Wesea Effect of Drying Mode On Pulverized Waste Plastic Lateritic Brick Properties

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WEBSJOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND WESEA ISSN: 1974-1400-X,

Websjournal of Science and Engineering Application


ENGINEERING APPLICATION ISSN: 1974-1400-X, Vol 11, No 1, 2022 Vol 11, No 2, 2022, 617-622
M. Bello1, A.O. Ibrahim2 , A. A. Adedeji3, M. Usman3, qnd K. A. Muhammad4

EFFECT OF DRYING MODE ON PULVERIZED WASTE


PLASTIC LATERITIC BRICK PROPERTIES
M. Bello1, A. O. Ibrahim2, A. A. Adedeji3, M. Usman4 and K. A. Muhammad5
1,2,5
Department of Civil engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology,
University of Ilorin University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
4
Department of Building Technology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria
5
Department of Building, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Kebbi State University of Science and
Technology, Aliero, Nigeria
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected],
,[email protected],
[email protected],

ABSTRACT
In this study, an attempt was made to investigate the effect of drying mode on pulverized waste plastic
(PWP) lateritic brick (LB) mechanical properties in accordance with the procedure suggested by
Standard Code. For this, fifty (50) samples in a set were prepared from each series of mix containing
waste plastic in various proportions viz., 0%, 2.5%, 5.0% and 7.5%, with water of 0.55. The bricks
were sundried and oven dried. The average compressive strength of oven dried bricks are
2 2 2 2 2
13.32N/mm ,13.26N/mm , 12.88N/mm , 12.74N/mm and 11.29N/mm for 0%:100%,
2.5%:97.5%, 5%:95%, 7.5%:92.5% and 10%:90% and sundried the average compressive Strength are
2 2 2 2 2
13.20N/mm ,10.38N/mm ,8.70N/mm ,10.20N/mm and 13.10N/mm for 0%:100%, 2.5%:97.5%,
5%:95%, 7.5%:92.5% and 10%:90% of PWP-Laterite brick. The water Absorption rate reduces as the
PWP-Laterite increases except at 5% for sun dried and 7.5% for oven dried. The sundried brick has
the highest absorption capacity which means it will take longer period of time before drying as
compared to its equivalent in oven dried mode. It shows that oven dried gave a better performance
with highest average compressive strength. The absorption capacity oven dried at 7.5% replacement of
PWP was higher than that of sun dried with 16.2%.

Keywords: Pulverized waste plastic (PWP), lateritic brick, oven dried, sun dried, mechanical
properties, aggregate

1. INTRODUCTION AND CONCEPT


1.1 Introduction
Plastics quantity consumed annually has been growing increasingly in Nigeria. Consequently,
waste plastic recycling has become one of the major challenges in recent times. Initiatives are
emerging worldwide to control and regulate the management of sub- products, residuals and industrial
wastes in order to preserve the environment from contamination. As the world population grows, so
do the amount and type of wastes being generated increases. Plastic is universally in today’s existence.
It is used for packaging, protecting, serving and even disposing of all kinds of consumer goods. A
good solution to the problem of recycling of agro-industrial residues would be by gridding them in a
controlled process according to BS standard of fine aggregate and use the particles waste for more
noble means (Ghavamiet al., 1999).Nowadays we can use plastic for construction purposes.
Utilization of such wastes as fine aggregate replacement materials may reduce the cost of Brick
production and also minimize the negative environmental effects with disposal ofthesewastes Ibrahim
(2018) explained that Pollution occurs when the natural environment can not destroy an element
without creating harm or damage to itself.
Praveenetal., (2013)investigated the suitability of recycled plastic as partial replacement to coarse
aggregate in concrete mix to study effect on compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, split tensile
strength and flexural strength properties of concrete. Coarse aggregate from plastic was obtained by
heating the plastic pieces at required temperature and crushed to required size of aggregate after
cooling. Their experimental results shown that plastic aggregate have low crushing (2.0 as compare to
28 for Natural aggregate), low specific Gravity (0.9 as compare to 2.74 for Natural aggregate), and

