SHS

PRE- CALCULUS
Quarter 2 – Weeks 1-2
Module 10: Angles in a Unit Circle
A
Pre-Calculus – SHS
Quarter 2 – Module 10: Angles in a Unit Circle

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Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: JOMAR A. GERSALIA
Editors: LEO J. HUBILLA, MELANY D. PANGILINAN, GRAZIELLE C. TAN
CHAD LOWE V. VILLARROYA, NENITA D. BAGADIONG,
GRACE E. PURA, JOY P. FRAGO
Reviewers: MA. JECCA LATOZA-AZAS, JERRY G. FIRMANES, QA and Validation
Team
Illustrator: JOMAR A. GERSALIA
Layout Artist: CHAD LOWE V. VILLARROYA
 QUARTER 2
MODULE 10

I. Title of Material/Introduction: Angles in a Unit Circle

Angles are being used in several fields like engineering, medical imaging,
electronics, astronomy, geography and many more. In addition, surveyors, pilots,
landscapers, designers, soldiers, and people in many other professions heavily use
angles and trigonometry to accomplish a variety of practical tasks.
You already learned angles in junior high school. Now we shall expand the
definition of an angle to include those whose measures are greater than 360° or less
than 0°. Also, now we make a distinction between measures of angles formed by a
ray rotating in clockwise and couterclockwise directions. The basics of angle
measures together with arc length and sectors will also be discussed. In other words,
a more general idea of the angle together with the concept of rotation is provided in
this module which is necessary in understanding the functions related to the circle
which will be discussed in the succeding modules.

II. Competencies/ Objectives:

At the end of this module, you will be able to:
1. illustrate the unit circle and the relationship between the linear and angular
measures of arcs in a unit circle;
2. convert degree measure to radian measure, and vice versa; and
3. illustrate angles in standard position and coterminal angles.

III. Vocabulary List:

Angle - a figure formed by two rays, called the sides of the angle, sharing a common
endpoint, called the vertex of the angle
Angle in Standard Position – an angle drawn in the 𝑥𝑦-plane with its vertex at the
origin and its initial side coincides with positive 𝑥 −axis
Angular Measure – measure of the angle formed by two rays at a common vertex
Arc – a part of a circle
Arc length – the length of an arc which can be determined by using 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃, where
𝑟 is the radius of the circle, 𝜃 is the central angle in radian measure, and 𝑠 is the
length of an arc intercepted by a central angle.
Central angle - an angle formed by two rays whose vertex is the center of the circle
Coterminal angles – angles in standard position having the same terminal side.
Directed distance – the distance between two points either positive or negative
depending upon the direction of the line
Linear Measure – distance between the two given points or objects
Unit Circle - a circle whose radius is equal to one unit and whose center is at the
origin
Radian – the measure of a central angle of a circle whose rays subtend an arc on
the circle whose length is equal to the radius of the circle

3
 Revolution – the motion of the body about a center or about its axis that has a
degree measure of 360°.
Sector of a Circle – the portion of the interior of a circle bounded by the initial and
terminal sides of a central angle and its intercepted arc

IV. Pre – Test:

Directions: Find out how much you already know about this module. Write the letter
of the correct answer on your answer sheet. Take note of the items that you were not
able to answer correctly and find the right answer as you go through this module.
5𝜋
1. In which quadrant does the terminal side of lie?
6

A. Q1 B. QII C. QIII D. QIV

7𝜋
2. Convert to degree measure.
10

A. 18° B. 29° C. 58° D. 126°

3. What is the measure of the smallest positive angle coterminal with−223°?
A. 43° B. 47° C. 133° D. 137°
4. An arc of a circle measures 30°. If the radius of the circle is 5cm, what is the
length of the arc?
5𝜋 7𝜋
A. cm B. cm C. 30𝜋 cm D. 150 cm
6 6
𝜋
5. Find the radius of the circle in which a central angle of rad determines a sector
6

of area 64 m2.
A. 16 m B. 32 m C. 64 m D. 100 m

V. Learning Situation 1: ANGLES AND THEIR MEASURES

A. DEFINITIONS

An angle in Geometry is a union of two noncollinear

rays that have a common endpoint. The endpoint is the vertex
and each ray is the side of the angle. For the figure at the left,
point N is the vertex and the sides of the angle are ray NA (𝑁𝐴⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
and ray NG(𝑁𝐺 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ). An arc is used to emphasize the angle.

