HEAT TRANSFER 13

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HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION THROUGH PLANE WALL

Consider a plane wall of material of uniform thermal conductivity k which is assumed to be

extending to infinity in y and z directions. For this problem, the temperature is only function of x. the
walls of room may be considered as a plane if the energy loss through the edges is negligible.

Starting with the general heat conduction equation

𝜕 𝑇 𝜕 𝑇 𝜕 𝑇 𝑞̇ 𝐶 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕𝑇
+ + + =𝜌 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑘 𝑘 𝜕𝑡 𝛼 𝜕𝑡

For this case as we are assuming the steady state

𝜕𝑇
=0
𝜕𝑡

Hence for one dimensional flow

𝜕 𝑇 𝜕 𝑇
= =0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

And with no heat generation

𝑞̇
=0
𝑘
The conduction equation simplifies to

𝜕 𝑇 𝑑 𝑇
= 0 𝑜𝑟 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥

The above equation is second order differential equation requiring two boundary condition for its
solution these two conditions are

𝑇=𝑇 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0

𝑇=𝑇 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝐿
14 HEAT TRANSFER
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𝑑 𝑇
=0
𝑑𝑥

Integrating the above equation

𝑑𝑇
=𝐶
𝑑𝑥

Integrating again with respect to x we get

𝑇 =𝐶 𝑥+𝐶

Where 𝐶 , 𝐶 are determine from the boundary condition at

𝑇=𝑇 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0

𝐶 =𝑇

At

𝑇=𝑇 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝐿

𝑇 =𝐶 𝐿+𝐶

𝑇 = 𝐶 𝐿 + 𝑇 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐶 = 𝑇

𝑇 −𝑇
=𝐶
𝐿
So the equation for temperature distribution becomes

𝑇 −𝑇
𝑇= 𝑥+𝑇
𝐿
Differentiating with respect to x we get

𝑑𝑇 𝑇 − 𝑇
=
𝑑𝑥 𝐿

According to Fourier’s law of heat conduction

𝑑𝑇
𝑄 = −𝑘𝐴
𝑑𝑥
(𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝑄 = −𝑘𝐴
𝐿
(𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝑄 = 𝑘𝐴
𝐿

This quantity of heat Q must be supplied to the left face of the wall to maintain a temperature
difference of (𝑇 − 𝑇 )across it.

The thermal resistance is defined as the ratio of

 HEAT TRANSFER 15
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𝐿
𝑅 =
𝑘𝐴

HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION THROUGH THE COMPOSITE WALL

A B C

Heat flow 𝑇 heat flow

𝑇 𝑇

𝐿 𝐿 𝐿

Consider a transmission of heat through a composite wall consisting of number of slabs

𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶

𝐾 𝐾 𝐾 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶

𝑇 , 𝑇 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠

𝑇 , 𝑇 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠

Heat transferred through slab A is given by the following equation

𝐾 × 𝐴 × (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝑄=
𝐿

Heat transferred through Slab B is given by the following equation

𝐾 × 𝐴 × (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝑄=
𝐿

Heat transferred through Slab C is given by the following equation

𝐾 × 𝐴 × (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝑄=
𝐿

Since quantity of heat transferred per unit time through each layer is same we have from the above
equation

𝑄×𝐿
𝑇 −𝑇 =
𝐾 ×𝐴

𝑄×𝐿
𝑇 −𝑇 =
𝐾 ×𝐴

𝑄×𝐿
𝑇 −𝑇 =
𝐾 ×𝐴
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Adding all the three temperature differences across the slab A ,B,C

𝑄×𝐿 𝑄×𝐿 𝑄×𝐿

𝑇 −𝑇 = + +
𝐾 ×𝐴 𝐾 ×𝐴 𝐾 ×𝐴

Hence heat transfer across slab A,B,C is given by the following equation

𝐴 × (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝑄=
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
𝐾 +𝐾 +𝐾

The above equation is the heat transfer by conduction through the composite wall.