617
Websjournal of Science and Engineering Application
ISSN: 1974-1400-X, Vol 11, No 1, 2022
M. Bello1, A.O. Ibrahim2 , A. A. Adedeji3, M. Usman3, qnd K. A. Muhammad4

density value (0.81 as compare to 3.14 for Natural aggregate), as compare to Natural coarse aggregate.
Their test results were based on 20% substitution of natural coarse aggregate with plastic aggregate.
Albanoetal.(2009) determined the mechanical behavior of concrete containing waste PET, varying
the water/cement ratio from 0.50 to 0.60, PET aggregate content (10 and 20 % by volume) and the
particle sizes of 2.6mm and 11.4mm. The results found that, as the volume proportion and the particle
size of PET aggregate increased, the concrete showed a decrease in compressive strength, splitting
tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and ultrasonic pulse velocity. A good solution to the problem of
recycling of agro-industrial residues would be by gridding them in a controlled process according to
BS standard of fine aggregate and use the particles waste for more noble means (Ghavamiet al., 1999).
Frigione (2010) attempted to substitute 5% by weight of fine aggregate (natural sand) with an equal
weight of PET aggregates manufactured from the waste unwashed PET bottles (WPET), in concrete.
The specimen were made with different cement content and water/cement ratio. Rheological
characterization on fresh concrete and mechanical tests at the ages of 28 and 365days were performed
on the WPET/concretes as well as on reference concretes containing only natural fine aggregate in
order to investigate the influence of the substitution of WPET to the fine aggregate in concrete.
Recycling method has been adopted according to their use which is good for environment. For
example: The cloth industry which crushes plastics into small pieces and makes cloths by it. They
have their own technique which is good for our ecological system.

2. METHODOLOGY
Waste plastic: Waste Plastic WP was obtained locally in the area of Kasuwa Dan Kure in Sokoto
which contains variety of plastic like bottles and broken plastic chairs, was washed to free from other
materials and later pulverized at Ashi junction of Ojoo/iwo road Expressway of Ibadan metropoly,
Oyo state.
Laterite (fine aggregate) was collected from the vicinity of locality Kasarawa area, Sokoto by
Dredging down the soil, Proper inspection was carried out to ensure that it is free from deleterious
materials. The fine aggregate was clean, pure clay material and free from sand and organic matters and
well graded in accordance with BS882, this is shown in Figure 3.
Water: Pipe borne water free from contaminants to be collected from locality of Kalambaina, Sokoto
state to be used for mixing.

2.1 Pulverizing of Waste Plastic(PWP)


The grinding was initially done at Kware market in Sokoto but the finest particles were obtained at
Ashi junction of Iwo road/Ojoo Expressway of Ibadan Oyo State with the aid of Grinding Machine
specially set to conform with BS standard of fine Aggregate, this shown in Figure1.

Figure 1: Lateritic and Pulverised waste Plastic

Trial and error mix was adopted to get the accurate weight of the laterite content to make up three
set of mould. Total 5.6kg weight of laterite filled up three set of 100mm cubic mould.
This consists of fifty (50) specimens with the size 100mm cubic shape and 5% replacement of PWP
with glass and iron filings. Samples were sun dried for five to six days. This is shown in Figure 2 and
3 respectively. The samples were carefully poured in the mould in three layers and each layer was
compacted manually by standard tamping rod for twenty-five (25)times and finally leveled. The
plastic particles were observed at the surface of the mould due to their low specific gravity. The brick
samples were labeled in fresh state with strand of broom or marker for proper identification and were

618
Websjournal of Science and Engineering Application
ISSN: 1974-1400-X, Vol 11, No 1, 2022
M. Bello1, A.O. Ibrahim2 , A. A. Adedeji3, M. Usman3, qnd K. A. Muhammad4

demoulded just after a day. The samples were placed on marine board and finally transported to
electric oven for drying.