Now, we will view angle in a more general way with

concept of rotation which is necessary in the study of Trigonometry.
An angle is formed by two rays with a common endpoint. One side of the
angle rotates about a common endpoint and the other side remains stationary. The
stationary ray is the initial side of the angle, and the rotating ray is the terminal
side.
In the figure
shown, the initial side
of ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 is 𝑂𝐴, while its
terminal side is 𝑂𝐵.

4
 When the angle is drawn using the 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 or rectangular coordinate
system with its vertex at the origin and its initial side on the positive 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, the
angle is said to be angle in standard position. See figures below.

The angles 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 in the following figure are angles in standard position.

Notice that rotation of the angle is emphasized. Since rotation may either be
clockwise or counterclockwise, an arrow is used to indicate its direction. An angle is
said to be positive if the ray rotates in a counterclockwise direction, and the angle is
negative if it rotates in a clockwise direction.

The location of the angle is determined by its terminal side. If the terminal
side of an angle in standard position lies in a given quadrant, then the angle is said to
lie in that quadrant (see figures below).

If the terminal side of an angle in standard position coincides with a

coordinate axis, then the angle is called a quadrantal angle (see figures below).

5
B. DEGREES AND RADIANS
The study of circular functions necessitates an understanding of the
relationship between degrees and radians together with their corresponding
conversions.

Angles are measured to determine the amount of rotation

from the initial side to the terminal side. One way to measure Historical Note

angles is in degrees (°). If you rotate the terminal side exactly once This idea of dividing the
in the counterclockwise direction until it coincides with the initial whole circle into 360
parts came from the
side forms one complete revolution. Revolution is the motion of a Babylonians who
body about a center or about its axis that has a degree measure of believed that the
1 seasons repeated
360°. One degree or 1° is revolution. If the terminal side is every 360 days.
360°
not moved from the initial side, the angle measure is zero.

Study the following examples applying the concepts discussed above.

Example 1. Illustrate the following angles in standard position.
a. 45° b. 135° c. −225° d. 405°

Solution:

a. A 45° angle is half of a right b. A 135° angle is a positive angle. It has a

angle. The angle lies in counterclockwise rotation of 90° followed by
Quadrant I. a counterclockwise rotation of 45° . The
angle lies in Quadrant II.

6
 c. A −225° angle is a negative d. A 405° angle is a positive angle.
angle. It has a clockwise direction It has a clockwise rotation of
of 180° followed by a clockwise 360°, one complete rotation, followed
rotation of 45°. The angle lies in by a counterclockwise rotation of
quadrant II. 45°. The angle lies in quadrant I.

For more accurate measurements, an angle measure maybe written in

decimal degree (DD) form or in the degree-minute-second (DMS) form. That is, each
degree is divided into 60 minutes and each minute is divided into 60 seconds. The
notation used for minutes and seconds are (′)𝑎𝑛𝑑 ("), respectively. In symbols,
1° = 60′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1′ = 60".
In the degree-minute-second form, the notation 𝑑° 𝑚′ 𝑠" indicates a measure
of 𝑑° + 𝑚′ + 𝑠".
Study the following examples.
1. Write in decimal degree (DD) form.
a. 12° 15′ 42" b. 10° 30′ 18"
Solution:

1° 1′ 1° b. 10° 30′ 18”

a. 12° +15′ ∙ + 42" ∙ ∙ 18 ′
60′ 60" 60′ = 10° (30 + )
= 12° + 0.25 + 0.012 60
= 12.262° = 10°30.3′
30.3 °
= (10 + )
60
= 10.505°
2. Change to degree-minute-second
(DMS) form.
a. 301.315° b. 79.251°

Solution:

a. 301.315° = 301 + 0.315° b. 79.251° = 79°(0.251 𝑥 60)′

60′ = 79°15.06′
= 301 + 0.315° ∙
1° = 79°15′(0.06 𝑥 60)"
= 301° + 18.9′
60" = 79° 15′ 3.6"
= 301° + 18′ + 0.9′ ∙ ′
1
= 301° + 18′ + 54"
= 301° 18′ 54"

