................................................................................................ 37
4.4 Problem Statement............................................................................................................ 37
4.5 Scope of study .................................................................................................................... 37

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4.6 Literature Review ............................................................................................................. 38

4.6.1 Review of Relevant Literature ..................................................................................... 38
4.6.2 Computer Networking ................................................................................................. 38
4.6.3 IP address .................................................................................................................. 38
4.6.4 Networking devices ..................................................................................................... 39
4.7 Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 39
4.7.1 When to use the OSI model? ....................................................................................... 39
4.7.2 Benefits of OSI Model ................................................................................................. 40
4.7.3 TCP/IP Network Model ............................................................................................... 41
4.8 Analysis Design and Development ................................................................................... 41
4.8.1 Requirement Gathering Technique .............................................................................. 41
4.8.2 Analysis of Requirement.............................................................................................. 41
4.8.3 Software Requirement ................................................................................................. 42
4.9 Design and Simulation ...................................................................................................... 46
4.10 Result and Discussion ..................................................................................................... 51
CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 53
Conclusion and Recommendation ................................................................................................ 53
5.1 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 53
5.2 Recommendation............................................................................................................... 54
Appendixes ................................................................................................................................... 55
References ..................................................................................................................................... 65

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List of Figure
Figure 1.1 over all Organizational work flow of Ethio telecom,(western region) .......................... 7
Figure 2.1 The General Work Flow of Wireless and Transport Network Department Western
Region Ethio telecom Company ..................................................................................................... 9
Figure 2.2 Baseband digital modem ............................................................................................. 11
Figure 2.3 Microwave Unit or Outdoor unit ................................................................................. 13
Figure 2.4 Wavelength Division Multiplexer ............................................................................... 15
Figure 2.5 MSAG.......................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 2.6 MSAN.......................................................................................................................... 17
Figure 2.7 Optical Transport Network .......................................................................................... 18
Figure 2.8 Work flow of RAN ...................................................................................................... 21
Figure 2.9 GSM Structure ............................................................................................................. 25
Figure 4.1 Flow diagram of telecommunication networking system ........................................... 42
Figure 4.2 Router .......................................................................................................................... 43
Figure 4.3 design of network nekemte Ethiotelecom office ......................................................... 47
Figure 4.4 Design of Head office network.................................................................................... 48
Figure 4.5 Design of Jimma network office ................................................................................. 49
Figure 4.6 Western region network site ........................................................................................ 50
Figure 4.7 Overall design .............................................................................................................. 50
Figure 4.8 result of how secured devices ...................................................................................... 51
Figure 4.9 result of ping ................................................................................................................ 52

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List of Table
Table 1 Class of IP format ............................................................................................................ 39

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Acronyms
ADSL------------------------------------------Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
AG-----------------------------------------------Access Gateway
APN---------------------------------------------Access Point Name
ATM---------------------------------------------Asynchronous Transfer Mode
AUC ---------------------------------------------Authentication Center
BBU----------------------------------------------Base Band Unit
BGW---------------------------------------------Broadband Gateway
BPC----------------------------------------------Baseband Processing board type C
BR------------------------------------------------Backbone Router
BSC-----------------------------------------------Base Station Controller
BSS------------------------------------------------Base Station Subsystem
BTS------------------------------------------------Base Transceiver Station
CC-------------------------------------------------Control and Clock
CDMA--------------------------------------------Code Division Multiple Access
CLIP----------------------------------------------Caller Line Identification Presentation
CPE-----------------------------------------------Customer Premises Equipment
CN------------------------------------------------Core Network
CR------------------------------------------------Core router
CWE---------------------------------------------Coarse Wavelength Enhanced
CWU----------------------------------------------Coarse Wavelength Unit
CWDM-------------------------------------------Coarse wavelength division multiplexing
DCDU--------------------------------------------Direct Current Distribution Unit
DSL-----------------------------------------------Digital Subscriber Line
DWDM-------------------------------------------Dense Wavelength Division Multiple
ECE-----------------------------------------------Electrical and Computer Engineering
EDGE--------------------------------------------Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution
EIR-----------------------------------------------Equipment Identification Register
ET------------------------------------------------Ethiopian Telecommunication
ETA----------------------------------------------Ethiopian Telecommunication Authority
ETC----------------------------------------------Ethiopian Telecommunication Corporation

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EVDO--------------------------------------------Evolution Data Optimized

FAN-----------------------------------------------Fixed Access Network
FDMA--------------------------------------------Frequency Division Multiplexing Access
FL- NGN-----------------------------------------Fixed Line Next Generation Network
FM-------------------------------------------------Fan Module
FSPL-----------------------------------------------Free Space Path Loss Model
FWT------------------------------------------------Fixed Wireless Terminal
GERAN--------------------------------------------GSM EDGE Audio Access Network
GGSN----------------------------------------------Gateway GPRS Support Node
GMSC----------------------------------------------Gateway Mobile Switching Center
GOTA-----------------------------------------------Global Open Trucking Architecture
GPRS------------------------------------------------General Packet Radio Service
GRAN-----------------------------------------------GSM Radio Access Network
GSM-------------------------------------------------Global System for Mobile communication
ICT---------------------------------------------------Information Communication Technology
IBRD------------------------------------------------International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development
IBTE--------------------------------------------------Imperial Board of Telecommunications of
Ethiopia
IDU---------------------------------------------------In Door Unit
IMEI--------------------------------------------------International Mobile Equipment Identity
IMSI--------------------------------------------------International Mobile Subscriber Identity
IP------------------------------------------------------Internet Protocol
ISDN--------------------------------------------------Integrated Service Digital Network
ITTC-------------------------------------------------International Telephone and Telegraph
Corporation
ITU--------------------------------------------------International Telecommunication Union
KBPS------------------------------------------------Kilo Bit Per Second
LAN-------------------------------------------------Local Area Network
LTE--------------------------------------------------Long Term Evolution
MCN-------------------------------------------------Mobile Core Network

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MGW------------------------------------------------Media Gateway
MPLS------------------------------------------------Multi-Protocol Labeled Switch
MS---------------------------------------------------Mobile Station
MSAG-----------------------------------------------Multi-Service Access Gateway
MSAN-----------------------------------------------Multi Service Access Node
MSC--------------------------------------------------Mobile Switching Center
MSISDN--------------------------------------------Mobile Station Integrated Service Digital Network
MSS-------------------------------------------------Mobile Soft Switch
NGN-------------------------------------------------Next Generation Network
NOC-------------------------------------------------Network Operating Center
NSS--------------------------------------------------Network Switching Subsystem
OAD-------------------------------------------------Optical Add and Drop
ODF--------------------------------------------------Optical Distribution Frame
OM---------------------------------------------------Operation Maintenance
OMD-------------------------------------------------Optical Multiplexer and De multiplexer
OSS---------------------------------------------------Operation and Support Subsystem
OTN--------------------------------------------------Optical Transport Network
PM----------------------------------------------------Power Module
PP------------------------------------------------------Partnership Project
PRO-----------------------------------------------------Project Rollout
PSTN----------------------------------------------------Public Switched Telephone Network
PTO-----------------------------------------------------Public Telecommunication Operator
PTT------------------------------------------------------Post Telephone and Telegraph
RAN-----------------------------------------------------Radio Access Network
RNC-----------------------------------------------------Radio Network Control
RRU-----------------------------------------------------Radio Remote Unit
SA--------------------------------------------------------Site Alarm
SAT-------------------------------------------------------Supervisory Audio Tone
SDH-------------------------------------------------------Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SDM-------------------------------------------------------Space Division Multiplexing
SGSN------------------------------------------------------Service GPRS Support Node

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SGW-------------------------------------------------------Signaling Gateway
SIM--------------------------------------------------------Subscriber Identification Mode
SMS--------------------------------------------------------Short Messaging Service
SMSC-----------------------------------------------------Short Message Service Center
SS----------------------------------------------------------Soft Switch
SS7---------------------------------------------------------Signaling System 7
TDMA-----------------------------------------------------Time Division Multiple
TG----------------------------------------------------------Trunk Gateway
UBPG----------------------------------------------------Universal Baseband Processing board for GSM
UE---------------------------------------------------------User Equipment
UIL--------------------------------------------------------University Industry Linkage
UMTS-----------------------------------------------------Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service
UTRAN---------------------------------------------------Universal Mobile Telecommunication RAN
VAS-------------------------------------------------------Value Added Service
VLR-------------------------------------------------------Visitor Location Registers
VPN-------------------------------------------------------Virtual Private Network
WAN------------------------------------------------------Wide Area Network
WCDMA------------------------------------------------Wide band Code Division Multiple Access
WDM-----------------------------------------------------Wave length Division Multiplexing
WR--------------------------------------------------------West Region
XDSL-----------------------------------------------------Exchange of Digital Subscriber Line
2G---------------------------------------------------------Second Generation
3G---------------------------------------------------------Third Generation

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CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1 Background of Ethio Telecom
Western Region Ethio telecom is situated in the West of Ethiopia which is found at Nekemte
town330 km from Addis Ababa. This region includes six departments, such as indirect channel,
direct channel, fixed access network, operation and maintenance, Business partner, finance and
physical security and 12 shops in different areas. This is the final report for Electrical and
Computer Engineering communication focuses area for semester internship. This specific
internship was undertaken at western region Ethio telecom, where duties were assigned providing
the experience as a product specialist. During the course of internship technical and process related
activities were experienced. This provides a useful knowledge and valuable job skills for the
interns.
The history of Ethio telecom starts in recent days after a reformation takes place from the
previous company titled Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporations which is now a day does not
exist. In this section before we see the short history of Ethio telecom we deal with the long history
of telecommunications in Ethiopia since it is the back bone of the current existence of Ethio
telecom as Telecommunications Company. Telecommunications service was introduced in
Ethiopia in 1894, 17 years after it is introduced to the world. The first major telephone line
constructed spanned a total distance of about 477 km and connects Harare a major trade center in
eastern region with Addis Ababa.

