Kurdistan Region

University of Salahaddin-Erbil
College of Engineering

Civil Engineering Department

PILED RAFT FOUNDATION

A Project Submitted to the Civil Engineering Department
University of Salahaddin-Erbil
In the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of
Science
In Civil Engineering

Prepared By:

Shara Hiwa Zahir.

Sara Yousif Othman.
Sara Sdiq Asaad.

Supervisor:

Assist. Prof. Dr. Yousif Ismael Mawlood

2021-2022
 Abstract:
Our project contains the design of a type of foundation which it is
suitable for tall buildings of more than 10 floors,so we needed to use two
software programs for analysing and designing both mat and piles.

First,we started to design a single pile by FOUNDATION PRO

program,then analyze it and relied on the analysis of this program to the
second program.

Then for the design of mat foundation we used SAFE 2012 program,then
putting piles that we designed as a spring loads under the mat in order to to
decrease the soil pressure and also to be more economical after that check
for all the : deformations,punching shear point loads and soil pressures.

When all of these have been checked then the model will be done.

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 Contents

Abstract:........................................................................................................1

Chapter one.................................................................................................5

Introduction...................................................................................................5

Types of foundation......................................................................................7

Types of shallow foundation.........................................................................8

Types of Deep Foundation............................................................................9

Piled raft foundation...................................................................................10

Types of piled raft ......................................................................................12

Outline ........................................................................................................13

Chapter two...............................................................................................14

Methodology...............................................................................................14

Pile design by FoundationPro Software......................................................14

Single pile in Soil........................................................................................16

Modelling by SAFE 2012...........................................................................33

Chapter Three...........................................................................................44

Result, Discussion and Recommendation...................................................44

Appendix.....................................................................................................46

References...................................................................................................49

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Dedicated to:

Our parents who have taught us the way of live, brothers, sisters. And
our supervisor who tell us science Dr. Yousif Ismael Mawlood with all
other teachers, and Our dear friends that help us in preparing this project,
and those who want to learn.

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 I certify that the engineering project titled " ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
OF PILED RAFT FOUNDATION " was done under my supervision at
the Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering -Salahaddin
University –Erbil. In the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering.

Supervisor

Signature:

Name: Assist. Prof. Dr. Yousif Ismael Mawlood

Date:

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 Chapter one
Introduction:
All engineered construction resting on the earth must be carried by some
kind of interfacing element called a foundation. The foundation is the part
of an engineered system that transmits to, and into, the underlying soil or
rock the loads supported by the foundation and its self-weight. The term
superstructure is commonly used to describe the engineered part of the
system bringing load to the foundation, or substructure. This is also
sometimes called the supporting soil, or base material, since the total
structure will rest on it. Foundations are generally divided into shallow or
deep foundations the latter subdivided into those which are piled and those
which are not.

shallow foundations refer to those with an embedment depth equal to or

less than four times the foundation width. They are suitable for the ground
with relatively strong soil layers immediately below the superstructure.
Otherwise, deep foundations (such as pile foundations) will be required in
order to transmit the super structure load to stronger, deep soil layers.

It is common in foundation design to consider first the use of a shallow

foundation system, such as a raft, to support a structure, and then if this is
not adequate, to design a fully piled foundation in which the entire design
loads are resisted by the piles. Despite such design assumptions, it is
common for a raft to be part of the foundation system (e.g because of the
need to provide a basement below the structure).

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In the past few years, there has been an increase recognition that the use of
piles to reduce raft settlement and differential settlements can lead to
considerable economy without compromising the safety and performance
of the foundation. such a foundation makes of both raft and piles. and is
referred to here as a pile-enhanced raft or a piled raft. Piled rafts optimize
the advantages of pile foundations and raft foundations and have emerged
as a way to provide economical foundation systems for very tall buildings,
thereby satisfying the bearing capacity and settlement considerations in the
best possible way. They are relatively new and are becoming increasingly
popular. basement slab from the superstructure that is in contact with the
soil and the numer- ous piles distributed over the footprint of the building
act together with the raft in carrying the building load. As discussed later in
this chapter, piles are used mainly to reduce settlement, but they also
contribute to the bearing capacity. Piled rafts are very effective in stiff clay
and dense sand. They are not effective in loose sand, soft clay, or
expansive soil and in situations where compressible layers are present at
shallow depths. figure1,1 shows piled raft foundation.

