HEAT TRANSFER 29

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𝑞̇
𝑇=− × 𝑟 + 𝐶 𝑙𝑛(𝑟) + 𝐶
4𝑘
𝑑𝑇
𝑎𝑡 𝑟 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 =0
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑇 𝑞̇ 𝐶
𝑎𝑡 𝑟 = 𝑅 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 =− ×𝑅+
𝑑𝑟 2𝑘 𝑅

ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑑 = 𝑞̇ × 𝜋 × 𝑅 × 𝐿

The heat is conducted to the surface and then convected away

𝑑𝑇
𝑞̇ × 𝜋 × 𝑅 × 𝐿 == −𝑘 × 2 × 𝜋 × 𝑅 × 𝐿 × 𝑎𝑡 𝑟 = 𝑅
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑇 𝑞̇ × 𝑅
=−
𝑑𝑟 2𝑘

Putting 𝐶 = 0

𝑞̇
𝑇=− ×𝑟 +𝐶
4𝑘

𝑎𝑡 𝑟 = 𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 = 𝑇

𝑞̇
𝑇 =− ×𝑅 +𝐶
4𝑘
𝑞̇
𝑇 + ×𝑅 =𝐶
4𝑘

Substituting the values of 𝐶 in the value of T we get

𝑞̇ 𝑞̇
𝑇=− ×𝑟 +𝑇 + ×𝑅
4𝑘 4𝑘
𝑞̇
𝑇=𝑇 + × (𝑅 − 𝑟 )
4𝑘
This is the temperature variation along the wall radius. The maximum temperature occurs at r=0

𝑞̇
𝑇 =𝑇 + × (𝑅 )
4𝑘
In dimensionless form the equation of temperature becomes

𝑇−𝑇 𝑟
=1−
𝑇 −𝑇 𝑅

For hollow cylinder with uniformly distributed heat source and specified surface temperature

𝑇 = 𝑇 𝑎𝑡 𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 = 𝑇 𝑎𝑡 𝑟 = 𝑟

𝑞̇
𝑇 =− × 𝑟 + 𝐶 ln(𝑟 ) + 𝐶
4𝑘
30 HEAT TRANSFER
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𝑞̇
𝑇 =− ×𝑟 + 𝐶 ln(𝑟 ) + 𝐶
4𝑘

EXAMPLES
A stainless steel plate of 2cm thick is maintained at a temperature of 550 𝐶 at one face and 50 𝐶 at
the other end the thermal conductivity of stainless steel is 19.1 𝑊/𝑚𝐾 calculate the heat transfer
through the material per unit area.

Solution

550 𝐶

50 𝐶

2m

𝑘𝐴
𝑸= (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝐿
𝑄 𝑘
= (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝐴 𝐿
𝑄 19.1
= (550 − 50) = 477.5 𝑘𝑊/𝑚
𝐴 2 × 10

One face of a copper plate 3cm thick is maintained at 400 𝐶 and the other face is maintained
at100 𝐶. How much heat is transferred through the plate?

𝑘𝐴
𝑸= (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝐿
𝑄 𝑘
= (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝐴 𝐿

Air at 20 𝐶 blows over a hot plate 50 by 75 cm maintained at250 𝐶. The convection heat transfer
coefficient is25 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾. Calculate the heat transfer.

𝑄 = ℎ 𝐴 (𝑇 − 𝑇 )

𝑄 = 25 × 0.50 × 0.75 × (250 − 20)

𝑄 = 2156.25 𝑊

A flat plate of length 1m and width 0.5 m is placed in an air stream at 30 𝐶 blowing parallel to it.
The convective heat transfer coefficient is 30𝑊/𝑚 𝐾. Calculate the heat transfer if the plate is
maintained at a temperature of 300 𝐶.

𝑄 = ℎ 𝐴 (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
 HEAT TRANSFER 31
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𝑄 = 30 × 1 × 0.5 × (300 − 30)

𝑄 = 4050 𝑊

An electric current is passes through a wire 1mm in diameter and 10 cm long. The wire is submerged
at atmospheric pressure, and the current is increased until the water boils. For this situation having
convective heat transfer coefficient5000 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾. And the water temperature will be 100 𝐶. How
much electric power must be supplied to the wire to maintained the surface temperature of 114 𝐶.