Immediately after the telephone line, a telegraph line was installed following the construction of
the first and only rail way line in Ethiopia. With a construction period of two years 880km North
to South telephone line connecting Asmara with Addis Ababa was constructed and made
operational in 1904. The “verbal repeater” system was used to facilitate long distance calls,
making use of the several intermediate stations opened at the small towns and villages along the
route. [10]
By 1930 a route distance of 7000 km was completed and over 170 towns were being served by
telephone network. International communication service, however took long to develop. Until
1930 Asmara and Djibouti are the only cities connected. By 1932 Ethiopia becomes the member
of ITU (International telecommunication Union). [3] By 1934 Ethiopia has established direct radio

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telephone links with Cairo, Djibouti, Aden and London and soon after radio communications
training sectors for Ethiopians. By 1941 they build a telephone line in Addis Ababa and Asmara
with a capacity of 1,500 and 1,200 respectively. After all when they leave Ethiopia after the
Ethiopian Army defeats them they left nothing in the sector; they destroy all things they deploy.

As we say above the next period (the post war period) starts here after the return of Italy to their
country. The main thing done at the beginning of this period was rehabilitation of the destroyed
telephone network. In this period the ministry of Telephone, Telegraph and post was reestablished
to facilitate the rehabilitation work. Since 1972 a new organizational structure was made and
Ethiopian Telecommunications Authority (ETA) was established. The authority comprises of the
following three departments Financial and Supply department, Operations department, Energy
department. In recent days we can see the transformation from ETC to Ethio Telecom. [4] In 2005,
ETC installed a national fiber optic backbone comprising 4000 kilometers radiating out in six
major directions from the capital (to Dire-Dawa, Djibouti, Dessie, Mekele, Bahir-Dar, Nekemte,
Jimma and Hawassa ), laying a foundation for delivering current and future services including
digital radio, TV, Internet, data and other multimedia services. In order to increase the service
capacity, reliability, quality, speed and size of data transfer, ETC transferred from narrowband to
broadband service in January 2005.Today the back bone network is constituted from a variety of
microwave satellite and fiber optics links. Ethio telecom mainly uses its earth station at sululta
which transmits and receives to and from both the Indian Ocean & the Atlantic Ocean satellites‟
making it is to reach over the world. As of 2007, IP based next generation networks of fixed
telephone lines, third generation network(3G)0f mobile service based on wide band code division
multiple access (WCDMA) , Code division multiple access (CDMA), synchronous digital
hierarchy (SDH) and dense wavelength division multiple (DWDM) based optical fiber
transmission have been introduced in Ethiopia. [1]

1.2 Mission and Vision of Western Region Ethio Telecom

1.2.1 Mission
Build its managerial capability manpower‟ talent that enables Ethio telecom to operate at
international level.

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 Support community and environmental development. Connect Ethiopia through state-

the art telecom services.
 To connect every Ethiopian through ICT Provide world class telecommunication
services including basic telephony, mobile, internet and multimedia services.
 They wish to implement state of the art processes, to develop reliable network
infrastructures and to provide the best quality of services to their Customers.

1.2.2. Vision
Ethio telecom envisions an information-based Ethiopian society were all my people have access
to information infrastructure on equitable basis.
 Ethio telecom shall be an internationally recognized, moving quickly, strong and
vibrant world-class.
 Ethio telecom will achieve its goal of both providing a reliable network and of
improving Customer Services through a range of different levers that are part of its
development strategy.
 Ethio telecom will develop and enhance the information system. This will help to
decrease the delay for provision, sales and activation as well as to provide more reliable
information to Customers.
 Ethio telecom will develop a world-class human resources management. This will help
to improve employees‟ ability to meet the needs and expectations of Customers.
 Ethio telecom will develop better sourcing & facilities processes. This will help to
faster delivery and repair and will offer more transparency to Customers .To become
world class provider of telecom service

1.2.3 Values
While meeting international standards, we remain faithful to our values:
 Meeting and exceed the telecommunications needs and expectations of my country
at large and of customers in particular.
 Respects their customers and recognizes that their revenues allow Ethio telecom to
operate.

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 Recognize that the company employees are the most valuable asset and want to
create an efficient corporate management environment that allows them to develop
and grow.
 Commit to high level job performance, customer service quality, organizational
excellence and continuous improvement in all areas.
 Stay motivated and encouraged to meet all the challenges that we will face. Make
every effort to achieve a superior financial return.
 Uphold ethical standards, being honest in all assignments.
 Hold themselves accountable to all my stakeholders.

1.2.4 Objectives
The main objective of Ethio telecom citizen charter is to:
 Being a customer centric company.
 Offering the best quality of services
 Meeting world-class standards
 Building a financially sound company
To reach these goals, all Ethio telecom divisions will focus on developing, enhancing network and
information system
 Ensuring easy access and coverage to the whole population.
 Creating a strong brand.
 developing human resources management
 .implementing control standard processes Improving financial, sourcing
and facilities processes.

1.3 Main product or Services of Ethio Telecom

Ethio telecom offers a wide range of product and services tailored market Enterprise customers.
They offer fixed wireless services, mobile Internet and data services as well as 3G services like
WCDMA and CDMA through newly deployed NGN to my nationwide huge capacity. They
provide Enterprise customers a reliable affordable Internet and data services which facilitate their
business increase productivity by connecting them to local and international patents.

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 Ethio-telecom is institutionalized with the objectives of promoting the development of

high quality, efficient, reliable and affordable telecommunication services in the
country. The services that are provided by Ethio telecom are:-
Services of Ethio-telecom
 Mobile Data / EVDO.
 IP Services email.
 Domain name.
 Hosting.
 International roaming.
 Web Interconnection LAN or WAN connections of ban
GSM Mobile (prepaid/ postpaid)
The service is given using SIM (Subscriber Identity Module). It has voice, data, SMS and other
value added capabilities.
 SMS (short messaging service).
 Call divert SMS.
 Call waiting.
 Call barring
Fixed Line.
 Fixed Wireless CDMA.
 Fixed Line Value Added Service (VAS).
There are different packages of fixed line value added services which are very important for both
enterprise and residential customers. CLIP/ Caller Line Identification Presentation, Call Waiting,
Call Barring, Call Divert, Fixed Hot line, Call-Conference, Short number call and so on.
Mobile Service.
 GSM Mobile (prepaid/ postpaid).
 WCDMA.
 Mobile Roaming service
Internet and Data

 Broadband internet (Wired broadband internet, Wireless broadband internet).

 Data (MPLS- VPN) :( Multi-Protocol Labeled Switch-Virtual private network).

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 Internet VAS (Domain Name, Internet Protocol (IP) address, Graphic Scanning,
Counter Service and Web hosting.
1.4 The Main Customers or End Users of Its Product or Services
Ethio Telecom provides the services for:-
 Every Individual.
 Households.
 Government organizations.
 Business different companies.
 Private Organizations.
 Government organizations.
 Public institutions (schools, health centers, Universities & other
1.5 Overall Organization and Work Flow of ET, (Western Region)
The head office of Ethio telecom in Addis Ababa is networked with the regional telecoms. My
hosting company is one of the regional telecoms and is known as Ethio telecom west region.
In Ethio telecom west region there are seven main departments and these are:-
 Fixed line access network (FAN).
 Operation and Maintenance (O&M).
 Indirect Channel.
 Direct Channel.
 Business Partner.
 Security.
 Financial

1.5.1. Functions of Fixed Line Access Network (FAN)

 Optical fiber (back bone).
 Maintenance.
 Planer.
 Re-habitation

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1.5.2. Functions of Operation and Maintenance (O&M)

 IP section.
 RAN section.
 Transmission section.
 Performance.
 Power.
 Core section

Head office of AA

Regional Ethiotelecom

Western Region

Direct Channel Finance

Indirect Channel Security

Business Partners Power and Environment

FAN Wireless and Transport Network O&M

Figure 1.1 over all Organizational work flow of Ethio telecom,(western region)

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CHAPTER TWO
Over All Internship Experience
2.1 How we get in to the Company
The Ethiopian government has decided to focus on the improvement of university students
considering them as a key level in the development of Ethiopia. Hence As a continuation of the
last five-year plan and after concentrating its efforts on education, health and agriculture,
Therefore, the ministry of education has planned for university students especially for technology
students to develop their theoretical knowledge to practical knowledge so that the students can
work easily by themselves after they are living the university. After the ministry of education has
planned this program, some of the universities are accepted and implemented the program; Mettu
University is one of them. So after accepted this program my university distributed me to different
company of the country; and as we are a student of communication, we entered to
telecommunication by the kind cooperation of the company leader. Therefore, we would like to
say thank you to the university (department) and to Ethio Telecom.
2.2 The Section of The Company we have been working
In our internship period what we have seen and what we have learned there is described next in
each of the sections. Those components of sections are Core section and Transmission section.
Therefore first of all we would like to explain the highlight of the other Core sections and finally
we will explain transmission sections in detail.
2.3 Work Flow in Western Region Ethio Telecom
As we come from Mettu University to Ethio-telecom Company we introduce ourselves with the
overall matters in Ethio telecom and we were taking an induction training. At the end of the
induction training we select the work section that we stay for during fourth months in this
company. Ethio telecom has different departments in different regions. At western region we
assigned to work in operation and maintenance department for all session. This department covers
all operation and maintenance in case of western region. Operation and maintenance department
has its own manager. Under the western region Ethio telecom, we have been working in the
Wireless and Transport network department and the department consists of six working sections.
Each section has its own supervisor.
The work flow of the working sections are managed by the manager of the department.

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WIRELESS AND TRANSPORT NETWORK DEPARTMENT

OPTIMIZ
IPBB&TR
AION IP MOBILE FIBER
ANSMISSI RAN&COR
SECTIO BACKHA ROLLOUT BACKBON
ON E
N UL SECTION E
SECTION NETWORK
SECTON SECTION
SECTION

Figure 2.1 The General Work Flow of Wireless and Transport Network Department
Western Region Ethio telecom Company

2.4. Work Tasks

In our internship period the work task we have been done are;
 Understanding IP concept and IP Addressing method
 Learning how communication can transfer between different region
 Observing different components.
 Knowing the operation of the components.
 How to check DWDM and CWDM are functioning

2.5 Procedures Used to Perform Work Task

By considering our schedule we have achieved to obtain each section with their operation. To
perform the above work tasks we used some procedures by the help of the Operation

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&Maintenance department manager at West Region Ethio-telecom. To do this work tasks

efficiently and effectively the schedule is given for us from the manager. One day we observe the
component of one working section and learn how it is operating. On the next day we continue to
observe the component of another working section and how the component is operating by the
help of worker of the section suited for us. After observing the components of the six working
sections for the first round, we come together with all of the intern’s and with the advisor of each
section. At that time the time is given for us to ask the advisors if there is a question and after the
question is explained for us, a highlight is given from the advisors again on the operation of the
component we observe past days. Like this we perform the work tasks in our internship duration.
Operation and maintenance department is responsible for controlling the operation of the
communication system and for maintenance of network and communication equipments.
Communication stream students are allocated at eight departments. From this we were wireless
and transport network O&M deeply.
This department has six sub departments and these are:-
 RAN and Core.
 IP Backbone &Transmission.
 Mobile roll out.
 IP Back haul.
 Fiber Backbone.
 Optimization
2.5.1 Transmission Section
In transmission section we have seen different components of media that can transmit and receive
information (data, voice, video, etc.) From source to destination. Hence, in western regional of
Ethio telecom we learned transmitting system to transmit those information that we mentioned
above.
The components of transmitting system that we mainly uses are;
 Microwave Transmission
 IP Backbone
 DWDM
 CWDM
 MSAG and MSAN

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 Fiber optics
The objective of Ethio telecom is to strength signal quality, Quality of service (QoS), and data
communication between any pair of desired locations, whether the distance between locations is 1
or 10,000 km. The distance between the two locations determines the type of transmission
equipment used for setting up the connection.