Angle measurements in astronomy, architecture, navigation and design of

mechanical equipment are often expressed in degrees. However, in scientific
applications that require calculus, angles are expressed in radians. The radian
measure is a more convenient and natural way to measure angles because it uses

7
the set of real numbers (decimal numbers) rather than sexagesimal (base 60) system
of degrees.
One radian is the measure of a central angle of a circle
whose rays subtend an arc on the circle whose length is equal
Historical Note
to the radius of the circle. The word “radian”
was first used in
print by the
physicist James T.
Thomson in 1873. It
is an abbreviation of
the phrase “radial
angle” because its
measure is
obtained from a
radius along the
circumference of
the circle.

Radians do not depend on the size of the circle. Regardless of the choice for
radius, as long as it is equal to the angle’s intercepted arc, the central angle is the
same: 1 radian.
To illustrate the relationship between linear and angular measures of arcs, let
us use a unit circle.
A unit circle is the circle with center at the origin and radius one unit as
shown.

Also, on the unit circle, the length of the arc 𝑠 is equivalent to the radian
measure of the central angle 𝜃. That is, 𝑠 = 𝜃.
A central angle of the unit circle that intercepts an arc of the circle with length
1 unit is said to have a measure of one radian.

Remember that the circumference of a circle is given by 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟. Hence, the

circumference of a unit circle is 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 = 2𝜋(1) = 2𝜋. From here we can deduce
that the radian measure of the central angle subtended by the circumference is
𝜃 = 2𝜋. Also, the degree measure of the central angle subtended by the
circumference is 360°. Therefore,

8
 2𝜋 = 360° or equivalently,
𝜋 = 180°
𝜋 ≈ 3.14

If 𝜋 radian (180°)is divided by 𝜋,

𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 180°
=
𝜋 𝜋
180°
1 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 =
𝜋

If 𝜋 radian (180°)is divided by 180°,

𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 180°
=
180° 180°
𝜋
1° = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
180°
Therefore, using the above relationship we can convert one angle measure to
another following the steps inside the box.
Converting degree to radian, and vice versa
𝜋
1. To convert a degree measure to radian, multiply it by .
180
180
2. To convert a radian measure to degree, multiply it by .
𝜋

Example 1: Convert 600 to radian measure.

𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑
Solution: 600 = (600 ) ( )
1800
𝜋
= 𝑟𝑎𝑑
3

Example 2: Convert −1350 to radian measure.

𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑
Solution: −1350 = (−135) ( )
180
3𝜋
= − 𝑟𝑎𝑑
4

≈ −2.36 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜋 −𝜋
Example 3: Convert radian to degree Example 4: Convert radian to
4 9
measure. degree measure.
Solution: Solution:
𝜋 𝜋 1800 −𝜋 𝜋 1800
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = ( 𝑟𝑎𝑑 ) ( ) 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = (− 𝑟𝑎𝑑 ) ( )
4 4 𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑 9 9 𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑
= −200
180 0
=( ) = 450
4

C. COTERMINAL ANGLES

Two angles are said to be

coterminal if they are in standard
position and have the same terminal
side as shown in the figures below.

A 1200 angle is coterminal with

a 4800
angle because both angles
have their initial sides at the positive x

9
– axis and terminate at the same terminal side.
Two angles are coterminal if and only if their degree measures differ by
360𝑘, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 ∈ ℤ.
Similarly, two angles are coterminal if and only if their radian measures
differ by 2𝜋𝑘, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 ∈ ℤ.

Example 1: Give four other angles coterminal with given angles:

A. 𝜃 = 300
Solution: Any angle coterminal with 300 can be written in the form
300 + 3600 𝑘, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 is an integer.
𝐼𝑓 𝑘 = 1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 300 + 3600 (1) = 3900 .
𝐼𝑓 𝑘 = 2, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 30° + 360°(2) = 750°.
𝐼𝑓 𝑘 = −1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 30° + 360°(−1) = −330°.
𝐼𝑓 𝑘 = −2, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 30° + 360°(−2) = −690°.