HEAT TRANSFERRED BY CONDUCTION THROUGH A HOLLOW CYLINDER

Consider a hollow cylinder made up of a material having constant thermal conductivity and insulated
at the both ends

𝑟 &𝑟 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠

𝑇 & 𝑇 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟

𝑘 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒

Consider and element of radius r and thickness dr for the length of hollow cylinder through which
heat is transferred.
 HEAT TRANSFER 17
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We know area of hollow cylinder

𝐴 =2×𝜋×𝑟×𝐿

Path length = dr

According to Fourier’s law of heat conduction we can write

𝑑𝑇
𝑄 = −𝑘𝐴
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑇
𝑄 = −𝑘 × 2 × 𝜋 × 𝑟 × 𝐿 ×
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑟
𝑄× = −𝑘 × 2 × 𝜋 × 𝐿 × 𝑑𝑇
𝑟
Integrating both sides to the above equation we get

𝑑𝑟
𝑄 = −𝑘 × 2 × 𝜋 × 𝐿 × 𝑑𝑇
𝑟

𝑄 × 𝑙𝑛 − 𝑙𝑛 = −𝑘 × 2 × 𝜋 × 𝐿 × [𝑇 − 𝑇 ]

𝑘 × 2 × 𝜋 × 𝐿 × [𝑇 − 𝑇 ]
𝑄= 𝑟
𝑙𝑛 𝑟

This is the equation of heat transfer by conduction through hollow cylinder.

HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION THROUGH THE COMPOSITE CYLINDER

Consider the flow of heat through the composite cylinder as shown in fig

𝑇 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟

𝑇 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟

𝑘 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝐴

18 HEAT TRANSFER
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𝑘 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝐵

𝑇 , 𝑇 , 𝑇 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 1,2,3

𝐿 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟

ℎ 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡

ℎ 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡

Let the hot fluid is present inside the composite cylinder

The heat transfer by convection takes place from hot fluid present inside to the inside surface of
cylinder it is given by the following equation.

𝑄=ℎ ×2×𝜋×𝑟 ×𝐿× 𝑇 −𝑇

The heat transferred by conduction through A is given by the following equation

𝑘 × 2 × 𝜋 × 𝐿 × [𝑇 − 𝑇 ]
𝑄= 𝑟
𝑙𝑛 𝑟

The heat transferred by conduction through B is given by the following equation

𝑘 × 2 × 𝜋 × 𝐿 × [𝑇 − 𝑇 ]
𝑄= 𝑟
𝑙𝑛 𝑟

The heat transfer by convection takes place from the outside surface of element B with the
surrounding is give by the following equation

𝑄=ℎ ×2×𝜋×𝑟 ×𝐿× 𝑇 −𝑇

Writing all the above equation in terms of temperature to get the final value of heat transfer that is
taking place through the composite cylinder

𝑄
𝑇 −𝑇 =
ℎ ×2×𝜋×𝑟 ×𝐿

𝑟
𝑄 × 𝑙𝑛 𝑟
[𝑇 − 𝑇 ] =
𝑘 ×2×𝜋×𝐿
𝑟
𝑄 × 𝑙𝑛 𝑟
[𝑇 − 𝑇 ] =
𝑘 ×2×𝜋×𝐿

𝑄
𝑇 −𝑇 =
ℎ ×2×𝜋×𝑟 ×𝐿

Adding all the temperature differences across the element we get

 HEAT TRANSFER 19
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𝑟 𝑟
𝑄 𝑄 × 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 𝑄 × 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 𝑄
𝑇 −𝑇 = + + +
ℎ ×2×𝜋×𝑟 ×𝐿 𝑘 ×2×𝜋×𝐿 𝑘 ×2×𝜋×𝐿 ℎ ×2×𝜋×𝑟 ×𝐿

Hence heat transfer across the element can be obtained by the following equation

2×𝜋×𝐿× 𝑇 −𝑇
𝑄= 𝑟 𝑟
1 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 1
+ + +
ℎ ×𝑟 𝑘 𝑘 ℎ ×𝑟

The above equation is the heat transfer across the composite cylinder considering the convective heat
transfer coefficient at inside and on outside surfaces.

HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION THROUGH HOLLOW SPHERE

Consider a sphere made up of material having constant thermal conductivity as shown in figure.

𝑟 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

𝑟 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

𝑇 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠

𝑇 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠

𝑘 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒

𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑟

𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐴 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒

𝐴 =4×𝜋×𝑟
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According to the Fourier’s law of heat conduction the heat transfer through the sphere is given by the
following equation

𝑑𝑇
𝑄 = −𝑘𝐴
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑇
𝑄 = −𝑘 × 4 × 𝜋 × 𝑟 ×
𝑑𝑟

Rearranging and integrating the above equation we get

𝑑𝑟
𝑄× = −𝑘 × 4 × 𝜋 × 𝑑𝑇
𝑟

1 1
𝑄× − = −𝑘 × 4 × 𝜋 × [𝑇 − 𝑇 ]
𝑟 𝑟

𝑘 × 4 × 𝜋 × 𝑟 𝑟 × [𝑇 − 𝑇 ]
𝑄=
𝑟 −𝑟

This is the equation for heat transfer through the hollow sphere

HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH COMPOSITE SPHERE

𝑇 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

𝑇 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

𝑘 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝐴

𝑘 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝐵

𝑇 , 𝑇 , 𝑇 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 1,2,3

 HEAT TRANSFER 21
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ℎ 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡

ℎ 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡

According to the law of convective heat transfer coefficient the heat transfer between the inside hot
fluid to inside surface of layer A is given by the following equation

𝑄=ℎ ×4×𝜋×𝑟 × 𝑇 −𝑇

According to the Newton’s law of heat conduction the heat transferred through layer A is given by the
following equation

𝑘 × 4 × 𝜋 × 𝑟 𝑟 (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝑄=
𝑟 −𝑟

According to the Newton’s law of heat conduction the heat transferred through layer B is given by the
following equation

𝑘 × 4 × 𝜋 × 𝑟 𝑟 (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝑄=
𝑟 −𝑟

According to the law of convective heat transfer coefficient the heat transfer between the inside hot
fluid to inside surface of layer A is given by the following equation

𝑄=ℎ ×4×𝜋×𝑟 × 𝑇 −𝑇

Writing the above equation in terms of the temperature difference the to get the value of heat transfer
through the sphere

𝑄
𝑇 −𝑇 =
ℎ ×4×𝜋×𝑟

𝑄 × (𝑟 − 𝑟 )
(𝑇 − 𝑇 ) =
𝑘 ×4×𝜋×𝑟 𝑟

𝑄 × (𝑟 − 𝑟 )
(𝑇 − 𝑇 ) =
𝑘 ×4×𝜋×𝑟 𝑟

𝑄
𝑇 −𝑇 =
ℎ ×4×𝜋×𝑟

Adding all the temperature differences to get the value of heat transfer through the sphere

𝑄 𝑄 × (𝑟 − 𝑟 ) 𝑄 × (𝑟 − 𝑟 ) 𝑄
𝑇 −𝑇 = + + +
ℎ ×4×𝜋×𝑟 𝑘 ×4×𝜋×𝑟 𝑟 𝑘 ×4×𝜋×𝑟 𝑟 ℎ ×4×𝜋×𝑟

4×𝜋× 𝑇 −𝑇
𝑄=
1 (𝑟 − 𝑟 ) (𝑟 − 𝑟 ) 1
+ + +
ℎ ×𝑟 𝑘 ×𝑟 𝑟 𝑘 ×𝑟 𝑟 ℎ ×𝑟

This is the equation of heat transfer through composite sphere if the inside and outside heat transfer
coefficients are taken into consideration.