Sample Problem 21.01 Finding the net force due to two other particles ‘This sample problem actually contains three examples, 10 ‘build fom basic stuff to harder stuff. In each we have the ‘same charged particle 1. First there isa single foree acting ‘onit (easy stu), Then there are two forces, but they are just in oppesite directions (not too bad). Then there are again to forces bul they ar in very different directions (ah, nw wwe have fo get serious about the fet that they sre vectors). ‘The key to al three examples isto draw the lores correctly before you reach for ealeulator, otherwise you may be cal ‘culating nonsense on the calculator. (Figure 21-7 f svalable in WileyPLUS as an animation with voiceover.) (a) Figure 21-7a shows two positively charged particles fixed, in place on an x axis. The charges are q, = L60 x 10-"C and q2=320% 10-'C, and the particle separation is ‘R= 010200 m, What are the magnitude and direction of the ‘electrostatic force Fy. on patile 1 from particle 2? KEY IDEAS. Because both particles are positively charged, particle 1 is repelled by particle 2, with a force magnitude given by Eq. 21-4, Thus, the direction of foree Fiz on particle 1 is ‘aay from particle 2, in the negative direction ofthe x axis, as indicated in the free-body diagram of Fig, 21-76, Two particles: Using Eq. 21-4 with separation R substituted for, we can write the magnitade Fz ofthis force as je © This is still the particle of intorest. Foxe Arey RP = (899% 10'N-mic) 610° C320 10° (020m)? = 115% 10 N, ‘Thus, force Fz has the following magnitude and direction (elative to the postive direction of the x axis) LASx1-"N and 19, (Answer) We can also write 7 in unit-vector notation as Faa= (145 x 10*N), (Answer) (b) Figure 21-Te is identical to Fig. 2-7a except that particle 3 ‘ow lies on the x axis between particles 1 and 2. Particle 3 has charge qs=—320%10- C and is at a distance 3R from particle |. What isthe net electrostatic force Fy ys of particle I due to particles ?and 3? KEY IDEA ‘The presence of particle 3 does not alter the electrostatic {oree on particle 1 from particle 2, Thus, force F;, still acts on particle 1. Similarly, the force F, that acts on particle 1 due to particle 3is not lected by the presence of particle 2. Because This isthe third arrangement. a o This is stil the Particle of interest. Itis pulled toward Itis pushed away Particle 4. partick cle 3. from particle 2 pa It is pushed away Itis pushed away from particle 2 from particle 2. Figure 21-7 (a) Two charged particles of charges q, and gz are fixed in place on an x axis. (b) The free-body diagram for particle 1, showing the electrostatic force on it from particle 2. (c) Partielo 3 included. (d) Froe-body diagram for particle 1. (e) Particle 4 included. (f) Free-body diagram for particle 1.pare and 3 have charg of ppt septic 1 {5 atwocted to particle 3 Thus, force Fis daceted toward particle 3,asindiated in the free-body Glagram of Fig, 217d. Three particles: To find the magnitude of Fis. we cam rewrite Fg. 21-4 as 1 lalla “Amey ERE (8.095 10S.) ¢ 1.801 10° (320 107 (GF(00200 my 205 x UN. ‘We can also write Fi in unit-vector notation: Faz 205x106. ‘Thenet force, gon partic 1 the vectorsumof Fy and Fy: that, tro Eq. 217, we com write the nt force 7 aan partic Tn anit-vetor notation ax Fisa= Fat Fs $115 17 NV + 205 104NH (omx 0 yy. (Ansner) “Thus, F, has te following magnitude and direction (rola. tive othe postive diction ofthe x ais): 90X10! and (aaener) (9 Figure 21-7eis identical to Fig 21-Ta except that particle + 15 now includod. It has charge qe= ~320% 10°C, is at a distanco 2R from particle 1, and lies oma ine that makes fan angle 06? withthe axis, What isthe net sloctrowtatic force F, yy on patel {duo o partes? and 4? KEY IDEA Fy The not force F, .. is the veetor sum of Fy, and a new force’ Facing of parisie 