Figure 2: Casted Lateritic Cubes

2.2 Compressive strength test


Compressive test was carried out in accordance with BS1881:part116 on the plastic brick using
Universal Testing Machine (UTM) at Civil Engineering Laboratory (Umar Ali Shinkafi Polytechnic,
Sokoto).

Figure3: Furnace Apparatus with Thermocouple,Civil Engineering Dept.,


Umar Ali Shinkafi Polytechnic, Sokoto

Compressive strength of brick is the value of uniaxial compressive stresses reached when brick fails
completely. This was given in terms of the characteristic compressive strength of 100mm sizes cubes.
The test was carried out by placing each sample between the two parallel rectangular plates of the
machine and subjected to increasing load pressure until failure is observed. The failure was measured
in Kilo Newton (kN).The compressive strength is computed by the relationship given in Equation 1.

Compressive strength = (1)

2
Where: Size of cube =100mm×100mm×100mm; Area of Specimen, A =10,000mm ; P= Failure load
(kN) A typical failure mode of the plastic brick tested for compressive strength is shown in Figure4.
The samples were fed into the Universal Testing machine simultaneously. In which the plunger was
allowed to have contact with the surface of the specimen and the crushing was finally done.

2.3 Water Absorption Capacity

The test was carried out in accordance with BS933 (1997) by measuring the brick cubes’ weight at
surface dry state and recorded as W1.

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Websjournal of Science and Engineering Application
ISSN: 1974-1400-X, Vol 11, No 1, 2022
M. Bello1, A.O. Ibrahim2 , A. A. Adedeji3, M. Usman3, qnd K. A. Muhammad4

Figure 4: Compressive strengthTest’s Apparatus, Civil Engineering Dept.


(Umar Ali Shinkafi Polytechnic, Sokoto)

The samples were soaked in water for four (4) hours. The water used for soaking the dried brick was
sieved away and the weight of the brick was recorded as W2.The ratio of the increase in weight of the
brick cubes to the weight of the dry sample expressed as percentage is known as absorption of
brick.The mathematical expression is given in Equation 2.

Absorption Capacity %= (2)

For first class bricks, should not more than 15%; For second class bricks, should not more than 20%;
For third class bricks, should not more than 25%

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Compressive strength test of Brick

Table 1: The Average Compressive Strength of the Oven Dried Hardened Brick

PWP %Replacement 2
Oven dried (N/mm )
0 13.32
2.5 13.26
5.0 12.88
7.5 12.74
10 11.30

Figure 5: Compressive strength curve of Oven and Sundried bricks

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Websjournal of Science and Engineering Application
ISSN: 1974-1400-X, Vol 11, No 1, 2022
M. Bello1, A.O. Ibrahim2 , A. A. Adedeji3, M. Usman3, qnd K. A. Muhammad4

The average compressive Strength of oven dried bricks as shown From the Table 1 and Figure 5, the
2 2 2
average compressive strength of oven dried bricks are 13.32N/mm , 13.26N/mm , 12.88N/mm ,
2 2
12.74N/mm and 11.29N/mm for 0%:100%, 2.5%:97.5%, 5%:95%, 7.5%:92.5% and 10%:90% of
PWP- Laterite oven dried Brick.
2 2
The compressive strength of 5%:95% and 10%:90% (12.88N/mm and12.74N/mm ) decrease
2
significantly by 24.2% and 34.80% as compared to control (13.32N/mm ). This showed that PWP has
decreased the compressive strength of PWP-lateritic Brick up to7.5% of PWP-Lateritic oven dried
brick. The optimum replacement quantity of PWP in PWP-Lateritic brick is 2.5%:97.5%
2
(13.26N/mm ) as PWP content has increased the Plasticity nature of Laterite. Agnesini (2002),
Marzouk et al. (2007), Pravenet al. (2013), Rebeizet al. (1991) and Silvaet al.(2005) investigated on
replacement of PWP with either fine aggregate, coarse aggregate or cement in concrete productions, all
reported decrease in compressive strength with increase in PWP-aggregate ratio as compared to control.