𝑄 = ℎ 𝐴 (𝑇 − 𝑇 )

𝑄 = 5000 × 𝛱 × 𝐷 × 𝐿 (𝑇 − 𝑇 )

𝑄 = 5000 × 𝛱 × 1 × 10 × 10 × 10 × (114 − 100)

𝑄 = 21.99 𝑊

The inner surface of plane brick wall at 60 𝐶 and the outer surface is at35 𝐶. Calculate the rate of
heat transfer per unit area of the surface of wall which is 220mm thick. The thermal conductivity of
brick was found to be 0.51 𝑊/𝑚𝐾

𝑄 𝑘
= (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝐴 𝐿
𝑄 0.51
= (60 − 35)
𝐴 220 × 10
𝑄
= 57.9545 𝑊/𝑚
𝐴

An immersion of water of surface area 0.1 𝑚 and rating of 1Kw is designed to operate fully
submerged in water. Estimate the surface temperature of the heater when the water is at 40 𝐶 and
the heat transfer coefficient is300 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾. If the heater is by mistake used in air at 40 𝐶 with the
convective heat transfer coefficient of 9 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾. Calculate the surface temperature.

Solution

let 𝑇 be the surface temperature of heater

When water is used

𝑄 = ℎ 𝐴 (𝑇 − 𝑇 )

1000 = 300 × 0.1 × (𝑇 − 40)

1000
+ 40 = 𝑇
300 × 0.1

𝑇 = 73.33 𝐶

When used in air

𝑄 = ℎ 𝐴 (𝑇 − 𝑇 )

1000 = 9 × 0.1 × (𝑇 − 40)

1000
+ 40 = 𝑇
9 × 0.1

𝑇 = 1151 𝐶

This surface temperature is extremely high and will result in melting of the heating element. So an
immersion water heater should never be operated in air.

A constant temperature difference of 166.7 𝐶 is maintained across the surfaces of slab of 3.05cm
thickness. Calculate the rate of heat transfer per unit area across the slab for each of the following
cases

a) Slab is made of copper having 𝑘 = 380.7 𝑊/𝑚𝐾

Solution

Slab is made of copper having 𝑘 = 380.7 𝑊/𝑚𝐾

𝑄 𝑘
= (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝐴 𝐿
𝑄 380.7
= (166.7)
𝐴 3.05 × 10
𝑄
= 2080743.934 𝑊/𝑚
𝐴

Slab is made of alluminium having 𝑘 = 225 𝑊/𝑚𝐾

𝑄 𝑘
= (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝐴 𝐿
𝑄 225
= (166.7)
𝐴 3.05 × 10
𝑄
= 1229754.098 𝑊/𝑚
𝐴

Slab is made of carbon steel having 𝑘 = 17.3 𝑊/𝑚𝐾

𝑄 𝑘
= (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝐴 𝐿
𝑄 17.3
= (166.7)
𝐴 3.05 × 10
 HEAT TRANSFER 33
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𝑄
= 94554.42 𝑊/𝑚
𝐴

Slab is made of brick having 𝑘 = 0.865 𝑊/𝑚𝐾

𝑄 𝑘
= (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝐴 𝐿
𝑄 0.865
= (166.7)
𝐴 3.05 × 10
𝑄
= 4727.72 𝑊/𝑚
𝐴

Slab is made of asbestos having 𝑘 = 0.173 𝑊/𝑚𝐾

𝑄 𝑘
= (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝐴 𝐿
𝑄 0.173
= (166.7)
𝐴 3.05 × 10
𝑄
= 945.54 𝑊/𝑚
𝐴

Estimate the loss of heat transfer through a red brick wall of length of 5m, height 4m and thickness
0.25m, if the temperature of the wall surfaces are maintained at 110 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 40 𝐶 respectively the
value of thermal conductivity for brick 𝑘 = 0.70 𝑊/𝑚𝐾.

𝑘 𝐴
𝑄= (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝐿
0.70 × 5 × 4
𝑄= (110 − 40)
0.25

𝑄 = 3920 𝑊

Water at 60 𝐶 is flowing through the wall is at85 𝐶. Calculate the heat flux if the surface heat
transfer coefficient is581.5 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾.

𝑄 = ℎ 𝐴 (𝑇 − 𝑇 )

𝑄/𝐴 = 581.5 × (85 − 60)

𝑄
= 14537.5 𝑊/𝑚
𝐴

A composite wall consists of 1.5mm of steel sheet and 10 mm of plywood separated by 2cm of glass
wool in between. Calculate the rate of heat flow if the temperature on the steel and plywood sides is
25 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 −15 𝐶 respectively. Given that the value of thermal conductivity of steel, plywood and
glass be