1 due to partis 4. Hocause Paricles 1 and 4 have charge of oppose siz, particle 1 Fr attracted to particle 4. Thus, force Fy om pate Liz ‘irected soward particle 4 tangle 4 = 6, as indicated in the fee-bady diagram of Fig 20-7) Four partclos: We can rownte Eq.21-4as salle dey GRY = (699 IONIC) {160% 10° 9.20 10°C) (GFToND my = 205 UN, Fu “Tren from Eq, 21.7, we cam mts the not forse Fg om partite Lae Fim = Fat Fue eee eee eel eee ees a aera ee eee the ftlwing mated Simmitg daly one vector capa ceca For Boy wmente he magne 1.15910 md te nhs 184" For Fx. we enter the magnitode 205 x10" and the nul GP. Then we ad te vectors. Mothod 2. Summing in anitvetor notation. Fak wo rewrite Fi Fu = Fuses Oi + (Fusin eh. Subettutng2.05 x 10" Nor Fysnd 69 ford thisbecomes Fae= (1005 x 10 NG + (1.775 x NY. + (1025 x 10 NYE + (1.775 x 10ND} ADS x WN + (178 x 1 NY} (Ansner) Method 3. Summing components axis by ais. The sum of the x components gives us a+ Fag = Fra Fcon 60" 115 x 10 N + (2.05 1 Neos 60") 05x 10 n(n) 178% 0, “Tne net force F, has the magne Fiat VFas# Ping = U8 x107N. (Answer) “ofind the direction of Fg, We tke = Fite ago Ss Pate Fs nrataonsieeasamuned Moeaa heer oe wr ad i87 coang S60" + 180" = 944, (Answer)Sample Problem 21.03 Charge sharing by two identical conducting spheres In Fig. 21.04, wo identical, electrically isolated conducting spheres A and B are separated by a (center-to-center) ds- ‘nce a inal 1 large compared wo tne spneres. Sphere A has a pestve charge of +0, and sphere A ic eestricaly neutral. Inlay, there is no elctrstaic force between the spheres. (he targeseperation means here fo laduced charge) (@) Suppose the spheres are connected for a moment by a ‘conducting wire. The wire is thin enough so that any act ‘charge on it is negligible. What is the electrestatic force holween the spheres after the wire fe removed? KEY IDEAS. (4) Because th spheres are ldenical.comectung inem means, tat they end up with Mlenical charges (same sign and same amount). 2) The initial sum ef the charges (including the signs of th charges) mast equal the final sum of the charges. ‘Reasoning: When the spheres are wired together, the (nega- tive) conduction electrons on B, which repel one another, have a way to move avay irom one anche (along ine Wie to positively charged A, which attracts them—Fig. 21-0). As B loses negative charge, it becomes positively charged, and as A gains negative charge, it becomes lat positively ‘charged. The transer of charge stops when the charge on B hs incteased to +0/2 and the charge on A kas decreased 10 +2/2.which occurs when —Q/2 has shifted from B to A. ‘After the wire has been removed (Fig 21-9e), we can ‘assume thatthe charge on either sphere does not disturb the uniformity of the charge dstrivution on the other sphere, ‘because the spheresare mall relativeto their: ‘Thus, \wecan apply ie first sell theorem tocaca sphere. By Eq, 21-4 with gi= d= O?andy=a. Om O02 Oor Oven ae ° o o o o Fg 21.0 Twosmallcontetng spheres A and (a) Tost, ‘here Aischarged postive.) Negative charges transfered fom wo A trough counesing wre. €) Both apres are then ‘arged postive. (d) Negative charge is transferred though ‘grounding wire o sphere A. (¢) Sphere then neutal. 1 @ryon) 1 (oy ze Oe ee (2) “The spheres, now positively charged, repel each other. (2) Next, suppose sphere s grounds momentary nd ihe ground connection is removed. What now Is the sca eat ea ae ‘Reasoning: When we provide a conducting path between ‘charged object and the ground (which isa huge conduc- tor), me ncutralizs the object. Were sphere A negatively ‘charged, the mutual repulsion between the exces eloctrons ‘would cause them to move from the sphere to the ground. However, cause sphere A is positively charged, elsetrons with stolal charge of -0/ move from the ground up onto te sprere (Fig. 21-94), leavingine