Fig.1,1 piled raft foundation

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 Types of foundation:
Commonly used foundations may be divided into two categories: shallow
foundations and deep foundations. Foundations may be classified based on
where the load is carried by the ground, producing:
Shallow foundations—termed bases, footings, spread footings, or mats.
The depth is gen- erally D/B < 4 but may be somewhat more. Deep
foundations—piles, drilled piers, or drilled caissons. D/B > 4.

Fig.1,2 Types of foundation

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 Types of shallow foundation:
1. Continuous (or Strip Footings): These footings are primarily used for
load bearing walls and are generally of rectangular cross sections.

2. Independent (Isolated or Spread) Footings: These footings are generally

used for individual columns and can be rectangular or trapezoidal, square
or circular in shape.

3. Strap Footings: These footings support more than one column or wall.

4. Combined Footings: These types of footings are used for two or more
columns in one row. These are generally rectangular, trapezoidal or
cantilever type with two interconnected footings.

5. Mat Foundations: These foundations support two-dimensional arrays

(regular or irregular) of columns.

Fig.1,3 types of shallow foundation

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 Types of Deep Foundation:
1. Pile foundation. When the top strata are very poor and reasonably good
soil strata exist below the top soil, a pile foundation becomes more reliable
and economic than others. Also, in certain situations where settlements
cannot be tolerated, we have to use piles.

2. Piled raft. When the bearing capacity of a raft is satisfactory but the
settlement is not satisfactory, a combination of raft on piles will provide
the advantages of both, rafts and piles. As a means of reducing settlements,
piles are called upon only to take a small percentage of the load and the
rest is designed to be carried by the raft.

3. Pier or well foundations. Large diameter piles, piers, and deep-well

foundations are usually used for bridges and other structures to carry heavy
loads. Deep-well foundations are especially useful for bridges across large
rivers with deep scouring of the river bed.

4. Caissons. are large prefabricated boxes that are sunk into place and filled
with concrete to form a foundation. The load-carrying capacity of soils
generally increases with depth, and deep foundations engage a larger
volume of soil, so they are most often used on larger and heavier
structures, especially when the shallow soils are poor.

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 Fig.1,4 types of Deep foundation

Piled raft foundation:

Piled raft is a new foundation concept for high-rise buildings. The
combined foundation can support the applied axial loading with an
appropriate factor of safety at a tolerable level of settlement under working
loads. In situations where a raft foundation alone does not satisfy the design
requirements it may be possible to enhance the performance of the raft by
the addition of piles the use of limited number of piles strategically located
may improve both the ultimate load capacity and the settlement and
differential settlement performance of the raft. A pile foundation transfers
its load to deeper layers. If we combine a pile and a raft, the interaction
between the two types of structures is very complex. It depends on the
rigidity of the raft, the nature of soil below and also the nature and the
number of piles below then raft. High rise buildings are usually founded on

10
some form of piled foundation which is subjected to a combination of
vertical, lateral and overturning forces. Combined pile-raft foundations can
be a particularly effective form of foundation system for tall buildings
because the raft is able to provide a reasonable measure of both stiffness
and load resistance.

Fig.1,5 combination of pile and raft

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Types of piled raft :
We may classify piled rafts into two types:

Type 1. Piled raft for settlement reduction

Type 2. Piled raft for load transfer.

A piled raft foundation comprises both piles and a pile cap that itself
transmits load directly to the ground. The aim of such a foundation is to
reduce the number of piles compared with a more conventional piled
foundation where the bearing effect of the pile cap, or raft, is ignored.

the conventional approach. in which the piles are designed as a group to

carry the major part of the load, while making some allowance for the
contribution of the raft, primarily to ultimate load capacity creep piling, in
which the piles are designed to operate at a working load at which
significant creep starts to occur, typically 70±80% of the ultimate load
capacity. sufficient piles are included to reduce the net contact pressure
between the raft and the soil to below the pre consolidation pressure of the
soil. differential settlement control, in which the piles are located
strategically in order to reduce the differential settlements, rather than to
reduce the overall average settlement substantially.

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 Outline :
In the next chapter we will introduce how we designed the pile according
to it is shape,diameter,length and soil properties by foundation pro V1.1
and using this software to determine the axial load for a single pile and the
methods that we use for the design purpose.

Then introducing how we designed the mat by SAFE 2012 according to the
type and the thickness of it after that introducing how we put the piles as a
spring loads under the mat in order to decrease the soil pressure and
settlement and also for more economy and then checking the design.