2.5.1.1 Microwave Transmission

Microwave transmission is the transmission of information by electromagnetic waves with
wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. Microwave signals are normally limited to the line-
of-sight, so long-distance transmission using these signals requires a series of repeaters forming a
microwave relay. In recent years, there has been an explosive increase in use of the microwave
spectrum by new telecommunication technologies such as wireless networks, and direct-broadcast
satellites which broadcast television and radio directly into consumers' homes.
Components of microwave system
Digital modem: - information signals comes from different part is called base band signal. The
digital modem modulates the base band signal and intermediate Frequence (IF signal is obtained
IF signal.

Figure 2.2 Baseband digital modem

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Radio frequency (RF):- to transmit the signal with microwave IF signal should be converted to
Radio Frequence (RF) signal.
Up conversion is the process to mix IF signal and a high frequency local oscillation signal and
output RF signal.
Antenna: - it is a passive device that radiates modulated signal.
It is fed by direct connect of RF unit, coaxial cable and wave guides at higher frequency.
Microwave communication is the transmission of signals via radio using a series of microwave
towers. Microwaves are widely used for point-to-point communications because their small
wavelength allows conveniently-sized antennas to direct them in narrow beams, which can be
pointed directly at the receiving antenna.
Advantage of microwave transmission is that;
 The high frequency of microwaves gives the microwave band a very large
information-carrying capacity;
 The microwave band has a bandwidth 30 times that of all the rest of the radio
spectrum below it
 It allows nearby microwave equipment to use the same frequencies without interfering
with each other, as lower frequency radio waves do.
 It conserves scarce radio spectrum bandwidth.
A disadvantage of microwave transmission is that;
 microwaves are limited to line of sight propagation;
 They cannot pass around hills or mountains as lower frequency radio waves can.
Wireless transmission of information
 Microwaves are unidirectional
More recently, microwaves have been used for wireless power transmission.

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Figure 2.3 Microwave Unit or Outdoor unit

Microwave radio transmission is commonly used in point-to-point communication systems on
the surface of the Earth, in satellite communications, and in deep space radio communications.
Other parts of the microwave radio band are used for radars, radio navigation systems, sensor
systems, and radio astronomy.

2.5.1.2 IP backbone
The IP Backbone Topology view shows links between routers, subnets, interfaces, and network
locations. The links from routers to their interfaces and from the interfaces to the corresponding
subnet (through the topology link that is defined in the data model) are the primary components of
the IP Backbone Topology view.
A backbone or core network is a part of a computer network which interconnects networks,
providing a path for the exchange of information between different LANs or sub networks. A
backbone can tie together diverse networks in the same building, in different buildings in a campus
environment, or over wide areas.
2.5.1.3 Fiber-optic communication
Fiber optics is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses
of infrared light through an optical fiber. The light is a form of carrier wave that is modulated to
carry information. Fiber is preferred over electrical cabling when high bandwidth, long distance,
or immunity to electromagnetic interference is required. This type of communication can transmit
voice, video, and telemetry through local area networks or across long distances.

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Optical fiber is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals,

Internet communication, and cable television signals. Optical fiber is used by telecommunications
companies to transmit telephone signals, Internet communication and cable television signals. It is
also used in other industries, including medical, defense, and government, industrial and
commercial. In addition to serving the purposes of telecommunications, it is used as light guides,
for imaging tools, lasers, hydrophones for seismic waves, SONAR, and as sensors to measure
pressure and temperature. Due to lower attenuation and interference, optical fiber has advantages
over copper wire in long-distance, high-bandwidth applications. However, infrastructure
development within cities is relatively difficult and time-consuming, and fiber-optic systems can
be complex and expensive to install and operate. Due to these difficulties, early fiber-optic
communication systems were primarily installed in long-distance applications, where they can be
used to their full transmission capacity, offsetting the increased cost. Modern fiber-optic
communication systems generally include optical transmitters that convert electrical signals into
optical signals, optical fiber cables to carry the signal, optical amplifiers, and optical receivers to
convert the signal back into an electrical signal. The information transmitted is typically digital
information generated by computers or telephone systems

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2.5.1.4 Wave length division multiplexer (WDM)

Figure 2.4 Wavelength Division Multiplexer

2.5.1.5 DWDM
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) is an optical multiplexing technology used to
increase bandwidth over existing fiber networks. It works by combining and transmitting multiple
signals simultaneously at different wavelengths on the same fiber.
As a result it has long been the technology of choice for transporting large amounts of data between
sites. The main advantage is that it increases bandwidth by allowing different data streams to be
sent simultaneously over a single optical fiber network. DWDM devices (multiplexer, or Mix for
short) combine the output from several optical transmitters for transmission across a single optical
fiber. DWDM works by combining and transmitting multiple signals simultaneously at different
wavelengths on the same fiber. The technology creates multiple virtual fibers, thus multiplying the
capacity of the physical medium. It combines data signals from different sources over a single pair
of optical fiber, while maintaining complete separation of the data streams.

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2.5.1.6 CWDM
CWDM is a low-cost method to maximize existing fiber by decreasing the channel spacing
between wavelengths. CWDM has a lower cost per channel than dense WDM (DWDM) and no
configuration is necessary. CWDM optical devices can increase bandwidth on existing fiber
infrastructure and alleviate fiber exhaustion. CWDM is a technology that allows up to 18channels
to be connected over a dark fiber pair. Two wavelength regions are most commonly associated
with CWDM, 1310nm and 1550nm.
Coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) and dense wavelength division multiplexing
(DWDM) are the two primary technologies developed based on wavelength division multiplexing
(WDM), but with different wavelength patterns and applications.
2.5.1.7 MSAG
MSAG is an access device at the edge layer in the Soft Switch system. It performs conversion and
processing of the access media stream. Based on Soft Switch standard adaptation layer protocol
and transport layer protocol, MSAG enables service access such as analog telephone set and
broadband services.

Figure 2.5 MSAG

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2.5.1.8 MSAN
A multi-service access node (MSAN), also known as a multi-service access gateway (MSAG), is
a device typically installed in a telephone exchange (although sometimes in a roadside serving area
interface cabinet which connects customers' telephone lines to the core network, to provide
telephone, ISDN, and broadband such as DSL all from a single platform. Prior to the deployment
of MSANs, telecom providers typically had a multitude of separate equipment including DSLAMs
to provide the various types of services to customers. A typical outdoor MSAN cabinet consists of
narrowband (POTS), broadband (xDSL) services, batteries with rectifiers, optical transmission
unit and copper distribution frame.

Figure 2.6 MSAN

Actually MSAN provide a connection between a telephone lines to the central network in a
telephone exchange. We can also that MSAN are very important and essential part for providing
a host of services such as ISDN, broadband and the telephone. Multi-Service Access Node
(MSAN) is a type of FTTN network.
2.5.2. Optical Communication
Optical communication is any type of communication in which light is used to carry the signal to
the remote and instead of electrical current. It relies on optical fibers to carry signals to their
destinations. They have largely replaced copper wire communication in core network. Among
them, the optical fiber transmission features large transmission capacity, good quality, low
attenuation, strict security and long trunk distance. Since the broad band high speed service
ceaselessly develops in the information age, the optical transmission system is not only expected

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to have larger capacity and longer distance, but expected to be interactive, fast and convenient
.therefore the multiplexing technology means to use the broadband and large capacity features of
the optical fiber to simultaneously transmit

2.5.2.1 Optical Transport Network (OTN)

Optical Transport Network (OTN) is a protocol for sending network messaging over optical fiber
networks. Experts define OTN as a collection of optical network elements (ONE) that
communicate using wavelength division multiplexing (WDM).The ITU's Optical Transport
Network (OTN), as defined by recommendation G.709, provides a network-wide framework that
adds SONET/SDH-like features to WDM equipment (also known as Wavelength Switched Optical
Network equipment, or WSON equipment). It creates a transparent, hierarchical network designed
for use on both WDM/WSON devices and TDM devices. Two switching layers are formed (TDM
and WSON) and functions of transport, multiplexing, routing, management, supervision, and
survivability are defined.
The promise of the Optical Transport Network (OTN) is designed to address these issues by
delivering a transparent framework to efficiently carry diverse traffic types. The OTN control
plane, which is based on GMPLS, automates many of these functions, with corresponding
operational benefits relative to a statically provisioned OTN network

Figure 2.7 Optical Transport Network

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How does OTN work?

