DESIGN BASIS REPORT

PROJECT: CONSTRUCTION OF BALANCE WORK AND VALUE ADDITION WORKS OF FOUR LANING
OF PART OF RAMBAN TO BANIHAL SECTION OF NH-1A (NOW NH-44), FROM KM 151.000 TO KM
187.000 ON ENGINEERING PROCUREMENT & CONSTRUCTION (EPC) MODE IN THE UNION
TERRITORY OF JAMMU & KASHMIR UNDER NHDP PHASE - II

REPORT NO.: GCPL/CS/514-DRAIPL/SS-01 13th December, 2021

REPORT ISSUE STATUS

Issue Date Description Prepared Checked Approved

<01> 13/12/2021 First Submission ACK PJN ADG

Submitted to:
DR AGRAWAL INFRACON Pvt. Ltd.

Prepared by:
GENSTRU CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.,
B-415, Ganga Osian Square,
Survey No. 249/ 250, Mankar Chowk,
Wakad, Pune 411 057
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................4

SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE WORK ...........................................................................................4

AVAILABLE DATA ..............................................................................................................................5

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS................................................................................................................5

Geological parameters .............................................................................................................5

Geotechnical parameters .........................................................................................................6

Seismic considerations .............................................................................................................6

Water table considerations ......................................................................................................6

Loading .....................................................................................................................................6

Codal provisions for factor of safeties......................................................................................7

Slope stability analysis ........................................................................................................7

Retaining structures ...........................................................................................................7

STANDARDS AND REFRENCES ..........................................................................................................8

DESIGN METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................9

Kinematic analysis ....................................................................................................................9

Global stability analysis ............................................................................................................9

Design approach .....................................................................................................................10

Design of mesh and anchors (Drapery system) ......................................................................11

Design of retaining wall ..........................................................................................................13

Design of revetment wall/breast wall ....................................................................................13

Design of catch water drains ..................................................................................................13

CLOSING STATEMENT .....................................................................................................................14

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Location map ............................................................................................................................ 4
Figure 2: Design Snow load (Source: https://www.drdo.gov.in/ground-snow-load-map-himalaya) ..... 7
Figure 3: Forces acting on mesh ............................................................................................................ 12

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Recommended factor of safety ................................................................................................. 7
Table 2: Recommended factor of safety values for gabion wall ............................................................. 8
Table 3: Summary of design approach .................................................................................................. 10

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 INTRODUCTION
Four laning of Ramban to Banihal Section of NH-1A (Now NH-44), from Km 151+000 to Km. 187+000
is under implementation through an ongoing EPC Contract in the Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir.
D. R. AGRAWAL INFRACON Pvt. Ltd.(DRAIPL) has appointed Genstru Consulatants Pvt. Ltd.(Genstru)
for providing detailed design consultancy to assess the adequacy of the proposed special slope
protection for hill Side slope along NH 44 and suggesting additional measures (if required) for “Value
Addition Works” along with its approval for the Project - “Construction of Balance work and Value
Addition Works of Four Laning of part of Ramban to Banihal Section of NH-1A (Now NH-44), From Km
151.000 to Km 187.000 on Engineering Procurement & Construction (EPC) Mode in the Union Territory
of Jammu & Kashmir under NHDP Phase – II. Location of the study area is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Location map

This report presents the design basis of slope stabilization measures for the critical locations identified
along North and South Bound of the highway.

SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE WORK

The scope of work comprises of:
a) Reviewing all the data as provided by the client and requesting any additional information if
required for providing the consultancy services.
b) Initial site visit by Geotechnical Engineer/ Geologist to assess the site conditions, nature of
slopes and gauge the requirement of survey and investigations as required.
c) Propose additional survey and geotechnical investigation as required after site visit.
d) Prepare design basis report for slope stabilization/ landslide mitigation measures for the
project.