sphere with acharge of 0 (Fig. 21-9e). Thus, the electrostatic force is zpain rer. (Answer)‘Sample Problem 21.04 Mutual electric repulsion in a nucleus “Teaucieusin anion atom asa radus of bout 40x 10-" m and contains 26 protons. (@) What isthe magni ofthe rpubive eleciunatie force [helmesntwoot the prcnsthat areseparatedty se 10-® m? KEY IDEA “The protons can he tieatad as charysd particles, so he ‘magglude of the electrostatic lovee on ons from the other fen by Coulomb slam, Coleuation: Table 1-1 tals us that thecharge ofa proton +42: Tus, 9.214 vests Le ie F _ B99 KIN PICA. x 10> CP Cox1e my =u. Anse) mass of «proton, Ey. 212 gives us ra eerie ees Dx TO my a = Weak versus strong: ‘This esl tells us thatthe (attractive) _aviationalfores is far too weak to counter the rspasve ‘leettosatle forces DetWeen protons i a nucleus. rsteaG, {he protons aro bound fogether by en enormous force called ‘No explosion: his a smal force to be acing on a macro- scopi objec ikea cantalcupe, but a enorme force to De ‘acting on 3 proton. Such fnfees should explode the mucets ‘of any element but hyarogen (which has only one proton in ‘ie nucleus), Howsver they dont nol sven tm nck! with 3 ‘geal many protons. Thetefre, ere must be some en ‘nous alractive fore to sountar this enormots repulsive ‘electrostatic torce. (©) What i the magnitude of the graitaticnal force Fotween these same (Wo pratons? KEY IDEA Because the protons are patil, the magaliude of the ‘grivittional force on one {rom the olher 8 gien By ‘Nemton's equatin for the grevitetional force (Eq. 21-2). ‘Calculation: With m, (= 1.575 10-7 kg) representing ths ate CHAROE IG CONSERVED 62H (only) the rong nucten force — force that acs babwose rotons (and neutrons) when they are close together, 2s in ‘Although the gravitational fore is many times weaker thar the electrostaie force, it i more impertant in large- scale sitiatons became itis always aliractive.Thismeans that ‘Xan callet many smal boxes inte Huge bodes wilh Huge ‘mass sich as planse and wae tot then exer lage gra ‘onal forces. The elearostate fre, on the ether hand, ‘epulkve for charge ofthe sam sgn soitisunablatocolct ‘elner postive cnarge oe negative ctars® into age concen ‘raion that would then exer large lst forces.‘Sample Problem 22.01 Net electric feld due to three charged particles Figure 22-7a shows three particles with charges = +20. 42=~20, and q=~40. cach a distance d from the ee pect KEY IDEA ee ee ree ote arte sa especie, a he es, an he oe late {eld ie the vector som Magnitudes and directions: To find the magnitude of Fi, mich is due tog, we use Fi, 223, substitting cfr and 20 for g and obtaining a ‘Similarly, we find the magnitudes of E, and Z; to be ‘We nest must find the orientations of the three electric field vectors at the origin. Because gi a positive charge. the field vector it produces points directly away from i, tnd heeause gy and q, are both negative, the feld vectors they produce point directly foward each of them. Thus, the threo cloetrie olde produced at the origin by the throe ‘charged particles are orientod az ia Fig, 22-76 (Caution: Note thai we have pled the tlsof the vetorsat the point where the Fields are to be evaluated: doing wo decreases the ‘hance of errr. Error becomes very probable ifthe tall, ‘ofthe Held vectors are placed on the particles creating the fields.) ‘Adding the fields: We can mow athe fies vecovaly just ‘swe added force vectors in Chaper 21. However, Bere we ‘can use symmtry to simplify the FromFig. 