100 Things You Must Know

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100 Important Facts you need to know to pass the

Living Environment Regents Exam


TOPIC 1
1.The ability of an organism to maintain internal stability is known as homeostasis.

2.Metabolism- the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur within the cells of
an organism.

3.Organic molecules contain both carbon and hydrogen.

4. [smallest] Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism [biggest]

5.Organelle- small parts that make up a cell (each has at least one specific function)

Vacuoles-- stores waste and water (large in plant cells, small in animal cells)

ribosomes- located on the endoplasmic reticulum; they are where proteins are
made (protein synthesis)

mitochondria-mighty mitochondria (where energy is made) aka: respiration


glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + ENERGY (ATP)

chloroplasts-only in plant cells; where photosynthesis happens


carbon dioxide + water  glucose + water + oxygen

nucleus-control center of the cell (brain); contains DNA

cell membrane-controls what comes in and goes out of the cell (selectively
permeable)

6.Cell membrane-
1.separates the contents of the cell from the outside environment
2.controls the transport of materials into and out of the cell.
3.Recognizes and responds to chemical signals by using receptor protein
molecules.
4.Draw the Fluid Mosiac Model:
7 Passive Transport- movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to
areas of low concentration.

8.Active Transport- moving a molecule from LOW concentration to a HIGH


concentration Uses ENERGY (ATP)
9.DIGESTION- breaking large molecules down into smaller molecules.

Proteins are broken down into AMINO ACIDS.

Starches are broken down into SIMPLE SUGARS.

Fats (LIPIDS) are broken down to FATTY ACIDS & GLYCEROL.

10. Human Body Systems.


Name of What it does Organs A malfunction
system
Digestive BREAKS DOWN MOUTH, AN ULCER IS A
FOOD INTO ESOPHAGUS, HOLE IN THE
NUTRIENTS & STOMACH, LINING OF THE
PUTS THEM IN SMALL STOMACH
THE BLOOD INTESTINE,
STREAM LARGE
INTESTINE,
RECTUM
Circulatory CARRIES HEART, HEART ATTACK
GASSES AND ARTERIES, VEINS,
NUTRIENTS CAPILLARIES
THROUGHOUT
THE BODY
Respiratory EXCHANGES LUNGS, EMPHYSEMA, AIR
CARBON DIAPHRAGM SACS IN THE
DIOXIDE WITH LUNGS BECOME
OXYGEN ENLARGED AND
CANNOT FUNCTION
PROPERLY
Excretory REMOVES KIDNEYS, KIDNEY STONE, A
WASTES FROM URETER, PAINFUL
THE BLOOD BLADDER, BLOCKAGE OF ONE
AND THEN URETHRA PART OF THE
FROM THE EXCRETORY
BODY SYSTEM
Nervous CONTROLS THE BRAIN, SPINAL CYSTIC FIBROSIS
FUNCTIONING CORD, NERVE
OF THE REST OF CELLS
THE BODY

TOPIC 2
11Chemicals produced in the endocrine glands (HORMONES) and chemicals
produced by nerve cells are primarily responsible for communication between
cells.

12. MITOCHONDRIA (RESPIRATION)- uses oxygen to break down food


molecules to release energy.

13 TRANSPORT-involves the movement of materials inside the cell as well as the


movement between parts of a multicellular organism.

14 EXCRETION- the removal of all waste produced by the cells of the body.

15.Failure to maintain homeostasis can result in SICKNESS or DEATH

16.Photosynthesis-Storing energy

17.Formula for Photosynthesis: CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER  GLUCOSE +


OXYGEN + WATER

18. Where is photosynthesis carried out? CHLOROPLASTS OF PLANTS

19.Respiration- Releasing energy (ATP)

20.Cellular respiration occurs in the MITOCHONDRIA OF ALL ORGANISMS

21.Formula for Respiration: GLUCOSE + OXYGEN  CARBON DIOXIDE +


WATER + ENERGY (ATP)
22 ENZYMES -special proteins that affect the rate of chemical reactions.