At a basic level, OTN defines a frame format that "wraps" data packets, in a format quite similar
to that of a SONET frame. There are six distinct layers to this format.
 OPU: Optical Channel Payload Unit. This contains the encapsulated client data,
and a header describing the type of that data. It is analogous to the ‘Path’ layer in
SONET/SDH.
 ODU: Optical Data Unit. This level adds optical path-level monitoring, alarm
indication signals and automatic protection switching. It performs similar
functions to the ‘Line Overhead’ in SONET/SDH.
 OTU: Optical Transport Unit. This represents a physical optical port (such as
OTU2, 10Gbps), and adds performance monitoring (for the optical layer) and the
FEC (Forward Error Correction). It is similar to the ‘Section Overhead’ in
SONET/SDH.
 OCh: Optical Channel. This represents an end-to-end optical path.
 OMS: Optical Multiplex Section. This deals with fixed wavelength DWDM
(Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) between OADMs (Optical Add Drop
Multiplexer).
 OTS: Optical Transport Section. This deals with fixed wavelength DWDM
between relays.
An optical transport network (OTN) is a digital wrapper that encapsulates frames of data, to
allow multiple data sources to be sent on the same channel. This creates an optical virtual
private network for each client signal.
At a very high level, the typical signals processed by OTN equipment at the Optical Channel
layer are:
 SONET/SDH
 Ethernet/Fiber Channel
 Packets
 OTN
A few of the key functions performed on these signals are:
 Protocol processing of all the signals:-
 Mapping and de-mapping of non-OTN signals into and out of OTN signals

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 Multiplexing and de-multiplexing of OTN signals

 Forward error correction (FEC) on OTN signals
 Packet processing in conjunction with mapping/de-mapping of packet into and out
of OTN signals
OTN has a number of advantages, including:
 Reduction in transport costs: With multiple clients transported on a single
wavelength, OTN provides an economical mechanism to fill optical network
wavelengths.
 Efficient use of optical spectrum: OTN facilitates efficient use of DWDM capacity
by ensuring consistent fill rates across a network using OTN switches at fiber junctions.
 Determinism: OTN dedicates specific and configurable bandwidth to each service,
group of services, or network partition, guaranteeing network capacity and managed
performance for each client and no contention between concurrent services or users.
 Virtualized network operations: New virtualization techniques such as Optical
Virtual Private Networks (O-VPNs) provide a dedicated set of network resources to a
client, independent of the rest of the network.
 Flexibility: OTN networks enable operators to employ the technologies they need now
while enabling the adoption of new technologies as business requirements dictate.
 Secure by design: OTN networks ensure a high level of privacy and security through
hard partitioning of traffic onto dedicated circuits.
 Robust yet simple operations: OTN network management data is carried on a separate
channel, completely isolated from user application data, so settings are much more
difficult to access and modify through a client interface port.

2.5.3 Radio Access Network (RAN) Section

A radio access network (RAN) is a type of network infrastructure used commonly for mobile
networks that consist of radio base stations with large antennas. A RAN wirelessly connects user
to a core network. In a RAN, the radio unit (RU) processes digital radio signals and transmits,
receives, and converts the signals for the RAN base station. When the RU receives signal
information from the antennas, it communicates with the baseband unit (BBU) using the Common
Public Radio Interface (CPRI). The BBU takes the signal information and processes it so it can be
forwarded to the core network. Data returns to the user via the reverse process.

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Network Infrastructure
The basic structure of a RAN base station consists of a BBU, radio unit RU or remote radio unit
(RRU), antennas, and various software-based interfaces. In 5G RANs, including 5G cloud-based
RANs, the BBU is broken up into the distributed unit (DU) and the central unit (CU).Opting for a
DU and CU architecture can reduce some of the cost of deployments, allow for flexibility in the
design of equipment RAN infrastructure, and can be used in a cloud-RAN infrastructure. The DU
runs the radio link control and medium access control (MAC) layers in addition to some of the
physical layer at a base station. It in turn is controlled by the CU. The CU runs the radio resource
control protocol, which conducts many functions, including information broadcasting, establishing
and releasing connections between the user equipment and the RAN, and controlling the quality
of service.

HLR

MS BTS BSC MSC

AUC
RAN

EIR
PSTN VLR

Figure 2.8 Work flow of RAN

The Global System for Mobiles (GSM) RAN uses base stations and controllers to transmit and
manage radio links for circuit-switched and packet-switched core networks. More advanced RAN
standards have been adopted over time as network operators deployed newer mobile networks .A
traditional RAN architecture where the radio unit, also called remote radio head (RRH), receives
information from user equipment (UE) and sends it to the BBU via the CPRI for processing and
transmission to the core network. The amount of area a RAN node can cover varies depending on
the capabilities of the antennas, RAN hardware, and software at the node. RANs are a key aspect

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of mobile networks. Network operators have used RANs since the days of 1G and they are still
used in current 5G networks.
Radio Access Network
 A Radio Access Network (RAN) consists of a baseband unit, radio unit or remote radio
unit, antennas, and software interfaces.
 Data from a user reaches the network core after being received by a radio unit and
transformed into a digital format by a baseband unit.
 Different generations of mobile networks use different variations of RANs.
 The future of RANs will be heavily influenced by 5G deployments and the push for open
source RANs.
A radio access network (RAN) is part of a mobile telecommunication system. It implements a
radio access technology. Conceptually, it resides between a devices such as a mobile phone, a
computer, or any remotely controlled machine and provides connection with its core network(CN).
Depending on the standard, mobile phones and other wireless connected devices are varyingly
known as user equipment (UE), terminal equipment, mobile station (MS), etc. RAN functionality
is typically provided by a silicon chip residing in both the core network as well as the user
equipment.
It is also possible for a single handset/phone to be simultaneously connected to multiple radio
access networks. Handsets capable of this are sometimes called dual-mode handsets. For instance
it is common for handsets to support both GSM and UMTS (a.k.a. "3G") radio access technologies.
Such devices seamlessly transfer an ongoing call between different radio access networks without
the user noticing any disruption in service.
Benefits of RAN architectures
Many carriers have lowered their costs and created a more agile infrastructure by deploying a
variety of virtual network functions (VNFs), including virtual firewalls, DNS, SBC/IMS, virtual
evolved packet cores (vEPCs) for 4G networks, and vRANs.
This approach:
 Uses less (and less expensive) hardware.
 Increases flexibility.
 Provides the ability to spin workloads up and down with minimal effort.
 Allows resources to be scaled elastically to address changing network demands.

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Functionality
The RAN consists of many functional areas, which are given as follows:
 The hardware equipment placed on the radio site and a potential central site.
 Baseband hardware.
 Radio hardware.
 Control processing hardware transport hardware, including routers, switches,
wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), etc.
 Antenna hardware, including RET motors, Tower Mounted low-noise Amplifiers
(TMA), etc.
 Power and power back up hardware environmental hardware (fans, air conditioning,
shelters, etc.).
 The data plane software.2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G Radio Access Technologies (RAT),
implementing the 3GPP protocol layers and vendor proprietary features and
algorithms.
 Transport control plane software.2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G RAT. Management software.
Equipment management. Self-organizing network software.
2.6 GSM (Global System Mobile Communication
The GSM system was designed as a second generation (2G) cellular phone technology. One of
the basic aims was to provide a system that would enable greater capacity to be achieved than the
previous first generation analogue systems.
Advantage of GSM are;
GSM uses one or more of the eight TDMA time slots to transmit data.
 data rate is from 20 kbps up to 160 kbps
 Typical rate is about 40 kbps, enough for e-mail and short message service but poor for
Internet access.
 Aside from more users per cell tower, the digital network offers many other important
features.
 Digital encryption (64 bit A5/1 stream cipher).
 Packet data (used for MMS/Internet access).
 SMS text messaging.
 Caller ID and other similar network features.

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Generally cellular network for GSM are;

 Mobile Station (MS): This is basically the mobile phone. The mobile station (MS) is the
starting point of a mobile wireless network. A station in the cellular radio service
intended for use while in motion specified locations. Mobile stations may be hand-held
personal units (portables) or installed in vehicles (mobiles).
 Base Station (BS): A fixed station in a mobile radio system used for radio communication
with mobile stations. Base stations are located at the center or on the edge of a coverage
region and consist of radio channels and transmitter and receiver antennas mounted on a
tower. The covered area of a cellular network is divided into smaller areas called ells. Each
cell has a base station which communicates simultaneously with all mobiles within the cell,
and passes traffic to the Mobile Switching Centre. The base station is connected to the
mobile phone via a radio interface
 Base Transceiver Station (BTS): The BTS includes all the radio equipment (i.e.,
antennas, signal processing devices, and amplifiers) necessary for radio transmission
within a geographical area called a cell. The BTS is responsible for establishing the link to
the MS and for modulating and demodulating radio signals between the MS and the BTS.
 Base Station Controller (BSC): The BSC reserves radio frequencies for
communications and handles the handoff between BTSs when an MS roams from one
cell to another. The BSC is responsible for paging the MS for incoming calls.
 Mobile Switching Centre (MSC): The mobile switching center (MSC) is a digital ISDN
switch that sets up connections to other MSCs and to the BSCs. The MSCs form the
wired (fixed) backbone of a GSM network and can switch calls to public switched
telecommunications network (PSTN). An MSC can connect to a large number of BSCs.
Switching centers which coordinates the routing of calls in a large
service area. In a cellular radio system, the MSC connects the cellular base stations and
the mobiles to the PSTN. An MSC is also called a mobile telephone switching office
(MTSO). National Carrier Exchange: This is the gateway to the national fixed public
switched telephone network (PSTN). It handles connections on behalf of the national
communication systems, and is usually integrated with the MSC
 Gateway Mobile Switching Center (GMSC): GMSCs are Links the system to PSTN
and other operators.

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 Equipment Identity Register (EIR): is a database that stores the international mobile
equipment identities (IMEIs) of all the mobile stations in the network.
 EIR provides security features such as blocking calls from handsets that have
been stolen.
 Home Location Register (HLR): The HLR is the central database for all users to
register to the GSM network. It stores static information about the subscribers such as the
IMSI, subscribed services, and a key for authenticating the subscriber. The HLR also
stores dynamic subscriber information (i.e., the current location of the mobile subscriber).
 Visitor Location Register (VLR): The VLR is a distributed database that temporarily
stores information about the mobile stations that are active in the geographic area. A
VLR is associated with each MSC in the network. When a new subscriber roams into a
location area, the VLR is responsible for copying subscriber information from the HLR to
its local database. This relationship between the VLR and HLR avoids frequent HLR
database updates and long distance signaling of the user information, allowing faster
access to subscriber information.

Figure 2.9 GSM Structure

2.7 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) RAN

The UMTS standard was designed and primarily used for 3G mobile networks and Requirements
to Mobile IP:

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 Compatibility:-support of the same layer protocols as IP no changes to routers required

mobile end-systems can communicate with fixed systems
 Transparency: - point of connection to the fixed network can be changed Efficiency :-
world-wide support of a large number of mobile systems
 Security: - authentication of all registration messages. It is upgrade of 2.5G GPRS and 2.75
EDGE networks for faster data rates .based on standards set for IMT-2000findsapplications
in wireless voice telephones, mobile internet users, video calls and mobile TV, fixed
wireless internet access
 TCP/IP:- Transport control protocols typically designed for fixed end-systems in wired
networks Packet loss in fixed networks typically due to overload

Generally the base stations in a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) RAN
are referred to as Node and Radio Network Controllers (RNCs). RNCs are base stations that
are between the Node and the network core. A Node B is different from a GSM base station
because a Node B uses a different type of air transport technology called Wideband Code
Division Multiple Access (WCDMA). A GSM base station uses basic CDMA. Radio
frequencies received at a Node B are turned into a data stream, which is forwarded to the RNCs
to be sent to the network core. For the reverse, the Node B turns the data stream into radio
frequencies to be transported to the user equipment.