Therefore, 390°, 750°, −330°, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 690° are angles coterminal with 30°.
B. 𝜃 = −225°
Any angle coterminal with −225° can be written in the form −225° +
360°𝑘, where 𝑘 is an integer.
𝐼𝑓 𝑘 = 1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 − 225° + 360°91) = 135°.
𝐼𝑓 𝑘 = 2, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 − 225 + 360°(2) = 495°
𝐼𝑓 𝑘 = −1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 − 225° + 360°(−1) = −585°.
𝐼𝑓 𝑘 = −2, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 − 225° + 360°(−2) = −945°.
Therefore, 135°, 495°, −585°, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 945° are angles coterminal with −225°.
Example 2. Find the angle coterminal with −380° that has measure
a. between 0° and 360°; and
b. between −360° and 0°.

Solution: A negative angle moves in a clockwise direction, and the angle

−380° lies in Quadrant 𝐼𝑉.
a. −380 + 2 ∙ 360° = 340°
b. −380° + 360° = −20°

Learning Situation 2: ARC LENGTH AND AREA OF A SECTOR

The radian measure of a central angle of a circle can be used to easily find
the length of the intercepted arc of the circle.

10
 A central angle 𝜃 in a circle of radius 𝑟
intercepts an arc whose length 𝑠 is a fraction of the
circumference of the circle. Since, a complete
𝜃
revolution is 2𝜋 radians, that fraction is . Since the
2𝜋
circumference is 2𝜋𝑟, we get
𝜃
𝑠= ∙ 2𝜋𝑟 = 𝑟𝜃.
2𝜋

In a circle of radius 𝑟, the length 𝑠 of an arc intercepted by a central angle with measure 𝜃
radians is given by

𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃

Note that when 𝜃 is negative, then the formula 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃 gives a negative

number for the length of the arc. So, 𝑠 is a “directed distance”. Note also that the
formula 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃 applies only if 𝜃 is in radians. If the given central angle is in degrees, it
must first be converted to radians.
Example 1. Find the length of an arc of a circle with radius 10 m that subtends a
central angle of 300 .
Solution: Since the given central angle is in degrees, we have to convert it into
radian measure. Then apply the formula for an arc length.
𝜋 𝜋
30 ( ) = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
180 6
𝜋 5𝜋
𝑠 = 10 ( ) = 𝑚
6 3
Example 2. The length of an arc of a circle is 50 𝑐𝑚 and is subtended by a central
angle of 2.5 radians. Find the radius of the circle.
Solution: By substitution, we have
𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃
50𝑐𝑚 = 𝑟(2.5)
20𝑐𝑚 = 𝑟.
Thus, the radius of the circle is 20 cm.
A sector of a circle is the portion of the interior of a circle bounded by the
initial and terminal sides of a central angle and its intercepted arc.
Let 𝐴 be the area of the sector having the central angle with measure 𝜃 (in
radians). Then 𝐴 is just a fraction of the area of the circle. Therefore, if a central
𝜃
angle of a sector has measure 𝜃 radians, then the sector makes up the fraction of
2𝜋
a complete circle. See figure below. Since the area of a complete circle with radius 𝑟
is 𝜋𝑟 2 , we obtain this formula:

𝜃 1
Area of a sector (𝐴) = (𝜋𝑟 2 ) = 𝜃𝑟 2 .
2𝜋 2

In a circle of radius 𝑟, the area 𝐴 of a sector with a central angle measuring 𝜃 radians is
1
𝐴 = 𝑟 2 𝜃.
2
11
 Example 3. Find the area of a sector of a circle with central angle 600 if
the radius of the circle is 3 m.
Solution: First, we have to convert 60° into radians. Then apply the
formula for computing the area of a sector.
𝜋 𝜋
60 ( ) = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
180 3
1 𝜋 3𝜋 2
𝐴 = (32 ) = 𝑚
2 3 2
Example 4. A sprinkler on a golf course fairway is set to spray water over
a distance of 70 feet and rotates through an angle of 120°.
Find the area of the fairway watered by the sprinkler.
𝜋 2𝜋
Solution: 120 ( ) = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
180 3
1 2𝜋 4900𝜋
𝐴= (702 ) = ≈ 5131 𝑓𝑡 2
2 3 3
VI. Practice Exercises
Practice Task 1
A. In a rectangular coordinate plane, illustrate the following angles in standard
position showing the initial and terminal sides.
1. 450° 2. −120° 3. 135° 4. −685°
B. Convert the following degree measures to radian measures.
1. 180° 2. 150° 3. 225° 4. −60°
C. Convert the following radian measures to degree measures.
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
1. 𝑟𝑎𝑑 2. 𝑟𝑎𝑑 3. 3𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 4. − 𝑟𝑎𝑑
4 9 2

D. Find the angle between 0° and 360° (if in degrees) or between 0 rad and 2𝜋 rad
(if in radians) that is coterminal with the given angle.
13𝜋 𝜋
1. 736° 2. −89° 3. 𝑟𝑎𝑑 4. − 𝑟𝑎𝑑
2 6
E. Find four coterminal angles for each of the following angles.
1. 55° 2. 519° 3. −25°

Practice Task 2
Solve the following problems.
1. In a circle of radius 7 feet, find the length of the arc that subtends a central angle
of 5 radians.
2. A central angle 𝜃 in a circle of radius 20 m is subtended by an arc of length 15𝜋
m. Find the measure of 𝜃 in degrees.
3. Find the area of a sector of a circle with central angle that measures 75° if the
radius of the circle is 6 m.

12
VII. Post Test:

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. In which quadrant does the terminal side of −55° lie?

A. Q1 B. QII C. QIII D. QIV
2. What is 105° in radian measure?
12𝜋 7𝜋 24𝜋 7𝜋
A. rad B. rad C. rad D. rad
7 12 7 24

3. Find the angle between 0° and 360° that is coterminal with 685°.
A. −35° B. 35° C. 325° D. 350°
4. Find the length of an arc of a circle with radius 21 m that subtends a central angle
of 15°.
7𝜋 7𝜋 𝜋
A. 315 m B. m C. m D. m
5 4 3

5. Given a circle of radius 3 in, find the measure (in radians) of the central angle of a
sector of area 16 in2.
32 144
A. 9 rad B. 48 rad C. 144 rad D. 7 rad

VIII. Assignment
Directions: Solve each problem below.

1. As shown below, find the radius of the pulley if a rotation of 51.6° raises the
weight by 11.4 cm.

2. How many inches will the weight rise if the pulley whose radius is 9.27 inches is
rotated through an angle of71°50′?
IX. References
Bernabe, Julieta G., et.al. Advanced Algebra, Trigonometry and Statistics, Vibal Publishing House Inc.,
Quezon City, Philippines, 2005.

Bernabe, Julieta G., et.al. Advanced Algebra, Trigonometry and Statistics, (Revised Edition), SD
Publications Inc., Quezon City, Philippines, 2009.

Department of Education (Bureau of Learning Resources) Pre – Calculus

Learner’s Material. Lexicon Press Inc., Philippines, 2016.

Department of Education (Bureau of Learning Resources) Pre – Calculus

Teacher’s Guide. Lexicon Press Inc., Philippines, 2016.

13
Marasigan, Jose A., et.al., Advanced Algebra with Trigonometry and Statistics, The
Bookmark, Inc., Makati City, Philippines, 2004.

Orense, Orlando A., et.al. e-math Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry, (Revised
Edition), Rex Bookstore, Manila, Philippines, 2010.

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Answer Key
Pre-Test
1. A 2. D 3. D 4. A 5. A

Practice Task 1
A.
1. 450° 2. 3. 4.
−685°
450° 135°

−120°

B.
5𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋
1. 𝜋 rad 2. rad 3. rad 4. − rad
6 4 3

C.

1. 45° 2. 20° 3. 540° 4. −270°

D.
𝜋 11𝜋
1. 16° 2. 271° 3. rad 4. rad
2 6

E. Answers may vary

Practice Task 2
15𝜋
1. 35 feet 2. 135° 3. m2
2

Post-Test
1. D 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. A

14