3.2 Absorptioncapacityof the Brick

The results in Table 2 and Figure 6 show the result for the absorption capacity of oven and sun dried
brick.
Table 2: Average water absorption capacity

% of PWP Oven dried Sundried


0 7.059306 9.282213
2.5 7.805789 5.856481
5 6.685824 8.14603
7.5 8.593559 7.393083
10 5.976068 6.291239

10
Absorption Capacity (%)

8
6
4
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Percentage of plastic content added

sundried ovendried

Figure 6: Absorption capacity curve of oven and sundried brick

4. CONCLUSION
The rate of Absorption of oven dried brick decrease as the percentage of PWP in PWP-lateritic
increases respectively for (0%:100%, 2.5%:97.5%, 5%:95%, 7.5%:92.5%and 10%:90%) PWP–
lateritic brick gave (7.1%, 7.8%, 6.7%, 8.6% and 6.0%) absorption rate. Although at 7.5% a slight
increase was observed which might be due to location of the sample during drying.
Based on the experimental work carried out in this study, the following conclusions may be drawn out.

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Websjournal of Science and Engineering Application
ISSN: 1974-1400-X, Vol 11, No 1, 2022
M. Bello1, A.O. Ibrahim2 , A. A. Adedeji3, M. Usman3, qnd K. A. Muhammad4

i. The average compressive strength of oven dried bricks are


2 2 2 2 2
13.32N/mm ,13.26N/mm ,12.88N/mm , 12.74N/mm and 11.29N/mm for 0%:100%,
2.5%:97.5%, 5%:95%, 7.5%:92.5% and 10%:90%while for sun dried are
2 2 2 2 2
13.20N/mm ,10.38N/mm ,8.70N/mm ,10.20N/mm and 13.10N/mm for 0%:100%,
2.5%:97.5%, 5%:95%, 7.5%:92.5% and 10%:90% of PWP-Laterite. Oven dried brick decreased
significantly by24.2%.This showed that oven dried gave a better strength higher than sun dried
except at 10% replacement.
2
ii. The minimum British standard specification of compressive Strength 20.00N/mm was not
achieved for all level of PWP-Lateritic brick.
iii. The water Absorption rate reduces as the PWP-Laterite increases except at 5% for sun dried and
7.5% for oven dried. The sundried brick has the highest absorption capacity which means it will
take longer period of time before drying as compared to its equivalent in oven dried mode.
iv.
From the study, the followings are recommended;
Pulverized waste plastic (PWP) is available in significant quantities across the country. To prevent the
wastage of this material, it can be utilized for the production of lightweight, durable and cheap brick.

REFERENCES
Albano C., Camacho N., Hernandez M., Matheus A.,Gutierrez A. (2009).Influence of content and
particle size of waste pet bottles on concrete behavior at different w/c ratios. Waste Management,
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British Standard Code of practice, (1996) Specifications for Minimum Concrete Strength. London.
BS5628:2
British Standard Code of practice, (2005). Code of Practice for the Use of Masonry Material and
Components Design and Workmanship, London BS5628:3.
British Standard Institution, (1983). Specifications for Compressive Strength Test. London.
BS1881:119.
Frigione, M., (2010). Recycling of PET bottles as fine aggregate in concrete. Waste Management, 30,
1101–6IS1199-1959(10). Determination of changes in length on drying and wetting (initial drying
shrinkage, drying shrinkage, moisture movement).
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Natural Fibres, Cement, Brick and Concrete Composites.
Ibrahim A. O. (2018). Experimental Investigation of heated tyre- fibre Ph.D research Progress (1)
Civil Engineering Department, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Praveen M., Shibi V., Thomas P., Eldho V., (2013).Recycled Plastic as Coarse Aggregate for
Structural Concrete. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and
Technology. 2(3)

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