13
 Chapter two
Methodology
Introduction:
Piles are relatively long,slender member driven into the ground or cast-in-
situ. the design of pile involves providing adequate pile type,size,depth and
number to support the superstructure load without excessive settlement and
bearing capacity failure.so we use foundation pro to design the pile.

Pile design by FoundationPro Software:

FoundationPro is a Windows-oriented computer program (freeware) that is

available to use at no cost. It was developed to improve instructional
technology and teaching methodology for foundation design and analysis
courses in the fields of civil engineering and construction. It can be used by
students during study time or at home to improve their understanding of it
foundationPro can be used by instructors teaching foundation engineering
courses to improve their instruction effectiveness. foundationPro can be
also used by professionals to deal with a wide range of foundation
engineering design problems effortlessly. foundationPro can be freely
downloaded, installed, and used by students, instructors, and professionals
without licensing restrictions or limitations.

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Foundation pro Application:

Current version of foundationPro consists of six projects/applications in the

areas of shallow foundation, pile foundation, drilled shaft foundation, and
retaining wall. The projects/applications are as follows:

1- SHALLOW foundation Application: Design of Shallow Foundations on

Homogeneous Soil based on bearing capacity and elastic settlement.

2- PILE-1 Application: can be used to determine the axial capacity of

single pile.

3- PILE-2 Application: can be used to determine the Axial Capacity of

Single Pile in Rock.

4- SHAFT-1 Application: can be used to determine the Axial Capacity of

Single Shaft in Soil based on bearing capacity and settlement analysis.

5- SHAFT-2 Application: can be used to determine the Axial Capacity of

Single Shaft in Rock based of Filed tests.

6- MSE Wall-1 Application: This application can be used to design

mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls using reinforcing strips.

15
Single pile in Soil
Theory:

The governing methodologies to calculate the ultimate and allowable loads

that can be applied to a single pile foundation with the given pile
configurations in different types of soil based on bearing capacity and
elastic settlement are summarized in the following subsections. There will
be several different theories that can be used to calculate the bearing
capacity of a foundation and these theories will depend on various factors
as will be introduced herein. Figure 2.1 defines the main soil properties and
design parameters used in the analyses of single pile foundations.

Fig.2.1 single pile embedded in multiple layer

B = pile diameter (circular) or side (square).

Es =elastic modulus

μs = Poisson’s ratio

ϕ = soil friction angle

’ = effective unit weight

C =soil cohesion

16
Axial Capacity of a Single Pile (Bearing Capacity):

The ultimate axial capacity (load), Qu, a single pile foundation embedded
in soil can sustain as shown in Fig. 2.2 is estimated as in Eq. (2.1) by
summing the end bearing capacity component (Qp) and the frictional skin
resistance component (

Qu=Qp+Qs) Eq.(2.1)

Single Pile in Soil

Fig. 2.2 Ultimate load on a single pile foundation

Fig.2,3 Available methods of analysis in Pile-1 application for pile tip resistance–end bearing
component

17
1. End bearing capacity in sand

Qp can be estimated using any of the following methods in the case

where the pile tip is resting on sand:

(a) Meyerhof’s method: Qp can be estimated according to Meyerhof’s

method (Meyerhof 1976) using the following equation:

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(b) Vesic’s method:

Qp can be estimated according to Vesic’s method (Vesic 1977) using the

following equation

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(c) Coyle and Castillo’s method:

Coyle and Castillo’s method:

Qp can be estimated according to the method suggested by Coyle and

Castello (1981) as in the following equation:

2. End bearing capacity in clay

Qp can be estimated using any of the following methods in the case

where the pile tip is resting on clay:

(a) Meyerhof’s method:

Qp can be estimated according to Meyerhof’s method using the

following

Equation: Qp=9cu*Ap (2.13)

Where cu is the undrained cohesion of the soil below the tip of the pile

(b) Vesic’s method:

Qp can be estimated according to Vesic’s method using the following

equation: Qp=Ap*cu*Nc (2.14)

According to Vesic (1977), Nc can be calculated using the following

20
Equation:

Where Ir is the rigidity index in the clay and can be calculated based
on the

suggestion made by O’Neill and Reese (1999) as in the following

equation:

3. End bearing capacity in rock:

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Skin Friction Resistance (Qs):

One can estimate the skin friction resistance of a single pile depending on
the type of soil that is surrounding the pile shaft. Figure 2.4 shows the
available methods in Pile-1 application of foundationPro which can be used
to estimate Qs.