22.76, ‘ye see that clecric fields E, and have the same die- ‘Non. Honce, thor Yoctor sum has that dirocion and has the ‘magnitude Find the et ft alts empyy paint co Figure 227 (0) Three patie with charges gy dp and gate at {he sme cstace from he origin. (0) The eet Bel veto ‘T, Ey and Eat the origin due to the three particles. (c) The betel Yetor B and the vectorsum Fy + Fal the oii. 22-9 THEELECTIIC FIELD OUETOADIOLE 696 Sao ‘We mig now combine wo vector, Ey and he vector sum E, + that have the same magnitude and that are ‘rented -ymmctrially about the xis as shown inFig.22-7e. ‘From the symmetry of Fig. 22-7c, we realize thatthe equal _y components of or two Years cancel (one is wporard and the other iy downward) and the equal + components add {both are rightward). Thus, the net electric Geld E at theSample Problem 22.02 Electric dipolo and atmosphoric eprites Sprites (Fig. 22-104) are huge Mashes that occur far above a large thunderstorm. They were seen for decades by pilots ‘lying at night, but they woreso bof and dim that most pilotc figured they were just illusions. Then in the 1990s sprites were eaptired on video. They are still not well understood bbut are bolioved to be produced when especially powerful lightning occurs between the ground and storm clouds. par- Siculary when the lightning transfars a huge amount of neg. ative charge ~q from the ground to the Base of the clouds (Fig. 22-100. “Just after such a transfer, the ground has a complicated distribution of positive charge. However, we can modal the electric fell duc to the charges in the clouds and the ground by assuming a vertical electric dipole that has charge — at cloud height ft and charze 4q at below-ground depth i (Fig. 22-100). 1q=200 C and f= 60 kim, what is the magni- tude ofthe dipole electric field at alkitcle ‘what above the clouds and altitude = Above the Sratesphere? (0 GartyASA KEY IDEA “We can appeotimate the magnitude F of an electric dipoke's lost fia on the dipcle as with Eq 2% Cafeulations: We write that equation as pe) ae o ‘whore 2h isthe separation between -g and +4 ia Fig. 20-0. Forthe electric feta aide rr =20 km we fad peat 2m VO60% 10°), Gx 1m 6x 10° NIC. (Answer), Stn for aitra ¢,=60 km, we ind £=20x10- NIC (Answer) As we discuss in Module 22-6, when the magnitude of ont Fue 2210 (a) Photograph cf sprit. (b) Lightnin in which large amount of negative charg i transferred trem ground to coud bse. (c) The loud-around sjstom modeled asa erbcal cleric dipole—_—_—_—————oe dite By yadiag 3 fenlatng A felal Chaige A dene A Q) what is the ehage par clait aun? b) what as the cleddeee Bod Ser away er eake Ras Ser. (@ (6) ds le 2. \ = 2 ee S jeanne xo! | les =| sa aasris” on 880 seQI: What must be the distance between point charge qi = 26.0 uC and point charge G2 = ~47.0 HC for the electrostatic force between them to have a magnitude of 5.70 N? Q2. Two Point Charges g1 = 8 uC and qz = —5 uC are separated by distance r = 10cm ‘What is the magnitude of electrostatic force. Q3: A particle of charge +3.00 x 10-°¢ is 12.0 em distant fom a second particle of charge =1.50 x 10°®C. Calculate the magnitude of the electrostatic force between the particles. Q4: The magnitude of the electrostatic forve between tWo identical ions that are separated by a distance of 5.0 « 10“? mis 3.7 10° N. (a) What is the charge of each ion? (b) How many electrons are “missing” from each ion (thus gwing the 10n ts eharge imbalance)? Q5: In Fig, three charged particles lie on an x axis, Particles 1 and 2 are fixed in place. Particle 3 is free to move, but the net electrostatic force on it from particles 1 and 2 happens to be zero. If Ly Lo, what is the ratio gil? (Q6: What is the magnitude of the electrostatic force between a singly charged sodium ion (Na, of charge +e) and an adjacent singly charged chlorine ion (CI, of charge =e) in a salt crystal if tear separation is 2.82 = 10 m? Q7: A charged particle produces an electric field with a magnitude of 2.0 N/C at a point that is 50 cem away from the particle What is the magnitude of the particle’s charge? (QS: What is the magnitude of a point charge that would create an electric field of 1.00 N/C at omits 1.00 m away?