Radio network control (RNC)

The Radio Network Controller (RNC) is a governing element in the UMTS radio access network
(UTRAN) and is responsible for controlling the Node that are connected to it. The RNC carries
out radio resource management, some of the mobility management functions and is the point where
encryption is done before user data is sent to and from the mobile. The RNC connects to the Circuit
Switched Core Network through Media Gateway (MGW) and to the SGSN (Serving GPRS
Support Node) in the Packet Switched Core Network.

Radio Remote Unit

Radio remote unit (RRU) ) is the distributed and integrated frequency unit that connects to an
operators network with the User Equipment's (UE's) like Cell Phone and mobile devices in wireless

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networks, is a remote radio transceiver that connects to an operator radio control panel via
electrical or wireless interface. When used to describe aircraft radio cockpit radio systems, the
control panel is often called the radio head. In wireless system technologies such as GSM,CDMA,
UMTS, LTE the radio equipment is remote to the BTS/NodeB/eNodeB. The equipment is used
to extend the coverage of a BTS/NodeB/eNodeB in challenging environments such as rural areas
or tunnels. They are generally connected to the BTS/NodeB/eNodeB via a fiber optic cable using
Common Public Radio Interface protocols.

The RRU can be configured to communicate with a base band unit (BBU) via a physical
communication link and can communicate with a wireless mobile device via an air interface.
RRU Functions:
 Acts as a transceiver: transmit and receive the user signals to the base station and vice-
versa.
 Provides back to back support and connectivity between user equipment's like power,
delay, etc.
 Provide interface between two physical link: Optical and EM (Electromagnetic).
 Provide Controlling support of the Auxiliary equipment's like RCU (Remote Control Unit)
for electrical tilt adjustment generally known as RET(Remote Electrical Tilt)
 Generate and sends the different signals like VSWR, RET, ACT, etc.

2.8 Core Network

A core network is telecommunication network's core part, which offers numerous services to the
customers who are interconnected by the access network. Its key function is to direct telephone
calls over the public-switched telephone network.
In general, this term signifies the highly functional communication facilities that interconnect
primary nodes. The core network delivers routes to exchange information among various sub-
networks. When it comes to enterprise networks that serve a single organization, the term
backbone is often used instead of core network, whereas when used with service providers the
term core network is prominent. This term is also known as network core or backbone network.
Core networks usually offer the following features:-

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 Aggregation: The top degree of aggregation can be seen in a service provider

network. Next in the hierarchy within the core nodes is the distribution networks
followed by the edge networks.
 Authentication: Determines whether the user demanding a service from a telecom
network is permitted to complete the task within the network.
 Call Control or Switching: Determines the future span of a call depending on the
processing of call signaling.
 Charging: Deals with the processing and collation of charging the data created by
multiple network nodes
 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS): is provides packet radio access for GSM
and time-division multiple access (TDMA) users.
 GPRS Support Nodes (GSN): In the core network, the existing MSCs are based
on circuit-switched central-office technology and cannot handle packet traffic Two
new components, called GPRS support nodes (GSNs), are added:
Serving GPRS support node (SGSN)
Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN)
 Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN): The SGSN delivers packets to mobile
stations (MSs) within its service area. SGSNs send queries to home location
registers (HLRs) to obtain profile data of GPRS subscribers. SGSNs detect new
GPRS MSs in a given service area, process registration of new mobile subscribers,
and keep records of their locations inside a predefined area. The SGSN is connected
to the base station subsystem through a Frame Relay connection to the PCU in the
BSC

The core network is where all connectivity is converted into service differentiation. There is no
differentiation between an M2M core network, an IoT core network, and a core network operated
by a telecom provider. It can be described as the “business end.” Both in telecommunication, as
well as IoT networks, the “core” refers to their high-end communication facility, which connects
all primary nodes. The core network provides the path necessary for different sub-networks to
exchange information. These network functions typically provide any-to-any connection to all
devices connected to the network. While core networks are mainly utilized by telecommunication

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or IoT service providers, enterprise0s with IoT networks may choose to reap the benefits of a core
network.
2.9 IP protocols
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the network layer communications protocol in the Internet protocol
suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. It also defines addressing methods that
are used to label the datagram with source and destination information. There are two primary
transport layer protocols. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol
(UDP).The Internet Protocol (IP) is a protocol, or set of rules, for routing and addressing packets
of data so that they can travel across networks and arrive at the correct destination. Data traversing
the Internet is divided into smaller pieces, called packets. IP information is attached to each packet,
and this information helps routers to send packets to the right place. Every device or domain that
connects to the Internet is assigned an IP address, and as packets are directed to the IP address
attached to them, data arrives where it is needed. Once the packets arrive at their destination, they
are handled differently depending on which transport protocol is used in combination with IP.

The most common transport protocols are TCP and UDP. In networking, a protocol is a
standardized way of doing certain actions and formatting data so that two or more devices are able
to communicate with and understand each other. To understand why protocols are necessary,
consider the process of mailing a letter. On the envelope, addresses are written in the following
order: name, street address, city, state, and zip code. If an envelope is dropped into a mailbox with
the zip code written first, followed by the street address, followed by the state, and so on, the post
office won't deliver it. There is an agreed-upon protocol for writing addresses in order for the postal
system to work. In the same way, all IP data packets must present certain information in a certain
order, and all IP addresses follow a standardized format.
CP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol and is a suite of communication
protocols used to interconnect network devices on the internet. TCP/IP is also used as a
communications protocol in a private computer network (an intranet or extranet).
The entire IP suite a set of rules and procedures is commonly referred to as TCP/IP. TCP and IP
are the two main protocols, though others are included in the suite. The TCP/IP protocol suite
functions as an abstraction layer between internet applications and the routing and switching
fabric.

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Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM)

Stands for "Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer." A DSLAM is a device used by Internet
Service Providers (ISPs) to route incoming DSL connections to the Internet. The DSLAM
processes each incoming connection and may limit the bandwidth of certain DSL lines. A digital
subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM) is a networking device that connects multiple DSL
subscribers to one Internet backbone. DSLAM is used by Internet service providers (ISP) or
telecommunication providers to share high-caliber Internet bandwidth between DSL subscribers
through multiplexing techniques.
Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer is used by Telco’s to convert the analog signals to
digital signals for the purpose of providing internet. The DSLAM located in a Telco’s Central
Office does this function.
A DSLAM, or Digital-Subscriber-Line-Access-Multiplexer, is a network distribution device that
aggregates individual subscriber lines into a high-capacity uplink. They allow for the high-speed
transmission of DSL technology using legacy copper lines. A digital subscriber line access
multiplexer is a network device, often located in telephone exchanges, that connects multiple
customer digital subscriber line(DSL) interfaces to a high-speed digital communications channel
using multiplexing techniques.
The DSLAM acts like a network switch since its functionality is at Layer 2 of the OSI model.
Therefore, it cannot re-route traffic between multiple IP networks, only between ISP devices and
end-user connection points. The DSLAM traffic is switched to a Broadband Remote Access Server
where the end-user traffic is then routed across the ISP network to the Internet. Customer-premises
equipment that interfaces well with the DSLAM to which it is connected may take advantage of
enhanced telephone voice and data line signaling features and the bandwidth monitoring and
compensation capabilities it supports.
Route Aggregation
Route aggregation tries to organize a network by replacing multiple routes with a single, general
route. This process uses a hierarchical categorization that gives preference to addresses based on
predetermined criteria. Aggregating routes limits the number of routes available to service
providers. When a service provider receives IP addresses, the allocation of these IP addresses
occurs in a contiguous block. The service provider can then divide the IP addresses into smaller
allocated blocks and lease them to other Internet service providers.

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Advantages
Route aggregation offers stability to networks. Additionally, reducing the number of routers
minimizes the overhead related to routing protocols and reduces the number of updates required
as a result of network changes such as upgrades or downgrades. Aggregation also reduces
workload on the system by requiring less power, memory, storage and bandwidth.

A network aggregator has interconnects with multiple carriers (network operators). These
interconnects give them “layer 2” access to the carrier's network, with bandwidth passing over the
aggregator's network. An aggregator does not have any physical kit in exchange

2.9.1 The Challenges We Have Been Faced While Performing in Our Work Task
During the internship we have faced some problems in our section.
 We didn’t get enough time for practical work due to uncomfortable condition of peace and
stability
 Having less number of contact with the supervisor due to the lack of peace and security
and their busyness.
 They had to move from place to place in case of job i.e to improve the problem of
transmission media that exist in that region.
 Lack of material access such as VLR, HLR and Database store

2.9.2 Procedure We Have Been Used In Performing Our Task

Asking our parents to support us
 Assigning ourselves with some tasks to make ourselves busy during observing the
process.
 Reading a document at office
 Making an effect use of access we get such as the internet though we had to use a
computer.

CHAPTER THREE
Detailed Personal Critique of Self
During these four months, in our internship stay at Ethio Telecom, we have gained benefits from
the internship experience and the internship program provided us a platform to
introduce ourselves with the professional field. On the past four months, we were able to see how
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communication is achieved over a long distance and how it is organized to detect an error.
Ethiotelecom is a perfect platform for a student who wants to have awareness on voice and data
communication. We are greatly benefited from working with the dedicated professionals in the
company. The company has provided a conductive working atmosphere among the staffs. This
does not only enabled us to share an experience, but also develops what we know, seamless work
flow, and harmonious communication. This internship experience has made us to respect the
electrical and computer engineering department and communication stream in our four months
stay. We are very glad for getting the opportunity to be part of this internship program.
3.1 Objectives of the Internship
To assist the student's development of employer-valued skills such as teamwork, communications
and attention to detail. Expose the student to the environment and expectations of performance on
the part of accountants in professional accounting practice, private/public companies or
government entities. Internship is used to acquire practical knowledge and ability offered by the
professional world. It gave the opportunity of applying the reality of work from the theoretical
knowledge acquired in the class room. Thus, adding a new professional experience for the future
of our life. Our Overall internship experiences are explained below.