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 e) Assess the adequacy of the proposed Protection works considering survey and investigation
data.
f) Propose additional/ alternative measures, as required in addition to Hill Side Slope Protection
Works as specified in the tender.
g) Carrying out value engineering with best possible options and identification of the optimum
alternate Hill Side Slope Protection Measures.
h) Preliminary Design and Drawings of Hill Side Slope Protection Measures.
i) Detailed Design and Drawings of Hill Side Slope Protection Measures with method statements
for specific items, BOQ, detailed work methodology and QAP.
j) Providing technical support for getting the design and drawings approved from IE/ NHAI or
other relevant department.
k) Providing construction time technical support to address site specific issues.
l) Preparation and submission of As - built drawings.
m) Incorporating minor changes in design during construction stage.

AVAILABLE DATA
Following data are received from client:
Critical Locations
List of critical location along North and South bound of the road is made available by the client.
South bound of the road: Locations between Ch.150+056 to 181+830km, total 8.649km
North bound of the road: Locations between Ch.150+800 to 177+630km, total 2km
Height of cut slope, priority of the chainages for the design and tentative solution options are also
received from the client. Design shall be submitted on priority basis.
Combined Geology and Geotechnical Report (km. 151.000 to 187.000) Document No.
47501600/GT REP/COMBINED Dated 27/12/2017.
Report comprises of geological observations and geotechnical investigation results from the previous
investigation conducted on 2017 for the stretch between 151+000 and 187+000 Km is received from
the client.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Geological parameters
Geological mapping shall be done to obtain all the geological parameters required to carry out the
design. Utmost care shall be taken in recording geological features from outcrops and exposed surfaces
especially cut slope faces, during geological mapping exercise. The geological mapping shall be done
through visual observations and using simple instruments like compass, hand GPS and measurement
tapes. All the site observations shall be recorded in our standard formats which include, beyond

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general project description, the topographic features, geological observations, drainage condition,
water bodies, vegetation details, lithology of rock mass with joints and bedding, weathering condition
etc. Specific observations and a hand sketch shall also be included, as necessary, in the site observation
sheet. Most significant factors which trigger instability shall be identified. The geological details shall
be presented in the form of a geological map and cross sections at critical locations.

Geotechnical parameters
The likely subsurface profile of the site shall be arrived from visual observations and with reference to
previous Geotechnical Investigation reports.
For rock strata, Rock Mass Rating (RMR) shall be evaluated based on the geological mapping and field
study. The shear strength parameters of rock mass are then calculated based on Hoek-Brown criterion
on the basis of RMR value and Geological strength index (GSI) value in RocLab software. Equivalent
Mohr-Coulomb parameters, cohesion and friction angle of rock mass is obtained by fitting a line to the
curve generated by Hoek-Brown criterion (Hoek et al.2002). RMR is evaluated based on four intrinsic
properties of rock mass such as unconfined compressive strength, the RQD, spacing of discontinuities,
their state, and hydraulic condition. In addition to this, discontinuity conditions such as length,
separation, roughness, infilling and weathering condition are also used to evaluate RMR.
Seismic considerations
As per IS 1893 part-1 (2016), Banihal falls under seismic zone IV. Seismic coefficients for Zone IV as per
the approach given in IITK-GSDMA Guidelines for Seismic Design of Earth Dams and Embankments are
given below:
Horizontal seismic coefficient: 0.12
Vertical seismic coefficient: 0.08
Importance factor is considered as 1.5 for calculation of seismic coefficients.
Water table considerations
If water table is encountered in any of the locations during survey and investigation, phreatic surface
shall be considered for the analysis and design. If Water table is not witnessed and seepage /possibility
of seepage is observed at site, water table in the form of pore pressure coefficient (0.1) is considered
for analysis wherever applicable.
Loading
If any valley side slope stabilization in the form of retaining wall is required as per the site conditions,
dead load of the pavement, and live load due to vehicular loading equal to 22kN/Sq.m as per IRC 6
shall be considered for the design.

A snow load of 2kPa shall be used for design wherever required as per DRDO
guidelines(https://www.drdo.gov.in/ground-snow-load-map-himalaya).