23.Enzyme reaction rates are affected by


shape- IF IT ISN’THE CORRECT SHAPE IT WON’T WORK

temperature- EACH ENZYME WORKS BEST AT A SPECIFIC


TEMPERATURE

pH-- EACH ENZYME WORKS BEST AT A SPECIFIC pH

24. Dynamic Equilibrium- steady state-balance- aka: HOMEOSTASIS

25.Positive feedback- a change prompts a response to a greater change and a


greater response
example- AS YOU PUNCH ME HARDER; I PUNCH YOU HARDER
(BOTH INCREASE OR BOTH DECREASE)

26. Negative feedback-more common


example- AS THE TEMPERATURE IN YOUR HOUSE GOES UP,
THE THERMOSTAT TURNS OFF; ANS THE TEMPERATURE
GOES DOWN, THE THERMOSTAT TURNS ON
(AS ONE GOES UP THE OTHER GOES DOWN)OR THE OPPOSITE

27.When glucose levels are above normal the pancreas secretes INSULIN
This hormone prompts glucose to move from the blood into body cells, resulting in
a lower glucose level in the blood. Another hormone secreted by the pancreas
works in the opposite way. When the glucose level in the blood is too low, this
hormone prompts the release of glucose stored in the BLOOD.
(****NEGATIVE FEEDBACK)

TOPIC 3
28. CANCER : certain genetic mutations in a cell can result in uncontrolled cell
division.
29 CIRCULATORY system is the body's primary defense against disease-causing
pathogens. (IMMUNITY)
30. SURFACE RECEPTOR PROTEIN- a molecule found on the outer surfaces if
cells that the immune system recognizes as either part of the body or an outside
invader.

31 ANTIBODIES are known as your body’s army to fight diseases.

32.The diseases or pathogens are known as ANTIGENS

33.HEREDITY- is the passing of genetic information from one generation to the


next through reproduction.

34.The hereditary information DNA is organized in the form of genes located in


the NUCLEUS of each cell.

35.Differences between asexual and sexual reproduction


Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction
IDENTICAL CELLS NOT IDENTICAL CELLS
1 PARENT 2 PARENTS
NO GENETIC VARIATION GENETIC VARIATION
AMEBA, PARAMECIUM, HUMANS, PLANTS
FUNGI

36.Identical genetic copies are known as CLONES.

37.DNA is made of a PHOSPHATE, a SUGAR and a BASE


38.Draw a nucleotide here:

39. Bases are A, T, G, C

A IS PAIRED WITH T All Teachers


Go Crazy
G IS PAIRED WITH C

40. How does DNA make a protein?


DNA IS STUCK IN THE NUCLEUS, SO IT SENDS A MESSENGER (SINGLE-
STRANDED MESSENGER RNA) TO THE RIBOSOME WHERE THE
RIBOSOME READS THE MESSAGE AND DIRECTS THE TRANSFER RNA
(TRUCKS) TO BRING IT AMINO ACIDS. THE RIBOSOME THEN PUTS
THE AMINO ACIDS TOGETHER IN THE CORRECT ORDER TO MAKE A
PROTEIN.

41.Any alteration of the DNA sequence is a MUTATION which changes the


normal message carried by the gene.

Substitution- ONE BASE IS PUT IN THE PLACE OF ANOTHER

Deletion-A BASE IS LEFT OUT

Addition-A BASE IS ADDED

Inversion-BASES ARE SWITCHED

42.An organism's environment can affect the way that some genes are expressed.

Example- HIMILILIAN RABBIT

43 GENETIC ENGINEERING-- is a technology that humans use to alter the


genetic instructions in organisms.

44 SELECTIVE BREEDING a process that produces domestic animals and new


varieties of plants with traits that are desirable. (ONLY PLANTING SEEDS
FROM THE STRONGEST CORN) **NOT CHANGING THE DNA!!

45.Gene splicing-CUTTING DNA AND PLACING IT INTO ANOTHER


ORGANISM

Example: Insulin-PUTTING THE GENE FOR INSULIN INTO BACTERIA,


AND THE BACTERIA PRODUCES INSULIN FOR HUMANS

46 SPECIES is a group of closely related organisms that share certain


characteristics and can produce new individuals through reproduction.