3.1.1 General Objective

It provides operational environments for the students which formulate and focus on their career
objectives. It is also connect the students with potential employers and provides opportunities to
explore the variety of career objectives that are often available within in the hosting company.
Such opportunities also help students relate theories and knowledge acquired in the academic
year with the skills and attitudes found in the company, develop idea, appreciate business areas
and provide experience that many employers value

3.1.2 Specific Objective

Specific objective of the internship is to acquire and demonstrate competencies expected in a
professional managerial environment such as:
 Apply and generalized the academic theory and knowledge acquire in the class room to
practical engineering field
 To create interrelation and interdependence to the internship company.

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 Create conductive atmosphere to assess professional qualification

 Means to transfer a knowledge and technology to the industry.
 Increase productivity of the students
Generally, within these four months we have gained different skills during the internship in terms
of the following.
 Improving practical skill
 Applying theoretical knowledge
 Team playing Skill
 Leadership skills
 Interpersonal communication skills
 Develop Work ethics skills
 Entrepreneur skills
3.2 In terms of improving our Practical skills
As it’s commonly practiced, most of the courses we took in class dealt with the theoretical side of
engineering. Some lecturers took the initiative and tried to illustrate the practical part of this field
by displaying different graphic images in their lecture or suggested materials that were more or
less illustrative or even took us to the site to show what the actual engineering looked like. But
these trials were futile and failed to give us the clear picture. Although this visits helped us get a
little more acquainted with the tangible part, they were simply not enough. In that trip we just see
and did similarly and what was done there. Sure we were all good with the numbers and
calculations but solving real life problems and solving these simple mathematical equations are
two different things. This internship program was exactly what we needed to nurture the lack of
practical skills we had. While we were on the job we got the opportunity to learn different aspects
of practical Skills.
3.3 In terms of improving my Theoretical knowledge
When we try to see what we gained to improve our theoretical skill, we can say that we have gained
some basic understanding on some issues that have related concept with my learning area. As we
have explained in previous chapters we spent most of our internship practice session by reading
some documents that covers concepts regarding transmission network. We have also read materials
that are given by our supervisors and staff members .By reading those the above listed documents

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and other materials, we have gained theoretical knowledge. To say the truth more than the practical
knowledge (skills) have gained, more theoretical knowledge during we stay in Ethio Telecom.
3.4 In terms of improving my team working skills
In a company it is very important to play as a team. If there are disagreements between the
employees, it is very difficult to go ahead with the works. And as part of a team, an engineer should
have to work with a positive attitude within a group for the success of a project. When called upon
to lead, an engineer must have good managerial and organizational skills. Confident and
enthusiastic engineers are able to succeed by gaining the trust of co-workers. Good team worker
possesses the following skills:
 Communicates constructively.
 Listens actively.
 Functions as an active participant.
 Shares openly and willingly.
 Cooperates and pitches in to help.
 Shows commitment and monitoring to the team
3.5 How we improved our Individual Performance
We have got so many benefits from good communication skills. However previously we got so
many difficulty in conversation or mostly we miss understand with people while we are
communicating. But when we start the internship practice we got the experience how to
communicate to a people and this internship gives me effective communication skills that greatly
improve communication being relationship to other people.

The other important thing is from these good communication skills we develop trust in our self
and ability to trust other people. For effective communication to occur there must be general level
of trust between parties. This is especially true for personal and intimate relationship in
workplaces. The more intimate the relationship the great level of trust is needed. For example if
we do not trust our partners, we will not vulnerable, relay our disappointment, ask things from him
or her, in other word without trust we will not able to communicate what really want to say. Finally,
improving our communication skill help me out to understand people point of view. Even when
we do not agree with what other people is saying, it is important to understand their point of view.
Because by understanding other point of view, that mean we are simply moving toward a

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resolution. Since most of time we meet different kind of people with different of character and
attitude, so it is more important to communicate with them in a manner they can understand simply.
When we understand the other people point view it also means that we are giving attention to their
ideas. In other word it means that we are giving respect to them. So this thing has developed our
communications skills than we previously was.

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CHAPTER FOUR
Design and Simulation of Telecommunication Network System
4.1 Abstract
The general aim of this project is to simulate network system telecommunication which is secure
and easy to use and connect head office telecommunication to region telecommunication.
Previously this system is manual, not secure, also working slowly. This proposed system overcome
the lacking of existing manual system. All region of the telecommunication at cell level provide
the telecommunication services to customers and had to send report to the central region manually,
which sometimes creates problem to get, up-to-date information rapidly. But now through this
system whenever any message will be taking place it will store in the head office
telecommunication database and authorized person can get necessary information or report when
they get into the system from any region through Wide Area Network (WAN).To implement our
project we have used OSI model. This system is using Packet Tracer 8.0 for network simulation,
after implementation of all functions, the system is tested in different stages and it was successful
for its purpose.

4.2 Introduction
An ideal telecommunication networking system will be fully network base and easy with friendly
user interface staff task management system where any telecommunication system manage their
networking system somehow, Head Office, Region office, and other cell maintain LAN, MAN,
WAN , VLAN, VLSM, VPN and some region are maintain by manageable switch. LAN is used
by Local Area Network system. For example Western Region to its cell in nekemte city. WAN is
used Wide Area Network system. In this network system are used by all ethiotelecom users can
use by shared their data very easily. So that every user to take about Network structure and security
of Ethiotelecom system instantly this way anywhere. [9]

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4.3 Objective
4.3.1 General Objective
 Design and simulation of telecommunication networking system and communicate Head
office with its region of telecommunication.

4.3.2 Specific Objective

 To analysis how different regions are communicate with each other.
 To identify and reinstalled where network is failed.
 To justify how telecommunication network system will easily manage by any
telecommunication task
 How manage telecommunication by central system or Head office.
 To design and analysis GSM structure.

4.4 Problem Statement

The most critical issue of telecommunication security is to protect valuable information that is
susceptible to unauthorized access by attackers. Hence, the telecommunication must constantly
increase security. At the same time, the telecommunication must manage information to
communicate with a subscriber. In contrast, increasing security is increasing the information for
attackers to break into the system, and increasing the punishment that the attackers may suffer.
Hence the Internet criminals/attackers/crackers may lose motivation for hacking a high security
telecommunication system.
4.5 Scope of study
The scope of the Network Structure & Security of telecommunication includes.
1. Online based day to day transmission.
2. Save time and cost because of day to day transmission.
3. Established relation between one branch to another
4. Connect all region to head region in same network.

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4.6 Literature Review

4.6.1 Review of Relevant Literature
Networks can also be characterized in terms of spatial distance as local area networks (LANs),
metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide networks (WANs). [7] A given network can
also be characterized by the type of data transmission technology in use on it. for example, a
TCP/IP or Systems Networks Architecture network by whether it carries voice, data, or both
kinds of signals by who can use the network public or private by the usual nature of its
connections dial-up or swathed, dedicated or no switched, or virtual connections and by the
types of physical links. [2] For example, optical fiber, coaxial cable, and Unshielded twisted
Pair.
The flowing methods to be traditional (old) way of recurrent
 Data transfer / transition send region office to head office by manually.
 Need extra cost for transmission because of manually transmission.
 Time based transmission.
 Low security system .Data carries or transfers by human.
 User unfriendly because of slow process.
 Very complex to maintain.

4.6.2 Computer Networking

A computer network is a system for combination among two or more computers. These networks
are fixed (cabled, permanent) or temporary (as via modems). A computer network of computer
networks that use the TCP/IP network protocols to facilitate data transmission and exchange
intranet a restricted computer network; a private network created using World Wide Web software.

4.6.3 IP address
An IP address consists of 32 bits of information. The 32 bit IP address is a structured or
hierarchical address. 32 bits are divided 4 sections. And every section is 8 bit address the 32bits
addresses are divided two parts one is Host section, and another is network section. 32 bits
addresses have also 5 classes, which is,
Network address of Class A: 1 to 126
Network address of Class B: 128 to 191
Network address of Class C: 192 to 223

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Network address of Class D and E: The address between 224 and 255 are reserved for class D and
E networks. Class D is used for multicast address, Class E is used for scientific purpose.
Table 1 Class of IP format
Bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits
Class A Network Host Host Host
Class B Network Network Host Host
Class C Network Network Network Host
Class D Multicast Multicast Multicast Multicast
Class E Research Research Research Research

4.6.4 Networking devices

A computer network is comprised of different devices to share, transmit, and boost the signal,
voice and data. Network devices or components are the physical parts connected to a network.
The basic network devices, Individual computers, Hub, Switch, Bridges, Routers. Switch,
Router

4.7 Methodology
In this project “Design and Simulation of a Telecommunication System” discuss the some
telecommunication network structure & some security feathers. We are survey in the Western
Region Ethiotelecom and collect some data or information. The OSI layer was introduced by
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1984 in order to provide a reference
model to make sure products of different vendors would interoperate in networks. OSI is short
for Open Systems Interconnection. Data transmitted between software programs passes all 7
layers. The Application, Presentation and Session layers are also known as the Upper Layers.
The Data Link and Physical layers are often implemented together to define LAN and WAN
specifications.

4.7.1 When to use the OSI model?

One of the first things we learn when we started working in the field of computer networking
is the OSI model. The OSI model is used to describe how data should pass across a network.
It is broken up into 7 layers, starting with layer 1 as the lowest layer and moving up to layer 7.
The 7 layers are labeled, starting with layer 1 at the bottom, 1-Physical, 2-Data Link, 3-
Network, 4-Transport, 5-Session, 6-Presentation, and 7-Application.There are many things that
live at each layer. Layer 1, the Physical Layer, has to do with all things that are used to provide

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physical connectivity. Some of them are Ethernet cables, coaxial cable, and serial. The most
common networking device at Layer 1 is a Switch. It provides device connectivity and that is
about it.