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 Figure 2: Design Snow load (Source: https://www.drdo.gov.in/ground-snow-load-map-himalaya)
Codal provisions for factor of safeties

Slope stability analysis

The recommended factor of safety in static condition is 1.30 (IRC HRB SP – 15). As per the report ‘IITK-
GSDMA Guidelines for Seismic Design of Earth Dams and Embankments Provisions with Commentary
and Explanatory Examples (August 2005; Revised May 2007), a limit equilibrium factor of safety of 1.0
shall be considered acceptable in the equivalent-static seismic slope stability assessment.

Retaining structures
If stabilization in the form of gravity retaining wall such as RCC retaining wall and stone masonry
retaining wall is required, the recommended factor of safeties as per IS 14458-Part 1 are listed below:
Table 1: Recommended factor of safety

FoS (Static) FoS (Seismic)

Condition
Recommended Recommended
Global Stability 1.30 1.00
Sliding 1.50 1.00
Overturning 2.00 1.50
SBC 2.50 1.875

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The recommended factor safety values for gabion retaining wall as per IRC SP 116 are summarized in
Table 2.
Table 2: Recommended factor of safety values for gabion wall

Condition Static Seismic

Global Stability 1.30 1.00

Sliding 1.50 1.125
Overturning 2.00 1.50
SBC 2.50 1.875

STANDARDS AND REFRENCES

Following codes, guidelines other publications shall be used for the design.
CODES AND GUIDELINES
• IITK-GSDMA Guidelines for Seismic Design of Earth Dams and Embankments Provisions with
Commentary and Explanatory Examples (August 2005; Revised May 2007)
• IRC 6 (2016), Standard specification and code of practice for road bridges, section II, Load and load
combinations.
• IS: 1893, “Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures”, Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi.
• IS 14458: Part 1: Guidelines for Retaining Wall for hilly area, Part 1: Selection of Type of Walls.
• IS 14458: Part 2: Guidelines for Retaining Wall for hilly area, Part 2: Design of retaining/breast
walls.
• IS 14458: Part 3: Guidelines for Retaining Wall for hilly area, Part 3: Construction of Dry-stone
walls.
• IRC HRB SR15 (1995), “Landslide correction techniques”, IRC Highway Research Board, New Delhi.
• IRC SP 42(2014), Guidelines of road drainage.
• IRC SP 48: Hill Road manual
• IRC SR 23(2014), “State of art: Design and construction of rock fall mitigation systems”, IRC
Highway Research Board, New Delhi
• IRC SP 116: Guidelines for design and installation of gabion structures

BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS

• Hoek, E., Carranza-Torres, C. and Corkum, B. (2002), Hoek-Brown criterion-2002 edition,
Proceedings of the NARMS-TAC Conference, 10 July 2002, Toronto, Canada 1, 267-273. University
of Toronto Press

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• Ceballos,F.,Olalla,C.,Jimerez, R. (2014), Relationship between RMR and GSI based on in situ data,
Proceedings of EUROCK Vigo, ISRM European rock mechanics symposium. Vigo, Madrid.
• Duncan, C. W., and Christopher, W. M, (2003), “Rock Slope Engineering”, 4th Edition, Spon Press,
New York.
• Alberto, G., and Giorgio, G., (2014), “Proceedings of World Landslide Forum 3, 2-6 June 2014,
Beijing “.
• Zhang, L., “Engineering properties of rocks”, Volume 4, Elsevier.

DESIGN METHODOLOGY
Based on field observations, geological and geotechnical observations and structural parameters,
potential causes or sources for instability shall be evaluated. Choice of methods of analyses and
selection of software required to run the required stability analysis will be based on this evaluation. If
the envisioned cross-section of a slope is evaluated as stable after performing the structural stability
calculations, the same is reported. However, if the slope is evaluated as unstable, then the reasons
shall be analyzed and appropriate corrective/ stabilizing measures shall be proposed.