TOPIC 4

47. Differences between mitosis and meiosis


Mitotic division Meiotic division
asexual sexual
Mitotic division Meiotic division
ONE cell division TWO cell divisions
# functioning cells 2 Male 4 SPERM and female 3
POLAR BODIES, 1 EGG
Genetic makeup IDENTICAL Genetic makeup 1/2 OF
ORIGINAL CELL
Function TO MAKE Function TO MAKE CELLS
IDENTICAL CELLS WITH ½ OF INFO

48.Gametes unite to form a ZYGOTE

49.If the gametes each have 23 chromosomes, then what does their zygote have?
FORTY-SIX

50 DIFFERENTIATION- the process that transforms developing cells into


specialized cells with different structures and functions.

51.female- ovaries, progesterone, estrogen, uterus, placenta, egg

52.male- testosterone, sperm

53.Reproductive technology

Artificial insemination: USING SPERM FROM A DONOR

Amniocentesis: REMOVING SOME OF THE CELLS FROM AROUND


THE FETUS AND ANALYZING THEM

Karyotype: ARRANGING THE CHROMOSOMES IN SIMILAR


PAIRS (HOMOLOGOUS PAIRS) BY SIZE TO SEE IF THE FETUS
HAS ANY CHROMOSOMAL PROBLEMS LIKE DOWN
SYNDROME (3 COPIES OF CHROMOSOME #21)

In vitro-fertilization: REMOVING EGGS FROM THE FEAMLE


AND SPERM FROM THE MALE, FERTILIZING THE EGG IN A
PETRI DISH, THEN IMPLANTING IT INTO THE UTERUS.

TOPIC 5
54 EVOLUTION-the process by which organisms have changed overtime-
simple, single-celled: complex-single-celled: complex, multicellular

55.Natural selection-NATURE SELECTS THOSE INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE


BEST FIT FOR THE ENVIRONMENT.

56.overproduction-MORE OFFSPRING ARE PRODUCED THAN CAN


SURVIVE

57.competition-THE FIGHT FOR LIMITED RESOURCES

58.Variation-DIFFERENCES AMONG ORGANISMS IN A SPECIES


(SEXUALLY REPRODUCING ORGANISMS HAVE MORE VARIATION
THAN ASEXUALLY REPRODUCING ORGANISMS)

59.Any trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce under a given set of
environmental conditions is said to have AN ADAPTIVE VALUE

60.The failure to adapt to a changing environment may result in the EXTINCTION


of a species.

61. EXTINCTION is the disappearance of an entire species.

62.Extinction occurs when the ENVIRONMENT changes, and the SPECIES


DOESN’T ADAPT

TOPIC 6
63 ECOLOGY is the study of how organisms interact with the living and nonliving
things.

64.BIOTIC factors: plants, animals.

65.Abiotic factors- NON-LIVING PARTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT (ROCKS,


AIR, Ph, sunlight)

66 A species’ role in the environment-NICHE (it’s JOB and what it EATS)

67.POPULATION- all the organisms of a species that live in the same area.

68.COMMUNITY- all the different populations in an area.


69 BIOSPHERE- all of earth's ecosystems

70 COMPETITION- is the struggle for resources among organisms.

71.Factors in the environment that limit the size of populations are known as
LIMITING FACTORS
examples: FOOD, SHELTER, MATES, SPACE, OXYGEN, ETC.

72.The number or organisms of any species that an ecosystem can support is


referred to as its CARRYING CAPACITY

73.PREDATORS kill and eat other organisms and PREY which are killed for food.