4.7.2 Benefits of OSI Model

The separating sales communications and multi-level marketing into smaller logical sections,
the OSI model simplifies how networking protocols are created. The OSI model was designed
to ensure different types of equipment (like switch, routers) are compatible.
Provide a wide variety of choice. Customers have a wide variety of choice since software/
hardware from different manufactures work together in harmony. In addition, the OSI model
can fit to any compatible software/hardware from different users in other parts of the world.
It does not rely on a specific operating system. OSI is convenient since errors are deal with at
each level, as different levels operate automatically independent of each other. This makes it
easier to troubleshoot problems that may arise at each stage, by separating the networks into
small manageable pieces.
The user can understand the common terms used in networking. OSI model also help the user
to understand different networking terms and functional relationship applied on multiple
networks. In addition, the user also understand how new technologies are developed in the
existing networks.
Interprets product functionality at each stage. The OSI model simply uses different stages of
functionality. For instance, each stage has specific functions to ensure all networks operate
without technical hitches. Also, each layer has its own interface specifications and a well-
defined connector.
Encrypt data for security purposes. Decryption and encryption services are also available for
security purposes. Expansion and compression of messages is simplified to ensure it travels
from one system to another efficiently.
It is easier to add multiple network models. The OSI model is designed in such a way that user
further extend new protocols within the process. This means you can use additional layered
architecture other than the existing one. Due to its complexity, poor performance can be
obtained in day to day applications, thereby it requires great technical know-how.

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4.7.3 TCP/IP Network Model

Although the OSI model is widely used and often cited as the standard. In general terms,
communications can be said to involve three agents: applications, computers, and networks.
Examples of applications include file transfer and electronic mail. The applications that we are
concerned with here are distributed applications that involve the exchange of data between two
computer systems. These applications, and others, execute on computers that can often support
multiple simultaneous applications. Computers are connected to networks, and the data to be
exchanged are transferred by the network from one computer to another Thus, the transfer of
data from one application to another involves first getting the data to the computer in which the
application resides and then getting the data to the intended application within the computer.
With these concepts in mind, we can organize the communication task into five relatively
independent layers.
 Physical layer
 Network access layer
 Internet layer
 Host-to-host, or transport layer
 Application layer
4.8 Analysis Design and Development
4.8.1 Requirement Gathering Technique
Functional Requirements
Telecommunication system in Ethiopia are only one. It is called Ethio Telecom. But there is
new telecommunication on developing and installation. All telecommunication has a
communication department. Communication department solution all type of communication
problem and serve the core network. Communication creates a core network diagram. This
diagram involves all type of useable network mechanism (Switch, Router, BTS, BSC, Mobile
Phone, Server) etc. Simulation is the most important of any system. An accurate system design,
accurate performance and accurate Simulation give best performance of a system.

4.8.2 Analysis of Requirement

The description of the services and constraints are the requirements for the system and the
process of finding out, analyzing, documenting and checking these services and constraints is

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called requirements engineering. The software requirement which we need in our project is
given below.

4.8.3 Software Requirement

This following software we have used to implement our
project
 Packet Tracer 8.0
 Switch.
 Router.
 BSC.
 Server.
 BTS
 Mobile Phone
A Packet Tracer 8.0
LAN, MAN, VLAN, ACL, VPN, & Ethiotelecom Network Combine diagram, Protocol, and
different region transmission simulation.
Data Flow diagram
Data Flow diagram is a way of expressing system requirements in graphical form. It defines the
flow of data,

Proxy server Internet server

Switch Nekemte
site
Jimma
site Head office
BSC

MS BTS

Figure 4.1 Flow diagram of telecommunication networking system

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Router
A router is a special type of computer. It has the same basic components as a standard desktop
PC. It has a CPU, memory, a system bus, and various input/output interfaces. However, routers
are designed to perform some very specific functions that are not typically performed by
desktop computers. For example, routers connect and allow communication between two
networks and determine the best path for data to travel through the connected networks. Just as
computers need operating systems to run software applications, routers need the Internet work
Operating System (IOS) software to run configuration files? These configuration files contain
the instructions and parameters that control the flow of traffic in and out of the routers. Routers
use routing protocols to determine the best path for packets. The configuration file specifies all
the information for the correct setup and use of the selected or enabled, routing and routed
protocols on a router.
Routers generally have 2 connections:
1 WAN
2 LAN
LAN Interfaces:

• Are used to connect router to LAN network

• Has a layer 2 MAC address

• Can be assigned a Layer 3 IP address

• Usually consist of an RJ-45 jack

WAN Interfaces
It used to connect routers to external networks that interconnect LANs.

Figure 4.2 Router

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Router Configuration
Setting Hostname
A router should be given a unique name as one of the first configuration tasks. This task is
accomplished in global configuration mode with the following command. For example
Now router configuration start
Router (config) #hostname PENEKEMTE
PENEKEMTE (config) #
Now setting Router Password:
In router configuration password should be needed. Because increase security of ethiotelecom
network. Also router and switch has its own password.
Line password:
Router (config) #line password 0
Router (config-line) #login
Router (config-line) #password<password>Virtual Privileged EXEC Mode:
Router (config) #line vty 0 4
Router (config-line) #login

Router (config-line) #password<password>

Secure Privileged EXEC Mode
The enable password and enable secret commands are used to restrict access to the privileged
EXEC mode. The enable password is only used if the enable secret has not been set. The enable
secret command should be used because the enable secret command is encrypted. The enable
passwords command is not encrypted. Router (config) #enable password <password>Router
(config) #enable secret <password>Password

Encryption
The service password-encryption command applies a weak encryption to all unencrypted
passwords. The enable secret <password> command uses a strong MD5 algorithm for encryption.
Router (config) #service password-encryption Backup Configuration File:
A current copy of the configuration can be stored on a TFTP server. The copy running-
configuration TFTP command can be used to store the current configuration on a network. TFTP
server. Router# copy running-config tftp Interface Configuration:

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Giga Interface
Each connected Giga interface must have an IP address and subnet mask to router IP packet.
Configuration the IP address with the following commands:
Router (config) #interface Giga 0/0
Router (config) #ip address<ip address><subnet mask>
No Shutdown:
By default, interfaces are turned off, or disabled. To turn on or enable an interface, the command
no shutdown is entered. If an interface needs to be administratively disabled for maintenance or
troubleshooting, the shutdown Command used to turn off the interface.
Switch
A collection of nodes (switches) and connections is a communications network. Data routed by
being switched from node to node. Nodes may connect to other nodes (switches) only, or to stations
(hosts) and other nodes. Node to node links usually multiplexed (TDM &FDM). Network is
usually partially connected.

Some redundant connections are desirable for reliability. Two different switching technologies
1 Circuit switching
2 Packet switching
Switches Configuration
First enable on switch. After enabled enter on the configuration terminal. Then, the vlan of
switches of should be open in order to pass information Switch to any subscribers.
Switch<enable>
Switch<configuration terminal>
Switch<interface vlan>
Switch<ip address>
Switch<no shutdown>
After finished the above step configured the internet protocol of dhcp pool switches. This is used
to all subscriber is received its IP address by automatically. When we configured this switch we
give the network type and default server of switch. Also we give dns server

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4.9 Design and Simulation

The design of this project is contains three branches and one network site. We take as example
Ethiotelecom.
1 Nekemte Ethiotelecom Region
2 Head Office Ethiotelecom
3 Jimma Ethiotelecom Region
4 Network site only in one region.
1 Nekemte Ethiotelecom
Nekemte Ethiotelecom is the western region of our country. In our project we design and simulate
the network and communication between all offices in this Ethiotelecom. There are many Office
and cells. But we design only some offices network. We use router in this side of Nekemte. Each
router has its own configuration mode and security password. Each router is existed in different
type of network. Because router is used to communicate network system in different network site.
In fourth one router is used to as PE Nekemte. It is used to connected and communicated with head
office. Special if other region is want to communicate to Nekemte Ethiotelecom the information
is getaway in the side of Nekemte at the way Core-Router Nekemte. The bridge between core
router and core switch is PE or Edge layer.

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Figure 4.3 design of network nekemte Ethiotelecom office

2, Head office Ethiotelecom
In Ethiotelecom data is stored on head office. So, our design we wanted to design Head office
Ethiotelecom. Because we wanted store our data and if one region is communicated to other region
information is must be pass through in head office Ethiotelecom. In our design we wanted to design
how Nekemte Region and Jimma region is communicate? For example, let a person is lived in
Jimma region, and B person is lived in Nekemte region. If a person is he wanted to call to B person.
The information must be passes through in head office. Because there is no choice other side
Jimma and Nekemte is connected. Generally, in our project there are two database in head office.

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Figure 4.4 Design of Head office network

3, Jimma Region
In our project we design and simulate the network and communication between all offices in this
Ethiotelecom. There are many Office and cells. But we design only some offices network. We use
router and switches in this side of Jimma. Each router and switches has its own configuration mode
and security password. Each router is existed in different type of network. Because router is used
to communicate network system in different network site. In fourth one router is used to as PE
Nekemte. It is used to connected and communicated with head office. Special if other region is

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want to communicate to Jimma Ethiotelecom the information is getaway in the side of Jimma at
the way Core-Router Jimma. The bridge between core router and core switch is PE or Edge layer

Figure 4.5 Design of Jimma network office

4, Network Site in Western Region
Under this we design network in Western region. There is BSC, MSC, WDMA, Aggregate, and
core switch in long transmission medium. But MSAG is used as for only around core switch such
like in city.

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Figure 4.6 Western region network site

The overall design and simulation

Figure 4.7 Overall design

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4.10 Result and Discussion

The result of this project is without consumed time one message in one region is delivered to other
region. For example if management Nekemte Ethiotelecom is communicate to or he wanted to
transfer information or any message with head office and other region such like Jimma region, he
can informed without consumed time.

In our project any device is secured since it will be locked by technician of that telecommunication.
Hence, if any person wants to get information from that device they would ask permission from
technician of that telecommunication. Depending up on this method we motivated to design a
network system for a new telecommunication. For example by concerning this issue, the safiricom
telecommunication which is coming for our country can easily use this a new designed network

Figure 4.8 result of how secured devices

As a result, if failure of device is caused in Ethiotelecom we can identify the failed device and
possible to verify the place where communication could be cut out .so regarding this system we
can establish the way to control any device of Ethiotelecom remotely by sitting down and taking
device in our hands .

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Figure 4.9 result of ping

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CHAPTER FIVE
Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Conclusion
Today Ethio telecom is the backbone for the transformation by the side of communication, network
infrastructure and to facilitate every moment in market, offices, schools and etc. Also the services
of Ethio telecom are very wide and basic for our country’s development.