Kinematic analysis
Various types of failures are possible in cut slope with rocky formation including, planner, wedge,
toppling depending on the orientation of joints, dip angle and, orientation and dip angle of cut slope.
Hence, before proceeding into the strength-based analysis, it is necessary to identify the potential for
discontinuity-based failure of rock slopes by carrying out the kinematic analysis. Stereonet plot of the
critical locations will be drawn to analyze possibility of such failures from geometric perspective. Once,
the type of failure is identified from geometric perspective, there is a need to analyze possibility of
failure and strengthening measures from numerical analysis.
Global stability analysis
The global stability analysis (overall stability) of the slope shall be carried out using software – ‘Slide’
of Rocscience Inc., USA. Slide is comprehensive slope stability analysis software, complete with
groundwater seepage analysis, rapid drawdown, sensitivity and probabilistic analysis and support
design. The global stability analysis shall be carried out by Limit equilibrium method (Bishop Simplified
Method) using slide software. The method considers circular slip surfaces for stability analysis. The
mass of soil above the slip surface is divided into vertical slices. The requirements of equilibrium are
applied to the slices. The factor of safety is defined as the ratio of actual shear strength(s) possessed
by the soil on trial surface to that required to maintain limiting equilibrium. The materials are modeled
using Mohr-Coulomb parameters.

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For soil/completely weathered rock, global stability shall be carried out by using Slide software to
evaluate the overall stability of the slope. If the slope is unsafe, design of mitigation measures shall
also be carried out in Slide software.
Design approach
After identification of critical locations and failure mechanism from the analysis, design approaches
are as under:
• Design of mitigation measures for globally unsafe soil/rock slopes.
• Anchoring large blocks
• Consolidation of small blocks which are vulnerable to detachment
• Revetment of surface with mesh
Summary of design approach is presented in Table 3.
Table 3: Summary of design approach
Issue Solution Calculation approach Software
Soil/Completely weathered rock slopes
• Slide Software, Rocscience.
To evaluate the stability of
Globally unstable Bolting and • Limit equilibrium
existing slope and to design
slopes netting method
required mitigation
measures.
Rock slopes
• Dips, Roc Plane, SWedge, Roc
• Kinematic analysis Topple of Rocscience.
Consolidation of Localized bolting • Limit equilibrium • Spread sheet based on design
large blocks and netting method as per IRC SR-23 and Alberto
Grimod et al.2014

• Kinematic
• Dips, Roc Plane, SWedge, Roc
Consolidation of analysis
Systemic Rock Topple of Rocscience.
small unstable • Limit
bolting and • Spread sheet based on design
blocks of surficial equilibrium
netting as per IRC SR-23 and Alberto
instability method
Grimod et al.2014

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 Design of mesh and anchors (Drapery system)
Rock bolts shall be provided to consolidate the large and small isolated rock blocks which are
vulnerable to detachment. Any loose rock mass sliding down toward the toe shall be contained
between the anchors. Fractured rock blocks between rock bolts can get dislodged over a period of
time. Drapery system along with anchors shall be installed for surficial strengthening of rock slopes in
such cases. All the debris shall be collected at the bottom of the slope.
Limit equilibrium analysis is carried out to evaluate no of rock bolts of desired strength giving due
consideration to unstable mass thickness and other geomechanical characteristics of rock slope. Basic
consideration for the analysis is that the large blocks is in the condition of limit equilibrium, with safety
factor equal to 1.0.
Design considerations
The in-situ material parameters which shall be considered in the design are as follows
• Slope inclination-Slope angle shall be measured from 3D model /Contour drawings
• Intact rock unit weight –From Geotechnical Investigation
• Inclination of sliding joint-Inclination of joints may vary within the same stretches. It will be
not practical to design and install mesh and anchor for each of these. Therefore, most critical
angle produce maximum punching force shall be used for the design conservatively.
• Friction angle of joint: typical value of joint friction angle for the type of rock observed at site
shall be used.
• JCS (Joint wall compressive strength. -This value is equal to 1/3 of UCS (Uniaxial compressive
strength) of rock mass (Alberto Grimod et al.2014).
• JRC (Joint roughness coefficient)-This value measures the asperity profile’s length and
amplitude, considered based on geological mapping (Alberto Grimod et al.2014).
• Size of unstable blocks: Thickness of unstable mass is measured from Site/3D model; Depth
of unstable mass may vary within the same stretches. It will be not practical to design and
install mesh and anchor for each of these. Therefore, most critical unstable mass depth is used
for the design.
Nail length calculation
The minimum theoretical length of nail is derived by
Lt =LS + Li + LP
Where:

LS = Length in the stable part of mass = P/ (πɸdrill τlim /ϒgt)

Li = Length in weathered mass = S /cos Ɛ ϒdw

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Lp = Length of hole with plasticity phenomena in firm part of rock mass.