74.autotrophs-(PRODUCERS)MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD BY


PHOTOSYNTHESIS

heterotrophs-MUST EAT SOMETHING FOR FOOD (CONSUMERS)

herbivores-CAN ONLY EAT PLANTS

carnivores-CAN ONLY EAT ANIMALS

omnivores-CAN EAT PLANTS & ANIMALS (ALL humans!!!!)

consumers-SAME AS HETEROTROPHS

decomposers- BREAK ORGANISMS DOWN AND RETURN NUTRIENTS TO


THE SOIL

scavengers-EXAMPLE: VULTURES…EAT DEAD ORGANISMS THAT THEY


DID NOT KILL THEMSELVES

parasites-LIVE OFF OF ANOTHER ORGANISM (HOST) AND DO NOT KILL


THEM USUALLY (THE PARASITE BENEFITS, THE HOST IS HARMED)

producers-SAME AS AUTOTROPHS
75.Difference between a food chain and a food web A FOOD CHAIN IS A
COMBINATION OF MANY FOOD CHAINS TOGETHER (BECAUSE MOST
ORGANISMS EAT MORE THEN 1 FOOD)

76.What is the main source of energy on the earth? THE SUN

77.On an energy pyramid where is the most amount of energy located?


THE BOTTOM LAYER (THE PRODUCERS)

78.On the energy pyramid, each level above gets smaller. Where does the energy
go? INTO THE ENVIRONEMNT (LOST AS HEAT)
TOPIC 7
79.Recycling and reusing materials
name the 3 cycles:

1. CARBON CYCLE

2. WATER CYCLE

3. NITROGEN CYCLE

80. BIODIVERSITY is a measurement of the degree to which species vary within


an ecosystem.

81.As biodiversity increases, STABILITY of an ecosystem increases.

82.Name how man has affected biodiversity in some areas.

1. CUT DOWN TREES (FOR WOOD)

2. PLANTED ALL OF THE SAME CROP IN AN AREA

3. REMOVED VEGETATION FOR HOUSES, PARKING LOTS, ETC.

4. KILLED ORGANISMS AND DESTROYED THE FOOD WEB


(BECAUSE ALL ORGANISMS ARE LINKED TO ONE ANOTHER
IN ONE WAY OR ANOTHER)

83.Ecological succession in a rocky field: ROCKSMOSSGRASSES


SHRUBSTREES
Ecological succession in a pond: POND PLANTS AND ORGANISMS
START TO DIESEDIMENT BUILDS UPPOND GETS SHALLOW GETS
SWAMPY FIELD

84.renewable resources-RESOURCES THAT CAN REPLENISH THEMSELVES


IF NOT ABUSED (LIKE TREES)

nonrenewable resources-RESOURCES THAT TAKE A LONG TIME TO


REPLACE OR FORM (LIKE COAL, OIL)

85.Preserving our resources:

1.Reduce- CUT DOWN ON THE AMOUNT USED (SMALLER


PACKAGING)

2. Reuse- USE IT FOR ANOTHER APPLICATION (OLD TIRES AS


FLOWER PLANTERS)

3.recycle- CAN BE USED TO MAKE THE PRODUCT AGAIN (LIKE


POP BOTTLES)

86 POLLUTION a harmful change in the chemical makeup of the air, water, or


soil.

87.HUMAN ACTIVITIES AND THE LOSS OF DIVERSITY

1.Direct harvesting-THE DESTRUCTION OF AN ORGANISM

2.Land use-FINDING THE BEST WAY TO LIVE IN THE


ENVIRONMENT- BUILDING AROUND TREES INSTEAD OF
CUTTING THEM DOWN AND PLANTING NEW ONES.

3.habitat destruction- TEARING OUT A PART OF THE NATURAL


ENVIRONMENT

4.deforestation- REMOVING FORESTS FOR PROFIT

5.imported species (invasive species or exotic species) example: PURPLE


LOOSESTRIFE; ZEBRA MUSSELS; DANDELIONS

88.Impact of technology and industrialization

1.industrialization- increases pollution of air and water- uses more energy,


water and fossil and nuclear fuels.