While we have been in Ethio Telecom Company, we have got many benefits by practicing our
internship program in the last four months. For those who want to enter communication
stream Ethiotelecom Company work give the basic understanding mostly about networking
and communication. Since they are in the way of upgrading the country’s network infrastructure.
The challenges we faced during the internship practice season make us able to face with
new challenges and propose improved solution. These challenges also make us ready for
those challenges we faced after our graduation (when we join the work environment) by
making us able to propose solution for problems that may occurred. In upgrading our skills during
our internship period we conclude that, we have got so much important skill as well as awesome
experiences. The internship program have great role in shaping our future goal and vision. Also
the internship is better for knowing the external standard protocol of work environment, solving
challenges that face during work times; developing good inter personal communication skills,
entrepreneurship skills, necessity of work ethics and also developing our practical and theoretical
knowledge.

Generally, internship program is a bridge that links the student with the company. The practical
work helps us to eliminate much confusion that we had with the theoretical knowledge. Working
in Ethiotelecom helps us to understand how much punctuality is needed at work places and also
we understand how much work ethics is important. Also we have increased on practical skills,
team playing skills and interpersonal communication skills.

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5.2 Recommendation
As ministry of education, Mettu University and Ethio telecom setup university industry linkage
Program. For this purpose Ethiotelecom has accepted 41 students (batch) from different
universities for internship program. This company has planned, scheduled and provide official
budget for intern students and give special attention for the internship program. So we
are lucky to work in this company. This company is huge that is profitable and we want to
recommend for the future. Even though the internship program has its own encouraged and
highly advanced sides, it has some weakness that needs to be corrected as company level.

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Appendixes
Program of Router

--- System Configuration Dialog ---

Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes/no]:
% Please answer 'yes' or 'no'.
Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes/no]: no
Press RETURN to get started!
Router>en
Router>enable
Router#conf
Router#configure t
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router (config) #inter
Router (config) #interface g
Router (config) #interface gigabitEthernet 0/0/0
Router (config-if) #no sh
Router (config-if) #no shutdown
Router (config-if) #
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0, changed state to
up
Router (config-if)#ip ad
Router (config-if) #ip address 172.11.1.1 255.255.0.0
Router(config-if)#exi
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#host
Router(config)#hostname core-router-jimma
core-router-jimma(config)#en
core-router-jimma(config)#ena

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core-router-jimma(config)#enable se
core-router-jimma(config)#enable secret telecomj
core-router-jimma(config)#line vt
core-router-jimma(config)#line vty 0 4
core-router-jimma(config-line)#exit
core-router-jimma(config-line)#exit
Core-router-jimma (config) #ip dh
Core-router-jimma (config) #ip dhcp pool switchjimmaa
core-router-jimma(dhcp-config)#ip route 172.12.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.12.1.2
core-router-jimma(config)#ip route 172.13.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.13.1.2
core-router-jimma(config)#ip route 172.14.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.14.1.2
core-router-jimma(config)#ex
core-router-jimma(config)#exit
core-router-jimma#
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
core-router-jimma#wr
core-router-jimma#write
Building configuration...
[OK]
core-router-jimma#

******************************************************************************
******************************************************************************

Configuration of switch

Press RETURN to get started!

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/2, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/2, changed state to up
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/3, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/3, changed state to up

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%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface GigabitEthernet0/1, changed state to up

%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet0/1, changed state to
up
Switch>en
Switch>enable
Switch#conf
Switch#configure t
Switch#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Switch (config) #int
Switch (config) #interface v
Switch(config)#interface vlan 1
Switch(config-if)#no shu
Switch(config-if)#no shutdown
Switch(config-if)#
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Vlan1, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Vlan1, changed state to up
Switch(config-if)#ip ad
Switch(config-if)#ip address 172.20.1.2 255.255.0.0
Switch(config-if)#ex
Switch(config-if)#exit
Switch(config)#ip dh
Switch(config)#ip dhcp po
Switch(config)#ip dhcp pool switchjimmaa1
Switch(dhcp-config)#net
Switch(dhcp-config)#network 172.20.1.2 255.255.0.0
Switch(dhcp-config)#def
Switch(dhcp-config)#default-router 172.20.1.1
Switch(dhcp-config)#dn
Switch(dhcp-config)#dns-server 213.55.166.95
Switch(dhcp-config)#exi

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Switch(dhcp-config)#exit
Switch(config)#en
Switch(config)#ena
Switch(config)#enable s
Switch(config)#enable secret telecomj
Switch(config)#line v
Switch(config)#line vty 0 4
Switch(config-line)#exit
Switch(config-line)#exit
Switch(config)#
Switch(config)#ex
Switch (config) #exit
Switch#
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
Switch#wr
Switch#write
Building configuration...
[OK]
Switch#

******************************************************************************
*****************************************************************************
Ping program

Press RETURN to get started!

%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet0/0, changed state to

up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet0/1, changed state to
up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet0/2, changed state to
up

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Router>en
Router>enable
Password:
Router#ping 172.11.1.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 172.11.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 0/50/177 ms
Router#ping 172.10.1.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 172.10.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
.!!!!
Success rate is 80 percent (4/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 0/0/0 ms
Router#ping 172.10.1.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 172.10.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 0/0/0 ms
Router#ping 172.13.1.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 172.13.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
..!!!
Success rate is 60 percent (3/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 0/0/0 ms
Router#ping 172.13.1.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 172.13.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 0/25/120 ms
Router#

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******************************************************************************
******************************************************************************

Show running and Ip route

Press RETURN to get started!

%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet0/0, changed state to
up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet0/2, changed state to
up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet0/1, changed state to
up
Router>en
Router>enable
Router#show ip rop
Router#show ip rou
Router#show ip route
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
S 172.10.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.11.1.2
S 172.11.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.12.1.2
172.12.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C 172.12.0.0/16 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
L 172.12.1.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
172.13.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C 172.13.0.0/16 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1

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L 172.13.1.2/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1

S 172.14.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.13.1.1
S 172.15.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.13.1.1
S 172.17.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.15.1.2
S 172.18.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.14.1.2
[1/0] via 172.15.1.2
S 172.19.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.14.1.2
S 172.20.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.12.1.2
S 172.21.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.14.1.2
S 172.22.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.17.1.1
[1/0] via 172.21.1.1
S 172.23.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.22.1.2
S 172.25.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.31.1.2
S 172.26.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.23.1.2
S 172.29.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.23.1.2
172.30.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C 172.30.0.0/16 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/2
L 172.30.1.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/2
S 172.31.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.29.1.2
S 172.32.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.23.1.2
S 172.40.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.23.1.2
S 172.50.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.29.1.2
S 172.60.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.31.1.2
S 172.70.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.25.1.2
S 172.80.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.25.1.2
Router#show runnin
Router#show running-config
Building configuration...
Current configuration : 1733 bytes
!
version 15.1

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no service timestamps log datetime msec

no service timestamps debug datetime msec
no service password-encryption
!
hostname Router
ip cef
no ipv6 cef
license udi pid CISCO2911/K9 sn FTX1524HFO2-
spanning-tree mode pvst
interface GigabitEthernet0/0
ip address 172.12.1.1 255.255.0.0
duplex auto
speed auto
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
ip address 172.13.1.2 255.255.0.0
duplex auto
speed auto
interface GigabitEthernet0/2
ip address 172.30.1.1 255.255.0.0
duplex auto
speed auto
!
interface Vlan1
no ip address
shutdown
!
ip classless
ip route 172.20.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.12.1.2
ip route 172.14.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.13.1.1
ip route 172.15.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.13.1.1
ip route 172.18.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.14.1.2

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ip route 172.21.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.14.1.2

ip route 172.18.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.15.1.2
ip route 172.17.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.15.1.2
ip route 172.19.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.14.1.2
ip route 172.22.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.17.1.1
ip route 172.22.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.21.1.1
ip route 172.23.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.22.1.2
ip route 172.32.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.23.1.2
ip route 172.26.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.23.1.2
ip route 172.29.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.23.1.2
ip route 172.40.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.23.1.2
ip route 172.50.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.29.1.2
ip route 172.31.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.29.1.2
ip route 172.60.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.31.1.2
ip route 172.25.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.31.1.2
ip route 172.70.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.25.1.2
ip route 172.80.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.25.1.2
ip route 172.11.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.12.1.2
ip route 172.10.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.11.1.2
!
ip flow-export version 9
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
line con 0
!

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line aux 0
!
line vty 0 4
login
!
!
!

end
Router#show arp
Protocol Address Age (min) Hardware Addr Type Interface
Internet 172.12.1.1 - 0030.A38C.4A01 ARPA GigabitEthernet0/0
Internet 172.13.1.2 - 0030.A38C.4A02 ARPA GigabitEthernet0/1
Internet 172.30.1.1 - 0030.A38C.4A03 ARPA GigabitEthernet0/2

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References
[1] Fundamentals of transmission system basic technical manual transmission training section,
2013

[2] Kumar, Shiva, and M. Jamal Deen. Fiber optic communications: fundamentals and
applications. John Wiley & Sons, 2014.

[3] Nouchi, P., Dany, B., Campion, J. F., de Montmorillon, L. A., Sillard, P., & Bertaina, A.
(2003, November). Optical communication and fiber design. In Annales des
telecommunications (Vol. 58, No. 11, pp. 1586-1602). Springer-Verlag.

[4] MOHAMED, RASHA HASSAN SADEK. Design and Implementation of an Automatic Meter
Reading System for Electric Energy Consumption Using LonWorks Technology and GSM. Diss.
Alexandria University Alexandria, 2012.

[5] Singer, Andrew C., Naresh R. Shanbhag, and Hyeon-Min Bae. "Electronic dispersion
compensation." IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 25.6 (2008): 110-130.

[6] Agrawal, Govind P. Fiber-optic communication systems. Vol. 222. John Wiley & Sons, 2012.

[7] Marki, C. F. (2007). Design and optimization of bidirectional and optical logic systems in the
presence of noise. University of California, San Diego.

[8] Chaudhari, A. Optical filters in Wavelength Division Multiplexing..

[9] John, M. (1992). Senior, Optical Fiber Communications Principles and Practice. Number
TK5103, 59, S46.

[10] Shake, T. H., Hazzard, B., & Marquis, D. (1999, October). Assessing network infrastructure
vulnerabilities to physical layer attacks. In 22nd National Information Systems Security
Conference.

[11] Ethiopian Telecommunication Policy”, Ministry of Communication,[online] available on

http://www.nca.org.gh/downloads/ Ghana_ Telecom _Policy_2005.pdf, Accessed on 14th August
2016

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