Fig. 2.4 Available methods of analysis in Pile-1 application for skin friction resistance
component

1. Skin friction resistance in sand:

Qs can be estimated using any of the following methods in the case

where the pile shaft is surrounded by sand:

(a) Critical depth method:

Where:

f is the frictional resistance

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L is the distance from surface to the bottom of the pile

p is the pile perimeter

In order to calculate ( f ) which is the unit skin friction, one must

assume

a critical depth ratio (L'/ B)

cr which usually ranges from 15 to 20. From this

ratio, one can determine the critical depth (L'). Therefore

Where:

K is the earth pressure coefficient and can range from ( 1-sin ϕ) to 1.8

( 1 - sin ϕ) depending on the pile type (bored or jetted and low or high

displacement driven)

σ o is the effective vertical stress at depth under consideration

δ 0 is the soil-pile friction angle and can be approximated in terms of the

soil friction angle as in the following equation: δ o= 0.8* ϕ'

(2.23)

23
(b) Coyle and Castello method:

Coyle and Castello (1981) suggested the following equation to estimate

Qs

2. Skin friction resistance in clay:

(a) Alpha (α*) method:

The unit skin friction f can be estimated as follows:

(b) Modified Alpha (α*) method:

The unit skin friction f can be estimated as follows:

24
(c) Lambda (λ) method:

Vijayvergiya and Focht (1972) suggested the following equation to esti

mate the average unit skin friction

Where λ is a factor depending on the pile embedment length and can be

obtained from Fig. 2.5. Thus,

25
 Fig. 2.5 The factor λ in Eq. (2.33)

3. Skin friction resistance in rock:

Skin friction resistance is usually ignored when the pile is surrounded

by rock.

Therefore,

Qs =0

26
 Fig. 2.6 The factor λ in Eq. (2.33)

Steps of Designing Single pile in soil by using foundation

pro

1-General:

In this section, the user can provide some general information such as
user name and project name. This information is optional. Also, the
safety factor which will be used in the bearing capacity calculations and
the unit type are required in this section,and we choose factor of safety
(3) and (SI)unit as shown in Figure (2.7).

27
 Figure 2.7 General information

2-Pile information:

In this section, the user specifies pile shape (circular or square),

provides the pile diameter/width, defines the required range for the pile
length to be investigated, and enters elastic settlement of the pile and its
allowable elastic settlement, we choose the circular shape with diameter
= 1500mm We add min.length=25m and max. length=30m includes
allowable elastic settlement=25mm and skin friction coefficient = 0.6
and also the elastic modulus of pile= 24420000 as shown in figure (2.8).

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 Figure 2.8 Pile information

3-Soil properties:

In this section, the user must specify the number of soil layers to
describe the soil problem in problem. Also, the user must provide the
thickness of each soil layers and the physical properties (cohesion,
friction angle, effective unit weight, elastic modulus, and Poisson’s
ratio) associated with it. As shown in figure (2.9).

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 Figure 2.9 Soil properties

4-Analysis method:

In this section, the user must specify the method of analysis to be used
throughout the analysis we use the Alpha method, for clay and for sand we
choose the Critical depth method, , critical depth ratio=15 also Includes
several calculation , methods for the estimation of end bearing we choose
the Meyerhof method for clay and sand, and we use the 0.5 as pile friction
angle Analysis methods. Shown in figure (2.10).

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 Figure (2.10) Analysis method

5-Output: Shows all output results for all analyses steps in chart and
excel As shown in figure (2.11,2.12,2.13).

Figure (2.11) Results

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 Figure 2.12 Allowable Load Carrying capacity

Figure (2.13) Total working load

From graphical design charts we take from straight line at depth 30m for
the piles the ultimate load caring capacity (Qult=10962kN) and the

32
allowable caring capacity (Qall=3654KN) we use those values as design
load for each pile we founded by depth from those charts.

Modelling by SAFE 2012:

33
We use this program to design our mat foundation, then we check for the

displacements and punching shear.

steps of designing with safe program :

1. We have entered the mat foundation dimensions (21*53) m

2. (column size= 600mm * 300mm)

3. Mat thickness= 2000mm.

4.subgrade modulus =84800 kn/m³.