2.Water pollution-from sewage, wastes from homes and factories and


animal wastes

3.Toxic wastes- DDT


4.Thermal pollution- HEAT POLLUTION

5.air pollution- burning fossil fuels


acid rain- CARRYING THE POLLUTANTS IN TH CLOUDS, THEN
THE RAIN HAS A LOW Ph (acidic)
smog-LOTS OF AIR POLLUTION, LOOKS “CLOUDY OR HAZY”

6.global warming-AN INCREASE IN THE EARTH’S TEMPERATURE


CAUSED BY AN INCREASE IN GREENHOUSE GASES
(GREENHOUSE EFFECT)

7. ozone depletion- HOLE IN OZONE LAYER (UV FROM THE SUN


ISN’T BLOCKED; CAN LEAD TO SUNBURN, & CANCER!!!) **this
is not the greenhouse effect!!!

TOPIC 8
89.Independent variable: THE ONE THAT “I CHANGED”
90.Dependent variable: THE ONE THAT CHANGES BECAUSE OF THE IV
91.Control group: THE GROUP THAT IS STUDIED UNDER THE NORMAL
CONDITIONS
92.Controls: EVERYTHING THAT STAYS THE SAME
93.Organizing data
Where does the Independent variable go on a data table? What about the Dependent variable?
IV DV
Where does the Independent variable go on a graph? What about the
Dependent variable?

DV

IV
TOPIC 9
94.Parts of the microscope:
Eyepiece: THE PART THAT YOU LOOK THROUGH (CLOSEST TO
THE EYE) USUALLY 10X
Objective: THE MAGNIFYING PART CLOSEST TO THE SLIDE
(HIGH POWER=USUALLY 40X; LOW POWER=USUALLY 10X)
Fine adjustment knob: USED TO FOCUS ON LOW & HIGH POWER
Course adjustment knob: USED TO FOCUS ONLY ON LOW POWER
Stage: WHERE THE SLIDE IS PLACED
Stage clips: HOLD THE SLIDE IN PLACE
Diaphragm: CONTROLS THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT USED

95. How to calculate total magnification: if a microscope has a 10X eyepiece, and
10X and 40X objectives.
TOTAL MAG. ON LOW POWER: 10 X 10 = 100X (IT LOOKS 100 TIMES
BIGGER THAN REAL LIFE)
TOTAL MAG. ON HIGH POWER: 10 X 40 = 400X (IT LOOKS 400 TIMES
BIGGER THAN REAL LIFE)

Total Low power: 100X Total High power: 400X


96. How to make a wet mount slide:
PUT THE CELLS ON THE CENTER OF A SLIDE, PUT A DROP OF WATER
WITH A DROPPER ONTO THE CELLS (DO NOT TOUCH THE CELLS);
LOWER A COVERSLIP SLOWLY AT AN ANGLE (TO REDUCE THE
NUMBER OF AIR BUBBLES)

97. How to put stain on a slide without lifting the coverslip:


PUT A DROP OF THE STAIN ONTO THE EDGE OF THE COVERSLIP;
PLACE A PAPERTOWEL ON THE EDGE OF THE OTHER SIDE OF THE
COVERSLIP, THE PAPERTOWEL WILL PULL THE WATER FROM UNDER
THE COVERSLIP, AND INTURN PULL THE STAIN ONTO THE CELLS
98. If you looked at e the letter under a microscope, what would it look
like?

99.How do you spell your teacher’s name? MRS. BALLING


100. What part of the exam can you use pen? What part of the exam can you use
pencil?

PEN MUST BE USED FOR: THE HEADING ON THE PACKET; ALL OF


THE SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (UNLESS IT IS A DIAGRAM OR A
GRAPH); AND THE “I DO SO DECLARE…”

PENCIL MUST BE USED FOR: THE SCANTRON, ANY DIAGRAMS, AND


THE GRAPH.

For the exam remember:


Eat a healthy dinner the night before
Go to bed at a reasonable time (before 11pm!)
Eat a healthy breakfast and lunch.
Bring lots of pencils (with erasers), and pens (blue or black).
Be on time to the exam!!!!

Exam Date: June 21


Time: BE THERE BY 7:45AM AT THE LATEST…TRY
TO BE THERE EARLIER
Location: to be announced.

Relax & take your time you have 3 hours to take the exam…
make it the last time you ever take the exam!!

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