Fundamental Constants and Conversion Factors

Avogadro's Number 6.022 x 1023 mol–1

Electron charge 1.6022 x 10–19 C
Electron mass 9.1095 x 10–31 kg
Proton mass 1.67252 x 10–27 kg
Neutron mass 1.67495 x 10–27 kg
Gas constant, R 0.08206 L·atm·K-1 mol–1 or 8.314 J·K-1 mol–1 or
8.314 L·kPa·K-1 mol-1 or 0.08314 L·bar·K-1 mol–1 or
8.314 (kg·m2/s2)·K·mol
1 L·atm = 101.325 J 1 cal = 4.184 J
Molar Volume (STP) 22.4 Litres
Boltzmann’s Constant, k 1.38065052 x 10–23 J K-1

Equations
Chapter 12. Solutions
ΔHsolution = ΔHsolute + ΔHsolvent + ΔHmixing
ΔHsolution = ΔHsolute + ΔHhydration
Solubility of solids increases with temperature
Solubility of gases decreases with temperature
Henry’s Law Sgas = kHPgas

CHMA11 Mid-term Test Winter 2020 1

Colligative properties:
Raoult’s law Psolution=XsolventP0solvent
Mole fraction Xa=na/ntotal

Freezing point depression ΔTf = im ∙ Kf

Boiling point elevation ΔTb = im ∙ Kb
Osmotic pressure Π = iMRT
van’t Hoff factor i = moles of particles in solution / moles of formula units dissolved

Chapter 14. Equilibrium

[𝐶]𝑐 [𝐷]𝑑
Equilibrium constant 𝐾𝑐 = [𝐴]𝑎[𝐵]𝑏
Concentration [C] = nC/V
Activity of solids and pure liquids = 1

Kp = Kc (RT)Δn

Q < K – reaction is to the left of equilibrium

Q > K – reaction is to the right of equilibrium

Chapter 15. Acids

[𝐻3𝑂+] [𝐴−]
𝐾𝑎 = [𝐻𝐴]
Kw=[H3O+][OH-]

Percent ionization = [H3O+]equilib / [HA]initial * 100%

Percent ionization of a weak acid decreases with increasing concentration of the acid.

pH scale pH = - log[H3O+]
pOH = 14 – pH

Chapter 16. Buffers

[𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒]
Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation pH = pKa + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑]
Solubility product constant Ksp=[cation+][anion-]

Other equations
Density d = m/V
Ideal gas law PV = nRT

CHMA11 Mid-term Test Winter 2020 2

CHMA11 Mid-term Test Winter 2020 3
 4
1 18
1 2
H He
1,00797 4,0026

Winter 2020
2 13 14 15 16 17
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
6,989 9,0122 10,811 12,01115 14,0067 15,9994 18,9984 20,183
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22,9898 24,312 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 26,9815 28,086 30,9738 32,064 35,453 39,948
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Se Br Kr
39,102 40,08 44,956 47,90 50,942 51,996 54,938 55,847 58,9332 58,71 63,546 65,37 69,72 72,59 74,922 78,96 79,909 83,8
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Sr Y Zr Nb Tc Ag In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Mid-term Test
85,47 87,62 88,905 91,22 92,906 95,94 (98) 101,07 102,905 106,4 107,87 112,40 114,82 118,69 121,75 127,60 126,9044 131,3
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Ba La Hf Ta W Re Ir Pt Au Tl Bi At Rn
132,905 137,34 138,91 178,49 180,948 183,85 186,2 190,2 192,2 195,09 196,967 200,59 204,37 207,19 208,98 (210) (210) (222)
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116 116
Fr Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt
(223) (226) (227) (260) (260) (263) (262) (265) (266) (269) (272) (277) (285) (289) (293)
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Ce Pr Nd Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140,12 140,907 144,24 (147) 150,35 151,96 157,25 158,924 162,5 164,93 167,26 168,934 173,04 174,97
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Th Pa U Np Pu Bk Cf Es Md No

CHMA11
232,038 (231) 238,03 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (249) (254) (253) (256) (254)