5. Define the materials that are used: concrete f’c=27 Mpa &fy=413 Mpa).

Fig.3,1 column property data

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6. Define slab properties: slab material (concrete) & slab thickness (2m). as
it is shown in figure 3.2

7. Define column properties: 30*60cm & pile (diameter=1.5m). as it is

shown in figure 3.1

Fig.3,2 Slab property data

8. Define soil properties: clay soil (E=24000 KN/m³). as it is shown in

figure 3.4

9. Define point spring property: (stiffness =4000KN(Pu)/ 25mm (allowable

settlement) = 365.409 KN/mm). as it is shown in figure 3.3

10. Define load combination: Dead Load & Live Load (unfactored
factored).as it is shown in figure 3.5
35
Fig.3,3 Point spring property data

Fig.3,4 soil subgrade property data

36
 Fig.3,5 load combination

11. Draw columns, points and select them to assign spring loads.

12. Run the analysis and check for the displacement and pressure we notice
that the displacement is ok it is less than 25mm, but the check for pressure
was not ok it was more than allowable 430kpa.as it is shown in figure 3.6
and 3.7.

Fig.3,6 check for pressure

37
 Fig.3,7 check for settlement

13. and we checked for punching it was not ok, so we offset the slab with
1 m.

14 . because the slab itself was not enough to resist all the loads , so we
added piles , there are two ways for designing the piles : finite element and
strip design , so we use strip design , we added piles in 4m distance
between them , we checked it and at those places that was not ok we add
more piles.as it is shown in figure 3.8

Fig.3,8 Soil pressure diagram

38
15. we checked for punching shear it becomes ok.as it is shown in figure
3.9.

Fig.3,9 check for punching shear

16 . we get the details of rebars of the mat foundation , also the details of
rebar shapes and bill quantity , for the rebars we can choose either uniform
or analysis the 3.10 shown below are the details with uniform rebar.

Fig.3,10 All top rebar bars

39
Fig.3,11 All bottom rebar bars

Fig.3,12 All rebar plan

-Section 1

40
 -Section 2

Fig.3,13 Bill quantity

41
17 . for analysis we use bar size 32 with spacing 130mm for the top layer,
and bar size 32 with spacing 130mm for the bottom layer. As it is shown in
figure 3.14

Fig.3,14 Slab design

42
Top rebar in X-direction.as it is shown in figure 3.15

Figure.3,15

Top rebar in Y-direction.as it shown in figure 3.16

Fig.3,16

43
 Chapter Three

Result, Discussion and Recommendation:

piled raft foundation is one of the most compliacated design of
foundation in engineering, during our experiments for design our project
we faced a lot of difficulties, and this was expected.

During the designing process we use SAFE program for designing our
project, at first we designed the mat and we checked the settlement it was
ok and we checked for the pressure it was not ok it was more than 430kpa
for the allowable load, so we use pile with the mat together to be more safe
and economy, and also using pile alone will lead to large number of piles
and it will be not economy, We put couple of Piles, So that the pressure
will be reduced to its normal range which is 430Kpa. There should be a
balance between the spring pile and the Mat, because if the spring is weak
so the load will be on the Mat, and if the spring is more powerfull the
program shows that the pile will care more weight, but it must be less than
the allowable. We it was OK because it was less than 25mm.

for designing the rebars we can use analysis and uniform rebars , we use
uniform for designing , for those places in analysis that moment remains
we can use double rebars instead of putting more piles and redesign it.

Our subject which is soil structure intraction is a very complicated subject,

its calculation must be through this program, therwise if we want to
calculate it with handwriting it will take a lot of time and also it is not
necesserliy will be more accurate. Moreover, this program is very fast in
the term of changing the load combination and also it gives the drawing
and design strip easliy.

Nevertheless, at the end it provides a report with Microsoft Word program

44
which includes all the details such as: Drawings, Design strip, Load
combination, soil property, and so on. And also it is more accurate
comparing to the other programs.

45
Appendix

46
47
48
References:

3rd edi. Coduto Foundation design principles & practices (1)

PiledRaftFoundations-DesignandApplications-Poulos

5th edi. Bowles J.E. - Foundation Analysis and Design

Das, B. M. (2017). Principles of Foundation Engineering.

International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in

Geomechanics 17 (12), 849-869, 1993

Poulos, H. G. (2001). GeÂotechnique 51,

49