With,
P = Pull out force

ɸdrill = Diameter of drill hole

τlim = Bond strength between grout and rock

ϒgt = Partial safety factor for adhesion between grout and rock

S =Thickness of instability
Ɛ =Angle between bar inclination and normal to the plane
Sacrificial thickness of 2.4mm of has been calculated by considering corrosion rate of 12m/year/side
for 100 years. This shall be incorporated in the design.
The mesh has to be able to contain the potential unstable blocks between that could fall between nails.
These failures are supposed to slide along most critical joint set. Mesh has also to be designed to
contain its deformation (bulging) and consequently reduce the possibility to have stripping of the
anchors. The most suitable mesh for a drapery system should have higher tensile strength and
membrane stiffness in order to have a facing that can contain deformations due to maximum punching
force.

Figure 3: Forces acting on mesh

Some rock blocks could slide among anchors on a planeand push on mesh facing. The maximum block
size pushing per horizonatal linear meter of facing depends on the thickness”s and vertical spacing and
horizonatl spacing between bolts.
F-force developed by the blocks sliding between the nails on a plane inclined at .
T-Force acting on the facing plane, which rises when the sliding blocks push on the facing. The force
can develop beacause there is large friction between mesh and blocks, and a pocket is formed. The
facing, which is considered to be nailed on upper part only, reacts to T with the tensile resistance of
the mesh.

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M-the punch force develeoped by the blocks perpendicular to the facing plane.
At the ultimate limit state, the mesh is verified if the following condition is satisfied.
Tadm − T ≥ 0
Where, Tadm =Admissible tensile strength of the mesh. T is the maximum tensile strength developed
by unstable block against mesh.
Note: Depth of unstable mass and inclination of joints may vary within the same stretches. It will be
not practical to design and install mesh and anchor for each of these. Therefore, most critical unstable
mass depth and most critical angle produce maximum punching force are used for the design.
Design of retaining wall
The design involves checks for overturning, sliding, bearing and global stability. Stability analysis for
overturning and sliding is performed using Coulomb’s theory. The overall stability check (also called
global stability or basic stability) is carried out by using the limit equilibrium method In Slide software.
For Gabion walls, in conducting stability analysis of the entire retaining structure, or part of it, is
considered as a monolithic wall consisting of blocks, which form the retaining structure, itself. The
stability check of the structure as a retaining wall consists of the three classical stability analysis
conducted on retaining walls: check against overturning, check against sliding and check against the
foundation bearing capacity.
Design of revetment wall/breast wall
Design of revetement wall/breast wall shall be carried out as per the guidelines provided in IRC SP 48
and IS 14458.
Design of catch water drains
Design of Catchwater drains shall be carried out as per the guidelines provided in IRC SP 42.
Rational Method as per IRC - SP: 42 is used to calculate the discharge through the Nallah,
Q = 0.028 x P x I x A
Where,
Q- Max. run off in cum/sec,
P- Percentage coefficient of runoff for the catchment characteristics.
I-Critical Intensity of rainfall in cm/hr.
A- Catchment area in hectares.
Manning’s formula is used to calculate flow capacity channel sections
Q = (1/n) x A x R (2/3) x S (1/2)
Where,
Q- Flow capacity in cum/sec,
n- Manning’s coefficient.

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R-Hydraulic radius
S- Channel slope
A-flow area

CLOSING STATEMENT
This design basis report presents the design principle and parameters to be considered for design of
slope stabilization measures, based on the available inputs and Codal provisions. The geological and
geotechnical parameters for the analysis and design, shall be confirmed by conducting detailed survey
and Investigation.

For, Genstru Consultants Pvt. Ltd,

Prashant Navalakha
(Principal Consultant)

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